Term
| compares a group of people with disease to a group without |
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Definition
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| compares a group with a given expo rue or risk factor to a group without |
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| type of study that measures relative risk |
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Definition
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| assesses frequency of a disease at a particular point in time |
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Definition
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Term
| type of study that measures disease prevalence |
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Definition
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| compares monozygotic or dizygotic development of disease |
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Definition
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| compares siblings raised by biologic vs adoptive parents |
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Definition
| safety, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics |
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Definition
| efficacy, optimal dosing, adverse effects |
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Definition
| new treatment to the current standard of care |
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Term
| phase IV of clinical trial |
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Definition
| rare or longer-term adverse effects; post marketing surveillance |
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| used for screening in diseases |
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Definition
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Term
| high value of _____ rules out disease |
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Definition
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Term
| used in confirmatory tests |
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Definition
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Term
| high value or ____ rules in disease |
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Definition
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Definition
| probability that person actually has the disease given a positive test result |
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Definition
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Definition
| probability that persn is disease free given a negative result |
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Term
| what effect does decreasing the cutoff have on sensitivity? |
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Definition
| increase sensitivity because will increase the number of positives |
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Term
| what effect does increasing the cutoff have on specificity? |
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Definition
| specificity will increase because there will be more true negatives |
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Term
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Definition
| total cases in a population at a given time / total population |
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Definition
| over a given time period / total population at risk during that time period |
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Term
| how does prevalence relate to incidence and disease duration? |
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Definition
| prevalence = incidence x disease duration |
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Term
| how does prevalence relate to incidence with chronic diseases? |
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Definition
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Term
| how does prevalence relate to incidence for acute disease states? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| how does odd ratio relate to relative risk? |
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Definition
| OR approximates RR if prevalence of disease is low |
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Term
| how do you calculate relative risk? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is attributable risk? |
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Definition
| proportion of disease occurecnes that are attributable to the exposure |
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Term
| how do you calculate attributable risk? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is absolute risk reduction? |
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Definition
| reduction in risk associated with a treatment as compared to a placebo |
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Term
| how do you calculate ARR? |
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Definition
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Term
| how do you calculate NNT? |
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Definition
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Term
| how do you calculate NNH? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| consistency and reproducibility of a test, absence of random variation |
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Term
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Definition
| trueness of test measurements (validity) |
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Term
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Definition
| nonrandom assignment to study groups |
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Term
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Definition
| knowledge of presence of disorder alters recall by subjects |
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Term
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Definition
| subjects are not representative relative to general population; so results are not genearlizable |
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Term
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Definition
| info gathered at an inappropriate time |
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Term
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Definition
| subjects in different groups are not treated the same |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs with 2 closely associated factors; effects of 1 factor distorts he effect of the other |
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Term
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Definition
| early detection confused withincreased survival; seen with improved screening |
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Term
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Definition
| when a rsearcher's belief in the efficacy of a treatment changes the outcome of that treatment |
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Term
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Definition
| group being studied changes its behavior owing to the knowledge of being studied |
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Term
| how do you calculate SEM? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| tail on right; mean > median > mode |
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Term
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Definition
| tail on left; mean < median < mode |
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Term
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Definition
| hypothesis of no difference |
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Term
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Definition
| that ther is some difference |
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Term
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Definition
| stating there is an effet or difference when none exists |
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Term
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Definition
| stating there is not an effect when one exists |
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Term
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Definition
| probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is in fact false |
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Term
| what things effect power? |
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Definition
increasing sample size -> increased power
- difference in compliance between tx groups
- total number of end points experienced by population |
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Term
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Definition
| pools data and integrates results from several similar studies to reach an overall conclusion |
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Definition
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Term
z value for:
- 90%
- 95%
- 99% |
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Definition
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Term
what value do you want the CI do you not want to include for:
- mean difference
- OR/RR |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| checks difference between the means of 2 groups |
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Term
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Definition
| checks difference between the means of 3 or more groups |
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Term
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Definition
| checks difference between 2 or more percentages or proportions |
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Term
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Definition
| between -1 and 1; closer to 1 then the stronger the correlation |
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Term
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Definition
| prevent disease occurence |
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Term
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Definition
| early detection of disease |
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Term
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Definition
| reduce disability from disease |
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