Term
Pavlov's dogs salivating at a neutral stimulus ( sound or light)
is an example of |
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Definition
| a conditioned response,or classical conditioning |
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| Behavior therapy has its roots in |
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Definition
| experimental psychology and the study of the learning process in humans and animals. |
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| There is no systematic study of behavior until |
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| John Watson applied concepts from Pavlov's conditioning experiments to |
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| Operant conditioning is an approach to learning developed by |
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Definition
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| Experiments of how environmental influences affect behavior |
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| study observable behaviors that operate outside the individual |
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Definition
| social cognitive theory, which deals with internal or cognitive processes and learning through perceptions of environment |
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| Learned behavior is a conditioned response to the |
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Definition
| presentation of a conditioned stimulus |
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| In Watson's famous study, he explained how |
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Definition
| an emotional response could be conditioned in a child by using a classical conditioning |
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| Bed -wetting alarm is a classical conditioning method that has been used for |
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Definition
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| Operant conditioning focuses on the antecedents |
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Definition
| and the consequences of behavior |
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| Operant conditioning is the basis for application of behavior principles to |
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Definition
| a wide variety of problems,especially for those dealing with severe mental disabilities such as schizophrenia and autism |
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Term
| Studying learning is a reason |
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Definition
| to perform research experiments which prove the "Law of Effect" |
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| The Law of Effect states that |
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Definition
| consequences follow behavior and help learning |
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| Skinner's operant conditioning is a kind of learning in which |
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Definition
| behavior is altered by systematically changing consequences. |
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| Skinner's work was with lab animals but he extended his principles of operant conditioning |
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| Much of Skinner's critics' objections are about |
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Definition
| applying limited lab findings to prescriptions for living |
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| Social Cognitive Theory focus on the study of |
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Definition
| covert behaviors; those that cannot be observed easily |
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Term
| Some covert behaviors that are observed in social cognitive theory are |
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Definition
| are physiological (physical) responses(BP, muscle tension) |
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| Thoughts and feelings are also covert behaviors that are studied by |
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Definition
| social cognitive theorists. |
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| "Cognitive-Behavioral" is often used to describe theorists who use both |
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Definition
| overt and covert behaviors in their studies. |
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| Observation and modeling are two aspects of |
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Definition
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| Observation and modeling are two aspects of |
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Definition
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| Bandura took social learning theory, emphasized the role of thoughts and feelings to create |
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Definition
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| Banduras'"triadic reciprocal interaction system" |
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Definition
| involves interactions among the environment; personal factors (of memories, beliefs, preferences, predictions anticipations) and self perceptions and behaviors |
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| The three factors of Bandura's triad operate |
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Definition
| interactively with each of the other two |
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Definition
| individuals learn by observing others |
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| In Bandura's triad, the center is the self-system, which is |
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Definition
| a set of cognitive structures and perceptions that regulate behavior |
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| The cognitive structures of Social cognitive theory's triad include |
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Definition
| self-awareness, self-inducements and self-reinforcement that can influence thoughts, behaviors and feelings |
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| Social cognitive theory's concept of self-efficacy deals with |
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Definition
| how well people perceive that they are able to deal with difficult tasks in life |
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| Since the 70's,behavior therapy has been applied to |
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Definition
| business and industry, child raising, improving athletic performance and enhancing the lives of people in nursing homes, psychiatric hospitals and other institutions |
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Term
| In Behavior Therapy, as in other therapies, the relationship with the client is |
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Definition
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| Almost all of the behavioral therapy journals demonstrate a close relationship between |
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Definition
| research and practice of behavior therapy |
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| Bandura's social learning theory has had an impact on behavior therapy |
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Definition
| through the practice of modeling and the emphasis on self-observation. |
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| Most of the underlying principles of Behavior theory are from |
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Definition
| research on classical and operant conditioning and on observational learning |
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Term
| Reinforcement is the process in which |
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Definition
| the consequences of behavior increase the likelihood that a behavior will be performed again |
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| Lack of reinforcement can bring about |
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Definition
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| behavior can be changed by processes that |
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Definition
| shape,narrow, (discrimination) broaden(generalize) and others |
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| Antecedents( events that occur before the behavior) and consequences |
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| are studied as part of the behavior. |
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| is an important part of behavior therapy |
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Term
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Definition
| is a positive event (consequence) of a person's performance of a behavior |
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Term
| When a positive event follows a behavior, |
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Definition
| that behavior increases in frequency and that even is a positive reinforcer |
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Term
| rewards do not necessarily increase the probability of the frequency of a response,but a |
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Definition
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Term
| Positive reinforcement is one of the most |
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Definition
| widely used behavior therapy procedures |
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Term
| Intermittent positive reinforcement is more effective than |
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Definition
| continuous positive reinforcement |
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| Negative reinforcement increases |
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Definition
| a behavior and should not be confused with punishment |
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| Punishment decreases or weakens |
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Definition
| a behavior and not is the same as negative reinforcement |
