Term
| Definition of personality |
|
Definition
| Organized combination of attributes, motive, values, and behaviors; Unique to each person; Cross-situational |
|
|
Term
| Percentage of adult personality that is thought to be genetic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Changes in personality during adolescence |
|
Definition
| Increased contentedness; Decreased unrealistic expectations; Increased sense of self |
|
|
Term
| Founder of psychodynamics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Definition of psychic determinism |
|
Definition
| All mental and behavioral events are determined by antecedent psychological events (usually conflict); No such things as accidents or coincidence |
|
|
Term
| Parapraxes of psychic determinism |
|
Definition
| Acts that don't seem to be related to psychological events, but are in actuality; Ex: slips of the tongue, bungled actions, misstatements |
|
|
Term
| Three topographic mental layers |
|
Definition
| Unconscious; Preconscious; Conscious |
|
|
Term
| Most accessible mental layer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Second most easily accessible mental layer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Basic assumption of psychoanalytic theory |
|
Definition
| Personality is predicated on conflict |
|
|
Term
| Least accessible mental layer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mental layer containing most of mental life |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Methods for revealing the unconscious mental layer |
|
Definition
| Dreams; Parapraxes; Free associations |
|
|
Term
| Three mental structures of psychoanalytic theory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Predominant mental layer of the mental structures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Satisfy need states; Reduce tension; Increase pleasure/reduce pain |
|
|
Term
| Categories of motives in Id |
|
Definition
| Sexual (life sustaining); Aggressive |
|
|
Term
| First mental structure present |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mediate between instinctual impulses and the demands of the external world (adaptive) |
|
|
Term
| Two components of Superego |
|
Definition
| Ego-ideal (idealistic aspirations); Conscience (morals and values) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Block hedonistic impulses to satisfy social conventions and norms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oral; Anal; Phallic; Latency; Genital |
|
|
Term
| Age; focus; & psychological characteristics of oral psychosexual stage |
|
Definition
| 0-18 months; Oral pleasure - sucking, biting, chewing; Dependency |
|
|
Term
| Age; focus; & psychological characteristics of anal psychosexual stage |
|
Definition
| 18-36 months; Anal gratification; Demands for self control |
|
|
Term
| Age; focus; & psychological characteristics of phallic psychosexual stage |
|
Definition
| 3-5 years; Sexual gratification; Incestuous desires |
|
|
Term
| Age; focus; & psychological characteristics of latency psychosexual stage |
|
Definition
| 6-11 years; Externalized; Repressed sexual feelings |
|
|
Term
| Age; focus; & psychological characteristics of genital psychosexual stage |
|
Definition
| Puberty; Sexual gratification; Mature sexual interests |
|
|
Term
| Two basic defense mechanisms |
|
Definition
| Blocking an impulse (less mature); Redirecting it in some way |
|
|
Term
| Mental layer of defense mechanisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of psychotic denial |
|
Definition
| Complete denial of external reality. |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of projection |
|
Definition
| Attributing one's own unacknowledged feelings to others. |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of hypochondriasis |
|
Definition
| Transformation of reproach toward others into first self-reproach and then complaints of pain, somatic illness, and neurasthenia. |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of passive-aggressive behavior |
|
Definition
| Aggression toward others expressed indirectly and ineffectively through passivity (usually an omission). |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of acting out |
|
Definition
| Direct expression of an unconscious wish or impulse in order to avoid being conscious of the affect or the ideation that accompanies it. |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of repression |
|
Definition
| Naivete, memory lapse, or failure to acknowledge input froma selected sense organ. |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of displacement |
|
Definition
| Redirection of conflicted feelings toward a relatively less important object than that which aroused the feelings. |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of reaction formation |
|
Definition
| Conscious affect or behavior that is diametrically opposed to an unacceptable instinctual impulse. |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of intellectualization |
|
Definition
| Thinking about instinctual wishes in formal, bland terms that leave the associated affect unconscious. |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of altruism |
|
Definition
| Vicarious but constructive and instinctually gratifying service to others. |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of humor as a defense mechanism |
|
Definition
| Overt expression of feelings without individual discomfort or immobilization and without unpleasant effect on others. |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of suppression |
|
Definition
