Term
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Definition
| When food is eaten it goes into the digestive tract, where it is used as fuel/heat or stored elsewhere |
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Term
| Short-term reservoir (pt. 1) |
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Definition
| Storage of carbs in liver and muscles; when digestive tract is full, insulin released and used for the conversion of glucose into glycogen |
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Term
| Short-term reservoir (pt. 2) |
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Definition
| When digestive tract is empty, insulin release is stopped and glucagon is released, converting glycogen back into glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| Insoluble carb, referred to as animal starch; stored in liver and muscles and constitutes the short-term store of nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| Pancreatic hormone that facilitates entry of glucose and amino acids into the cell, conversion of glucose into glycogen, and transport of fats into adipose tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| Pancreatic hormone that promotes the conversion of liver glycogen into glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| Storage of fats in adipose tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| The form of fat storage in adipose cells; consists of a molecule of glycerol joined with three fatty acids |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance (also called glycerine) derived from the breakdown of triglycerides, along with fatty acids; can be converted by the liver into glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance derived from the breakdown of triglycerides, along with glycerol; can be metabolized by most cells of the body except for the brain |
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Term
| Brain priority for glucose |
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Definition
| When digestive tract is empty, only brain cells can absorb glucose (in the absence of insulin) because brain cells do not need insulin receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| Phase of metabolism during which nutrients are not available from the digestive system; glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids are derived from glycogen, protein, and adipose tissue during this phase |
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Term
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Definition
| Phase of metabolism during which nutrients are absorbed from the digestive system; glucose and amino acids constitute the principal source of energy for cells during this phase, and excess nutrients are stored in adipose tissue in the form of triglycerides |
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Term
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Definition
| Can occur thru physical and/or environmental events (including conditioning of taste or eating behavior) |
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Term
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Definition
| Reduction in glucose availability to the cell; can be caused by a fall in blood level of glucose or by drugs that inhibit glucose metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| Reduction in fatty acid availability to the cell; usually caused by drugs that inhibit fatty acid metabolism |
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Term
| Interaction of glucoprivation and lipoprivation |
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Definition
| High deprivation of either results in strong hunger; moderate of either results in little effect on eating; moderate of BOTH produces strong hunger |
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Term
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Definition
| Brain - sensitive to glucoprivation only; liver - sensitive to glucoprivation and lipoprivation |
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Term
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Definition
| A peptide hormone released by the stomach that increases eating; also produced by neurons in the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| Vein that transports blood from the digestive system to to the liver |
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Term
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Definition
| 2-DG interferes with use of glucose; MA interferes with use of fats |
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Term
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Definition
| End of meal occurs thru satiety signal; very hungry animal requires strong signal, less hungry animal only needs weak signal |
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Term
| Short- and long-term satiety signals |
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Definition
| Short - controlled by immediate consequences; long - arise from adipose tissue and control meal size in long run |
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Term
| Short-term factors controlling satiety |
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Definition
| 1) Head (eyes, nose, tongue); 2) gastric (stomach contains receptors detecting presence/amount of nutrients); 3) intestinal; 4) liver |
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Term
| Long-term factors controlling satiety |
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Definition
| Can suppress hunger signals or enhance short-term signals to maintain body weight; fat cells contain large amount of triglycerides secreting leptin, which sensitizes the brain to satiety signals, causing shorter meals |
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Term
| Area postrema receives info about... |
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Definition
| 1) taste; 2) hunger signals from liver; 3) sensitive to glucose brain levels |
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Term
| Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) and orexin |
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Definition
| Peptide NTs found in a system of lateral hypothalamic neurons that stimuluate appetite and reduce metabolic rate |
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Term
| Evidence for MCH and orexin |
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Definition
| 1) injections of MCH and orexin in the lateral ventricles increase eating; 2) in food-deprived animals, MCH and orexin in the lateral hypothalamus increases |
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Term
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Definition
| Peptide NT found in arcuate nucleus that stimulates feeding, insulin and glucocorticoid secretion, decrease the breakdown of triglycerides, and decrease body temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| Nucleus in the base of the hypothalamus that controls secretions of the anterior pituitary gland; contains NPY-secreting neurons involved in feeding and control of metabolism |
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Term
| Agouti-related protein (AGRP) |
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Definition
| A neuropeptide that acts as an antagonist at MC-4 receptors and increases eating; co-localized with NPY |
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Term
| Evidence of NPY involvement in eating |
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Definition
| 1) injections of NPY in LH stimulates eating; 2) hunger increases NPY in LH and satiety decreases NPY; 3) NPY antagonists in LH suppress eating induced by food deprivation |
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Term
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Definition
| Cause release of MCH and orexin (and increases in eating) |
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Term
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Definition
| Substance release by intestines during food intake and binds to the Y2 receptor; suppresses eating |
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Term
| Melanocortin-4 receptor (MC-4) |
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Definition
| Receptor found in brain that binds with alpha-MSH and agouti-related protein; plays a role in control of appetite |
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Term
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Definition
| Co-localized with CART; inhibits eating |
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Term
| Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) |
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Definition
| Peptide NT found in arcuate nucleus and projecting to LH; inhibits feeding |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormone secreted by adipose tissue; decreases food intake and increases metabolic rate, primarily by inhibiting NPY-secreting neurons in the arcuate nucleus |
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