Term
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Definition
| Stimulus --> feeling --> phys./beh. reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulus --> phys./beh. reaction --> feeling; limited b/c of no realiable correlation b/t physiological response and feeling |
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Term
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Definition
| Emotional experience occurs independently of emotional expression; stimulus --> perception by cortex --> physiological reaction, thalamic activation (fear), and behavior SEPARATELY |
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Term
| Emotions (and response patterns) |
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Definition
| Consists of physiological responses and species-typical behavior; response patterns include behavior, autonomic NS, and hormonal (reinforcing autonomic responses) |
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Term
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Definition
| Located in temporal lobes and implicated in emotional behavior; neurons here fire in response to stimuli presentation that evoke reactions (fear, aggression, or aversion) |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists of medial, central, lateral/basolateral, and basal nucleui; central nucleus important for expression of aversive emotional responses |
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Term
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Definition
| A nucleus of the amygdala that receives sensory info from the neocortex, thalamus, and hippocampus; sends projections to the basal, accessory basal, and central nucleus of the amygdala |
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Term
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Definition
| Involved in emotional responses; the region of the amygdala that receives info from the basal, lateral, and accessory basal nuclei; sends projections to a wide variety of regions in the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulation by means of electrode results in phys./beh. signs of fear and stress-induced ulcers |
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Term
| Systematic lesioning of CE, LH, and PAG |
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Definition
| Damage to central nucleus eliminates CER; damage to LH eliminates physiological response; PAG damage eliminates freezing response |
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Term
| Conditioned emotional response (CER) |
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Definition
| A classically conditioned response that occurs when a neutral stimulus is followed by an aversive stimulus; usually includes behavioral, autonomic, and hormonal components (i.e., changes in heart rate, freezing, and secretion of stress-related hormones) |
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Term
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Definition
| Demonstrated that a CER can be developed to an auditory stimulus; involves CE of amygdala, lateral hypothalamus (LH), and periaqueductual gray area (PAG) |
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Term
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Definition
| Ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) involved in the process of extinction; CER can also be abolished by removing the central nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| Benzodiazepine (Valium and other anxiolytics) and opiates (heroin, morphine) work on the amygdala and reduce CERs |
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Term
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Definition
| Conditioned, fear-related responses used to eliminate the aversive responses to fear (i.e., freezing to shock) |
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Term
| Conditioned startle response |
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Definition
| Produced by an organism in response to a sudden stimulus; augmented when organism is in a fearful situation |
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Term
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Definition
| Light paired w/ shock until eliciting fear response; testing of sudden sound in both dark and light resulted in startle response, but the magnitude of the response was much higher in the presence of light (i.e., light enhanced the startle response to the sound); lesioning of CE abolishes this enhancement |
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Term
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Definition
| Attack of one animal directed at an individual of another species on which the attacking animal normally preys; prey usually displays much more sympathetic activity while the attacker is much more "cold-blooded" |
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Term
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Definition
| Neutral and threatening words presented in Stroop-like task; only threatening words elicited amygdala activity in a PET scan |
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Term
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Definition
| Oribitofrontal cortex involved in emotional responses to complex and social situations (see Phineas Gage or Jacobsen's primate Becky) |
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Term
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Definition
| Disconnecting orbitofrontal cortex from rest of brain; beneficial effects often included reduced emotional suffering, such as anxiety; eventually abandoned due to serious side effects |
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Term
| Role of orbitofrontal cortex |
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Definition
| People w/ damage are able to accurately access an emotional situation, but are unable to translate that into appropriate responses (i.e., behavior is no longer guided by emotions) |
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Term
| Bechara et al. (gambling study) |
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Definition
| Normals experienced stress to bad deck and shifted to good one; prefrontal lesion group experienced stress AFTER choosing cards and did not shift to the good deck (behavior not guided by stress); amygdala lesion group experienced no stress and did not shift from the bad deck |
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Term
| Communication of emotions |
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Definition
| Patterns of emotional expression appear to be innate, though there are display rules in different cultures that modulate this expression (HOW we smile is innate, WHEN we smile is not) |
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Term
| Neural basis of emotional recognition |
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Definition
| Right hemisphere better at detecting emotional content; left better at detecting meanings of words |
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Term
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Definition
| People w/ right hemi. damage able to make emotional judgments of situations, but unable to judge emotions conveyed by facial/body expressions and unable to graphically describe emotions |
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Term
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Definition
| Right hemi. more active than left when engaged in emotional recognition task |
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Term
| Volitional facial paresis |
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Definition
| Difficulty in moving the facial muscles voluntarily (e.g., laugh when funny, but not when asked); caused by damage to the face region of the primary motor cortex or its subcortical connections |
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Term
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Definition
| Lack of movement of facial muscles in response to emotions in people who have no difficulty moving them voluntarily (e.g., laugh when asked, but not when funny); caused by damage to the insular prefrontal cortex, subcortical white matter of the frontal lob, or parts of the thalamus |
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Term
| Sackheim and Gur (Chimerical faces) |
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Definition
| Right hemi. appears to play a stronger role in facial expression of emotions; left side of face (controlled by right hemi.) forms stronger expressions than right side of face |
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Term
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Definition
| In general, levels of serotonin inversely related w/ aggression, risk-tasking, etc.; suggests serotonin plays an inhibitory role in fear and aggression |
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