Term
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Definition
| releases chemicals into ducts that then release to outside of body |
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Term
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Definition
| releases hormones into blood, no ducts |
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Term
| posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) |
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Definition
| releases peptide hormones that are produced in the hypothalamus |
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Term
| anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) |
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Definition
| under control of the hypothalamus, releases trophic hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| induces labor, facilitates milk secretion, mediates social behaviours & trust bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| regualtes water re-absorbtion, learning & memory, social behaviours such as aggression |
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Term
| control of anterior pituitary by hypothalamus (3 steps) |
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Definition
1. hormones released by hypothalamic neurons into hypothalamo-pituitary system
2. hypothalamic-releasing & hypothalamic-inhibiting hormones are carried down pituitary stalk by portal system
3. hormones increase/decrease the release of anterior pituitary hormones |
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Term
| control of posterior pituitary by hypothalamus (3 steps) |
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Definition
1. oxytocin & vassopression synthesized in paraventricular & supraoptic nuclei
2. carried down stalk by axonal transport
3. released into general circulation from terminal buttons |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates release of gonadal hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| unisexual gonadal structures in early fetus |
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Term
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Definition
| male system, has capacity to develop into male reproductive ducts |
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Term
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Definition
| female system, has capacity to develop into female reproductive ducts |
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Term
| male reproductive duct development (2 hormones) |
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Definition
testosterone - stimulates development of wolffian system
mullerian-inhibiting substance - causes degeneration of mullerian system & causes testes to descend into scrotum |
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Term
| secondary sex characteristics |
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Definition
| features other than reproductive organs that distinguish men and women |
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Term
| adrenocorticotrophic hormone |
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Definition
| increased levels during puberty causes gonads and adrenal cortex to release more hormones & initiate maturation of genitals |
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Term
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Definition
| converts testosterone into estradiol |
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Term
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Definition
protein in fetal blood that binds to estradiol circulation in mothers blood & prevents it from masculinizing female brains
(masulinization still occurs in males as alpha-fetoprotein does not bind to testosterone, which is converted to estradiol in the brain) |
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Term
| andergenic insensitivity syndrome |
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Definition
| mutation in androgen receptor gene causes insensitivity to androgens - genetic males appear female |
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Term
| congenital adrenal hyperplasia |
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Definition
congenital deficiency in the release f cortisol from the adrenal cortex. results in compensatory adrenal hyperactivity & excess release of adrenal androgens.
females with ambiguous genitals & more male behaviour |
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Term
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Definition
| period where female rat is fertile, receptive, proceptive, and sexually attractive |
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Term
| neurotrophic effects of estradiol (4) |
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Definition
- reduces inflammation
- encourages axonal regeneration
- promotes synaptogenisis
- increases adult neurogenisis |
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Term
| sexually dimorphic nucleus |
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Definition
area in medial preoptic area that is much larger in males.
lesions to SDN in males only slightly disrupt sexual behaviour |
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Term
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Definition
| important in male sexual behaviour, destruction of entire area destroys male sexual behaviour in both sexes |
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Term
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Definition
| tract associated with the medial preoptic area |
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Term
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Definition
| contains circuits for female sexual behaviour, bilateral lesions destroys female sexual behaviour |
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Term
| fraternal birth order effect |
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Definition
| the probability of having a gay son correlates with the number of older brothers he has |
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Term
| maternal immune hypothesis |
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Definition
| explains fraternal birth order effect, mother becomes immune to masculizing hormones in male fetus, mothers immune system may inactivat masculizing hormones in developing son |
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Term
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Definition
stage 1 - low voltage, high frequency signal. similar to wakefulness but slower.
stage 2 - slightly higher amplitude & lower frequency than stage 1. k complexes and sleep spindles
stage 3 - occasional occurrence of delta waves
stage 4 - predominately delta waves |
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Term
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Definition
| single large positive wave followed by single large negative wave |
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Term
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Definition
| waxing and waning bursts of 12-14 hz |
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Term
| activation - synthesis theory of dreams |
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Definition
| information supplied to cortex during dreaming is largely random, dream is cortex's effort to make sense of random signals |
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Term
| recuperation theory of sleep |
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Definition
| being awake disrupts homeostasis, sleep is required to restore it |
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Term
| adaptation theory of sleep |
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Definition
sleep is a result of a 24 hour timing mechanism. evolutionary adaptation that protects against accidents and predation during the night
suggest sleep, like reproductive behaviours, is a highly motivated behaviour, but not necessary to stay healthy |
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Term
| conclusions from comparative analysis of sleep (4) |
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Definition
1. most mammals and birds sleep, therefore sleep has an important physiological purpose
2. most mammals and birds sleep, therefore sleep is not a higher order human function
3. large differences in sleep times between species indicates sleep is not necessary in large quantities
4. sleep time is relative to how vulnerable an animal is while sleeping |
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Term
| predictions about sleep deprivation made by recuperation theories (3) |
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Definition
1. long periods of wakefullness produce physiological and behavioural disturbances
2. this disturbances will get gradually worse as deprivation continues
3. after deprivation has ended, much of missed sleep will be regained |
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Term
| consistant effects of sleep deprivation (3) |
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Definition
1. increased sleepyness
2. negative affect on written tests of mood
3. perform poorly on tests of viligence |
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Term
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Definition
| brief periods of sleep 2-3 seconds long, characterized by drooping eyelids and reduced response to stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| following REM deprivation, participants display more than usual amount of REM sleep for the first 2 or 3 nights, suggesting REM sleep is regulated seperatly from slow wave sleep |
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Term
| default theory of REM sleep |
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Definition
| it is difficult to stay in non-REM sleep for long periods of time, so brain switches to REM sleep or wakefullness |
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Term
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Definition
| environmental cues that can entrain circadian cycles |
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Term
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Definition
| circadian rhythms in constant environments - typically longer than normal 24 hour cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| display circadian cycles of electrical, metabolic, & biochemical activity entrained by light-dark cycles. Main circadian timing mechanism |
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Term
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Definition
| leaves optic chaism and enters suprachiasmatic nuclei, responsible for light-dark entrainment of circadian cycles |
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Term
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Definition
| photoreceptors that respond to slowly changing levels of ambient light, photopigment is melanopsin |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| anterior hypothalamus (RE: sleep) |
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Definition
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Term
| posterior hypothalamus (RE: sleep) |
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Definition
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Term
| reticular formation (RE: sleep) |
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Definition
low activity promotes sleep, high activity promotes wakefulness
known as reticular activating system |
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Term
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Definition
| sever brainstem betweein superior and inferior colicui - produces near constant slow-wave sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| sever caudal brianstem - does not disrupt normal sleep-wake patterns |
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Term
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Definition
| a substance that adjusts the timing of circadian rhythms |
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Term
| hypnagogic hallucinations |
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Definition
| dreamlike experiences during wakefulness |
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Term
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Definition
| structure in caudal reticular formation responsible for muscle relaxation during REM sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| feeling groggy for several minutes after waking up |
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