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Behavioral Sciences
Final Exam
83
Psychology
Not Applicable
11/15/2003

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Definition of personality
Definition
Organized combination of attributes, motive, values, and behaviors; Unique to each person; Cross-situational
Term
Percentage of adult personality that is thought to be genetic
Definition
40-50%
Term
Age for sense of self
Definition
Around age 2
Term
Changes in personality during adolescence
Definition
Increased contentedness; Decreased unrealistic expectations; Increased sense of self
Term
Founder of psychodynamics
Definition
Sigmund Freud
Term
Definition of psychic determinism
Definition
All mental and behavioral events are determined by antecedent psychological events (usually conflict); No such things as accidents or coincidence
Term
Parapraxes of psychic determinism
Definition
Acts that don't seem to be related to psychological events, but are in actuality; Ex: slips of the tongue, bungled actions, misstatements
Term
Three topographic mental layers
Definition
Unconscious; Preconscious; Conscious
Term
Most accessible mental layer
Definition
Conscious layer
Term
Second most easily accessible mental layer
Definition
Preconscious
Term
Basic assumption of psychoanalytic theory
Definition
Personality is predicated on conflict
Term
Least accessible mental layer
Definition
Unconscious
Term
Mental layer containing most of mental life
Definition
Unconscious
Term
Methods for revealing the unconscious mental layer
Definition
Dreams; Parapraxes; Free associations
Term
Three mental structures of psychoanalytic theory
Definition
Id; Ego; Superego
Term
Predominant mental layer of the mental structures
Definition
Unconscious
Term
Goals of Id
Definition
Satisfy need states; Reduce tension; Increase pleasure/reduce pain
Term
Categories of motives in Id
Definition
Sexual (life sustaining); Aggressive
Term
First mental structure present
Definition
Id
Term
Goal of Ego
Definition
Mediate between instinctual impulses and the demands of the external world (adaptive)
Term
Two components of Superego
Definition
Ego-ideal (idealistic aspirations); Conscience (morals and values)
Term
Goals of Superego
Definition
Block hedonistic impulses to satisfy social conventions and norms
Term
Psychosexual stages
Definition
Oral; Anal; Phallic; Latency; Genital
Term
Age; focus; & psychological characteristics of oral psychosexual stage
Definition
0-18 months; Oral pleasure - sucking, biting, chewing; Dependency
Term
Age; focus; & psychological characteristics of anal psychosexual stage
Definition
18-36 months; Anal gratification; Demands for self control
Term
Age; focus; & psychological characteristics of phallic psychosexual stage
Definition
3-5 years; Sexual gratification; Incestuous desires
Term
Age; focus; & psychological characteristics of latency psychosexual stage
Definition
6-11 years; Externalized; Repressed sexual feelings
Term
Age; focus; & psychological characteristics of genital psychosexual stage
Definition
Puberty; Sexual gratification; Mature sexual interests
Term
Two basic defense mechanisms
Definition
Blocking an impulse (less mature); Redirecting it in some way
Term
Mental layer of defense mechanisms
Definition
Unconscious
Term
Characteristics of psychotic denial
Definition
Complete denial of external reality.
Term
Characteristics of projection
Definition
Attributing one's own unacknowledged feelings to others.
Term
Characteristics of hypochondriasis
Definition
Transformation of reproach toward others into first self-reproach and then complaints of pain, somatic illness, and neurasthenia.
Term
Characteristics of passive-aggressive behavior
Definition
Aggression toward others expressed indirectly and ineffectively through passivity (usually an omission).
Term
Characteristics of acting out
Definition
Direct expression of an unconscious wish or impulse in order to avoid being conscious of the affect or the ideation that accompanies it.
Term
Characteristics of repression
Definition
Naivete, memory lapse, or failure to acknowledge input froma selected sense organ.
Term
Characteristics of displacement
Definition
Redirection of conflicted feelings toward a relatively less important object than that which aroused the feelings.
Term
Characteristics of reaction formation
Definition
Conscious affect or behavior that is diametrically opposed to an unacceptable instinctual impulse.
Term
Characteristics of intellectualization
Definition
Thinking about instinctual wishes in formal, bland terms that leave the associated affect unconscious.
Term
Characteristics of altruism
Definition
Vicarious but constructive and instinctually gratifying service to others.
Term
Characteristics of humor as a defense mechanism
Definition
Overt expression of feelings without individual discomfort or immobilization and without unpleasant effect on others.
Term
Characteristics of suppression
Definition
Capacity to hold all components of a conflict in mind and then to potpone action, emotional response, or worrying.