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| In negative reinforcement, an undesirable consequence is |
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Definition
| removed and increases the likelihood that the behavior will e repeated |
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Term
| Extinction is the process of no longer presenting a |
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Definition
| reinforcer (example of not responding to a crying baby) |
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Term
| Generalization is when a behavior is reinforced and |
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Definition
| is'generalized'to other behavior,increasing the chances that responding to one type of stimulus will transfer to similar stimuli |
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Term
| Just as it is important to be able to generalize from one experience to others, it is important to e able to |
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Definition
| discriminate among different situations |
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Term
| Discrimination is the ability |
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Definition
| to react differently, depending upon the stimulus condition which is presented. |
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| Shaping is when a therapist uses |
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Definition
| reinforcement, extinction, generalization and discrimination |
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Term
| In shaping, there is a gradual movement from the original behavior to the |
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Definition
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| Bandura states that reinforcement is not enough to explain learning and personality development, but also through |
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Definition
| observing and modeling the actions of others |
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Term
| The four basic functions of observational learning are |
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Definition
| attention,retention,motor reproduction and motivation |
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Term
| retention processes of imaginal coding and verbal coding refers to |
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Definition
| picturing events and self-talk directed toward performing behaviors |
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| Vicarious and self- reinforcement |
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Definition
| are motivational processes |
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Term
| Self-efficacy is an individual's |
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Definition
| perception of her ability to deal with different types of situations |
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Term
| There are no overriding theories of behavior therapy, rather |
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Definition
| techniques have been developed that are consistent with basic principles of behavior |
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| Goals of behavior therapy are |
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Definition
| specific to the situation, depending on the desired behavior change |
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Term
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Definition
| focuses on reports and observations of real or simulated situations |
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| Systematic desensitization can reduce |
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Definition
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| Goals of behavioral Therapy |
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Definition
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Definition
| defined clearly and accurately |
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| The behavior therapist makes a functional analysis which |
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Definition
| evaluates the behavior, its antecedents and consequences, and hypothesizes about contriuting factors |
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Definition
| continues throughout the therapy |
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| Behavioral interview, reports, ratings, observations and physiological are the |
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Definition
| elements of behavioral assessment |
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Term
| Wolpes desensitization method makes use of |
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Definition
| relaxation and gradual imaginal strategies |
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Term
| Some behavioral approaches make use of |
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Definition
| intense imaginal strategies |
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| Systematic Desensitization was designed to treat patients |
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Definition
| who presented extreme anxiety or fear |
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Term
| Having patients replace their anxious feelings with relaxation is a |
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Definition
| basic approach of systematic desensitization |
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Term
| Three major procedures of systematic desensitization are |
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Definition
| relaxation, hierarchy construction and desensitization |
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Term
| With imaginal flooding, the client is exposed to |
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Definition
| the mental image of a frightening or anxiety-producing objector event until the anxiety or fear gradually diminishes |
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| In vivo therapies occur in the clients |
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Definition
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| Virtual reality therapy takes place |
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Definition
| in a computer-generated environment |
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| Modeling techniques, based on work of Bandura,occurs when |
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Definition
| a client observes the behavior of another person and makes use of it to change |
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Term
| The five basic functions of modeling are |
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Definition
| teaching, prompting, motivating, reducing anxiety and discouraging |
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Term
| Self-instructional training is a cognitive-behavioral method of |
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Definition
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| Meichenbaum developed self-instructional training for |
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Definition
| people to teach themselves how to deal effectively with situations that had previously caused problems. |
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| Stress innoculation was developed by |
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Definition
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| Giving the client an opportunity |
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Definition
| to cope with relatively mild stress successfully allows them to tolerate stronger fears or anxieties |
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Definition
| Meichenbaum's Stress Innoculation Training |
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| Behavior therapy can e used effectively for treating |
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Definition
| depression,obsessive-compulsive disorders, phobias, anxiety, |
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| Brief behavior therapy for clients depends of the |
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Definition
| intensity of the fear or anxiety |
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Term
| When behavior therapy is combined with cognitive behavior therapy, |
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Definition
| the treatment may take longer |
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Term
| Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing is known as |
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Definition
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Term
| EMDR uses a combination of |
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Definition
| cognitive and behavioral techniques. |
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| EMDR, designed by Francine Shapiro, was intitially used for |
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Definition
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| Dialectic Behavior therapy was developed by Marsha Linehan for patients |
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Definition
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| Dialectical Behavior therapy is effective for |
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Definition
| patients diagnosed with borderline disorder |
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Term
| According to Linehan, borderline personality disorder has |
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Definition
| biological, genetic and environmental components |
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| Dialectical behavior theory suggests that people suffering borderline disorder |
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Definition
| struggle from the interaction between their emotional vulnerability experience and invalidating environment |
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| Operant conditioning observational learning provide viewing the impact of external factors |
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Definition
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