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behavioural neruo final
final
68
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
04/07/2014

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Term
psychoactive drugs
Definition
drugs that influence subjective experience and behaviour by acting on the nervous system
Term
drug penetration
Definition
how well a drug reaches its target
Term
cross tolerance
Definition
exposure to one drug can cause tolerance to other drugs
Term
sensitization
Definition
"inverse tolerance" - exposure to some drugs can cause increased sensitivity to others
Term
metabolic tolerance
Definition
changes that result in less drug reaching the active site
Term
functional tolerance
Definition
changes that reduce the reactivity of active sites
Term
withdrawl
Definition
illness brought on by the removal of of a drug from the body
Term
physical dependence
Definition
when a person experiences withdrawal upon cessation of drug use
Term
compensatory body changes
Definition
body adjusts to function normally when a drug is present, compensatory changes manifest as withdrawl symptoms once drug use is stopped
Term
continent drug tolerance
Definition
the demonstration that drug tolerance only develops to drug effects taht are experienced
Term
stimuli that predict conditioned drug use
Definition
extroceptive stimuli - environment
introceptive stimuli - thoughts
Term
smokers syndrome
Definition
chest pain, laboured breathing, wheezing, coughing, & increased susceptibility to respiratory infections brought on by smoking
Term
teratogenic effects
Definition
abnormal fetal development. miscarriage, stillbirth, early child death - caused by substance use during pregnancy
Term
Marchiafava-bignami disease
Definition
demylenation of the corpus callosum - caused by chronic alcohol use
Term
wernicke encephalopathy
Definition
thiamine deficiency, leads to korsakoffs syndrome
Term
cocaine sprees
Definition
2-3 days of high dose cocaine intake, can cause cocaine psychosis
Term
endogenous opioids (4)
Definition
enkephalins, endorphins, dynorphins, nociceptin
Term
physical dependence theory of addiction
Definition
substance dependence is caused by negative withdrawal symptoms

problem: detoxified addicts with no withdrawal symptoms still relapse
Term
positive-incentive theory of addiction
Definition
addiction is caused by craving a drugs incentive value
Term
incentive-sensitization theory of addiction
Definition
sensitization to positive incentive value causes addiction.

hedonic value initially linked to drug use, tolerance to hedonic value leads to addiction
Term
3 causes of relapse
Definition
stress, drug priming, environmental cues
Term
brain pleasure centres (3)
Definition
septum, lateral hypothalamus, mesotelencephalic dopamine system
Term
aphasia
Definition
deficit in language production or comprehension
Term
apraxia
Definition
inability to correctly imitate hand gestures & voluntary tool use
Term
sodium amytal test for selective hemisphere silencing
Definition
inject sodium amytal into left or right hemisphere, ipsilateral side anaesthetized, contralateral side not anaesthetized
Term
dichotic listening test for language lateralization
Definition
recall as many as possible of 6 digits simultaneously spoken, 3 to each ear. greater digit recall to dominant side
Term
cross-cuing
Definition
indirect means for one hemisphere to find what the other "knows" in split brain patients.

eg. facial feedback, right hemisphere might make face frown when left guesses wrong answer.
Term
helping hand phenomenon
Definition
when presented with two different visual stimuli, the hand that "knows" the correct answer my correct the other
Term
dual foci of attention
Definition
split brain hemispheres can search for a target in an array faster than intact controls
Term
analytic synthetic theory of lateralization
Definition
left hemisphere = analytical thinking
right hemisphere = synthetic thinking

hard to test/prove
Term
motor theory of lateralization
Definition
left hemisphere = fine movements
Term
motor theory of speech perception
Definition
words activate speech comprehension as well as motor areas.

other primates use extensive "vocabulary" of hand gestures
Term
Brocas area function & effects of damage
Definition
Function - speech production

damage - causes expressive aphasia, speech is meaningful but awkward
Term
wernickes area funtion & effects of damage
Definition
function - speech comprehension

damage - causes conduction aphasia, poor comprehension, speech sounds normal but has no meaning. "word salad"
Term
arcuate fasciculus function
Definition
connects broca and wernicke's areas

damage does not affect speech comprehension or production
Term
left angular gyrus damage
Definition
causes alexia (unable to understand written words) and agraphia (inability to communicate through writing)
Term
Wernicke-greshwind model pathways (words read & speech heard)
Definition
Words read:
visual cortex -> angular gyrus -> wernickes area -> brocas area -> primary motor cortex

speech heard:
auditory cortex -> wernickes area -> brocas area -> primary motor cortex
Term
dyslexia
Definition
reading difficulties due to some other deficit, i.e. not problem with vision or intelligence
Term
lexical reading
Definition
reading by using stored information about words
Term
phonetic reading
Definition
reading by sounding out words
Term
surface dyslexia
Definition
lexical process lost, cannot recognize words
Term
deep dyslexia
Definition
phonetic procedure lost, cannot sound out words
Term
adrenal medulla releases:
Definition
epinephrine & norepinephrine
Term
adrenal cortex releases:
Definition
steroids: cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone
Term
glucocorticoids (2)
Definition
cortisol & corticosterone
Term
mineralcorticoids (2)
Definition
aldosterone & androsterone
Term
Estress (RE: immune)
Definition
enhanced immune function caused by acute and controllable stress
Term
distress (RE: immune)
Definition
impaired immune function caused by chronic stress, repeated acute stress, and uncontrollable stress
Term
Common sense theory of emotions
Definition
stimulus -> emotional response -> autonomic/skeletal response
Term
James Lange theory of emotions
Definition
Stimulus -> autonomic/skeletal response -> emotional response
Term
Cannon-Bard theory of emotions
Definition
stimulus -> elicits both emotional and autonomic/skeletal responses
Term
sham rage
Definition
cats with removed cortex elicit aggressive responses to the slightest stimulus.

removal of hypothalamus stops sham rage

implicates hypothalamus in aggressive responses and cortex in inhibiting aggression
Term
kluver-bucey syndrome
Definition
rare neurological condition characterized by: urge to put things in mouth, memory loss, extreme sexual behaviour, visual distractability.

results from bilateral damage to amygdala
Term
tonal specificity
Definition
one emotion = one pattern of ANS activation
Term
tonal generality
Definition
one emotion = same pattern of ANS activation
Term
6 primary facial expressions + 3 new
Definition
surprise
anger
sadness
disgust
fear
happiness
contempt
embarrassment
pride
Term
facial feedback hypothesis
Definition
facial expressions influence our emotional experience
Term
microexpressions
Definition
brief facial expressions reveal true emotions
Term
duchenne smile vs fake smile
Definition
duchenne = mouth & eyes both involved

fake = only mouth or eyes involved, or eyes are delayed
Term
factors influencing aggression (7)
Definition
1. neurobiological - (hormonal, neurochemical)
2. genetic & epigenetic
3. evolutionary
4. developmental - (family & socialization)
5. cognitive characteristics - (individual experience)
6. situational - (cultural, socioeconomic)
7. environmental
Term
predatory aggression
Definition
stalking & killing of prey of other species
Term
social aggression
Definition
unprovoked aggression against own species, establishes social hierarchy
Term
intraspecific defence
Definition
defence against social aggression
Term
defensive attacks
Definition
attacks launched by animals when cornered or threatened, either by other species or own
Term
freezing & flight
Definition
responses used to avoid attack
Term
maternal defence
Definition
behaviours by which a mother protects her young
Term
risk assessment
Definition
behaviours preformed in order to obtain specific information that helps animal defend themselves more effectively.
Term
defensive burying
Definition
rodents bury dangerous objects with dirt or sand
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