Term
Characteristics of sublimation
Definition
Indirect or attenuated expression of instincts without adverse consequences or marked loss of pleasure.
Term
Psychotic defense mechanisms
Definition
Denial; Projection
Term
Immature defense mechanisms
Definition
Hypochondriasis; Passive-aggressive behavior; Acting out; Repression; Displacement; Reaction formation
Term
Mature defense mechanisms
Definition
Intellectualization; Altruism; Humor; Suppression; Sublimation
Term
Basic assumption of behaviorism
Definition
Personality is predicated on the influence of the environment.
Term
Four elements of classical conditioning
Definition
Unconditioned stimulus; Unconditioned response; Conditioned stimulus; Conditioned response
Term
Definition of habituation
Definition
Diminished responsiveness to stimuli that have limited usefulness or significance. (Getting used to noises).
Term
Definition of sensitization
Definition
Increased reactions to stimuli of particular importance (mothers recognize their own child's voice over a crowd of children)
Term
Definition of generalization
Definition
Getting the conditioned response from stimuli similar to the condtioned stimulus
Term
Definition of discrimination
Definition
Ability to detect subtle differences in stimuli
Term
Definition of extinction
Definition
Conditioned response is suppressed when conditioned stimulus loses relevance
Term
Definition of spontaneous recovery
Definition
Reemergence of the conditioned response to the conditioned stimulus after a pause in stimulation
Term
Operant conditioning
Definition
Dependent on the consequences of behaviors
Term
Positive reinforcement
Definition
Introduced pleasant stimulus; Increases behavior
Term
Negative punishment
Definition
Removal of pleasant stimulus; Decreases behavior
Term
Positive punishment
Definition
Introduced aversive stimulus; Decreases behavior
Term
Negative reinforcement
Definition
Removal of aversive stimulus; Increases behavior
Term
Reinforcement
Definition
Causes behavior to increase
Term
Punishment
Definition
Causes behavior to be diminished
Term
Definition of shaping
Definition
Successive approximations are reinforced to establish a complex behavior or behavior sequence.
Term
Definition of extinction
Definition
Behaviors not reinforced will diminish ... must take care not to intermittently reinforce the response
Term
Secondary reinforcers
Definition
Money; Stars on a behavior chart; Praise
Term
Schedules of reinforcement
Definition
Continuous; Intermittent
Term
How are reinforcement schedules defined?
Definition
Time (interval) or number (ratio) of responses required; Fixed (always the same) or variable (fluctuates) delivery
Term
Continuous reinforcement
Definition
Reinforcement occurs every time a behavior occurs; Quick, but not lasting
Term
Types of intermittent schedules of reinforcement
Definition
Fixed ratio schedule; Variable ratio schedule; Fixed interval schedule; Variable interval schedule
Term
Fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement
Definition
Reinforcement occurs after a set number of behaviors; Very high rate of responding
Term
Variable ratio schedule of reinforcement
Definition
Reinforcement occurs after a varying number of behaviors; High rate of responding & very resistent to extinction (think slot machine)
Term
Fixed interval schedule of reinforcement
Definition
Reinforcement after a set period of time (monthly payday); Lowest rate of responding (think of studying right before a test)
Term
Variable interval schedule of reinforcement
Definition
Reinforcement after a variable amount of time during with the behavior occurs; Slow, steady rate of responding
Term
Problems with punishment
Definition
Aversive; Breeds avoidance; Models aggression; Timing (immediate); Only responds to what is wrong (no instruction); Punishment not as enduring as reinforcement
Term
Ideal strategy for discipline
Definition
Use positive reinforcement, negative punishment, and positive punishment
Term
Other names for social learning
Definition
Vicarious learning; Observational learning; Modeling
Term
Basic assumption of social learning
Definition
Behaviors do not have to be directly experienced ... people learn from the behaviors/consequences of others
Term
Basic assumption of cognitive behaviorism
Definition
Changing the way people think about certain behaviors will change the behavior.
Term
Addressed topics in cognitive behaviorism
Definition
Expectancies; Distortions/Misinterpretation; Self efficacy
Term
"Big Five" personality descriptors
Definition
Openness; Conscientiousness; Extroversion; Agreeableness; Neuroticism
Term
Percentage of personality thought to be environmental
Definition
30-40%
Term
Most healthy of the "Big Five" descriptors
Definition
Conscientiousness; Agreeableness
Term
Least healthy of the "Big Five" descriptors
Definition
Neuroticism
Term
Age at which a noticeable difference in ADL's is observed; significant difference
Definition
65; 75
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