| Capacity to hold all components of a conflict in mind and then to potpone action, emotional response, or worrying. |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of sublimation |
|
Definition
| Indirect or attenuated expression of instincts without adverse consequences or marked loss of pleasure. |
|
|
Term
| Psychotic defense mechanisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Immature defense mechanisms |
|
Definition
| Hypochondriasis; Passive-aggressive behavior; Acting out; Repression; Displacement; Reaction formation |
|
|
Term
| Mature defense mechanisms |
|
Definition
| Intellectualization; Altruism; Humor; Suppression; Sublimation |
|
|
Term
| Basic assumption of behaviorism |
|
Definition
| Personality is predicated on the influence of the environment. |
|
|
Term
| Four elements of classical conditioning |
|
Definition
| Unconditioned stimulus; Unconditioned response; Conditioned stimulus; Conditioned response |
|
|
Term
| Definition of habituation |
|
Definition
| Diminished responsiveness to stimuli that have limited usefulness or significance. (Getting used to noises). |
|
|
Term
| Definition of sensitization |
|
Definition
| Increased reactions to stimuli of particular importance (mothers recognize their own child's voice over a crowd of children) |
|
|
Term
| Definition of generalization |
|
Definition
| Getting the conditioned response from stimuli similar to the condtioned stimulus |
|
|
Term
| Definition of discrimination |
|
Definition
| Ability to detect subtle differences in stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Conditioned response is suppressed when conditioned stimulus loses relevance |
|
|
Term
| Definition of spontaneous recovery |
|
Definition
| Reemergence of the conditioned response to the conditioned stimulus after a pause in stimulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dependent on the consequences of behaviors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Introduced pleasant stimulus; Increases behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Removal of pleasant stimulus; Decreases behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Introduced aversive stimulus; Decreases behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Removal of aversive stimulus; Increases behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Causes behavior to increase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Causes behavior to be diminished |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Successive approximations are reinforced to establish a complex behavior or behavior sequence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Behaviors not reinforced will diminish ... must take care not to intermittently reinforce the response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Money; Stars on a behavior chart; Praise |
|
|
Term
| Schedules of reinforcement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are reinforcement schedules defined? |
|
Definition
| Time (interval) or number (ratio) of responses required; Fixed (always the same) or variable (fluctuates) delivery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reinforcement occurs every time a behavior occurs; Quick, but not lasting |
|
|
Term
| Types of intermittent schedules of reinforcement |
|
Definition
| Fixed ratio schedule; Variable ratio schedule; Fixed interval schedule; Variable interval schedule |
|
|
Term
| Fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement |
|
Definition
| Reinforcement occurs after a set number of behaviors; Very high rate of responding |
|
|
Term
| Variable ratio schedule of reinforcement |
|
Definition
| Reinforcement occurs after a varying number of behaviors; High rate of responding & very resistent to extinction (think slot machine) |
|
|
Term
| Fixed interval schedule of reinforcement |
|
Definition
| Reinforcement after a set period of time (monthly payday); Lowest rate of responding (think of studying right before a test) |
|
|
Term
| Variable interval schedule of reinforcement |
|
Definition
| Reinforcement after a variable amount of time during with the behavior occurs; Slow, steady rate of responding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Aversive; Breeds avoidance; Models aggression; Timing (immediate); Only responds to what is wrong (no instruction); Punishment not as enduring as reinforcement |
|
|
Term
| Ideal strategy for discipline |
|
Definition
| Use positive reinforcement, negative punishment, and positive punishment |
|
|
Term
| Other names for social learning |
|
Definition
| Vicarious learning; Observational learning; Modeling |
|
|
Term
| Basic assumption of social learning |
|
Definition
| Behaviors do not have to be directly experienced ... people learn from the behaviors/consequences of others |
|
|
Term
| Basic assumption of cognitive behaviorism |
|
Definition
| Changing the way people think about certain behaviors will change the behavior. |
|
|
Term
| Addressed topics in cognitive behaviorism |
|
Definition
| Expectancies; Distortions/Misinterpretation; Self efficacy |
|
|
Term
| "Big Five" personality descriptors |
|
Definition
| Openness; Conscientiousness; Extroversion; Agreeableness; Neuroticism |
|
|
Term
| Percentage of personality thought to be environmental |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most healthy of the "Big Five" descriptors |
|
Definition
| Conscientiousness; Agreeableness |
|
|
Term
| Least healthy of the "Big Five" descriptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Age at which a noticeable difference in ADL's is observed; significant difference |
|
Definition
|
|
