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| first research psychologist |
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| goal is to increase knowledge |
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used to find solutions for certain problems |
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use behavioral research methods to asses the effects of social or institutional programs on behavior |
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| a process of resoning from a general proposition (theory) to specific implications of that proposition (hypothesis) |
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| What are a researchers 3 Goals? |
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Description- describing behavior prediction-predicting behavior explanation- explaining behavior |
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| the requirement that a hypothesis must be capable of being falsified |
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| What are the 4 important benefirst of a background in research? |
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1.Knowledge about research methods allows people to understand research that is relevant to their professions. 2.It makes on more inteliigent and effective "research consumer" 3. Research training involves the development of critical thinking 4.It helps on become an authority, not only on research methodology but also on particular topics |
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| What are the 3 criteria that must be met for an investigation to be considered scientific? |
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systematic empiricism- structured so they can draw valid conclusions. Public Verification-replicated and observed by others Solvability- must be solvable, can't ask the question are their angels... |
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violate the basic assumptions of scientific investigation. Do not show- systematic empiricism , public verification, and solvability |
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| a set of propositions that attempts to specify the interrelationships among a set of concepts |
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When are theories supported? |
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| when they are suported by empirical findings |
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theory- how and why things are interrelated Model- only how ther are related (more descriptive) |
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a specific propositions that logically follows from the theory. |
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| abstracting a hypothesis from a collection of facts... specific to general |
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| using many different methods and designs |
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| an abstract, dictionary type definition |
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| defininfg a construct by specifying precisely how it is mearusre or manipulated in a particular study |
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| describes behavior thoughts or feelings of a particular group of individuals |
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| investigates the relationships among various psychological variables |
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| determine whether cerain variables cause changes in behavior thought or emotion |
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| Quasi-Experimental research |
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| they study effects of some variable or event that occurs naturally |
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| how and why behavior vaires across situations, diffesr among individuals, and changes over time. |
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| the degree to which scores in a set of data differ or vary from one another |
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| summarize and describe the behavior of participants in a study - means and % |
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| draw conclusion about the reliability and generaliizability of on's findings |
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| invovle the direct observation of behavior. Can be used to measure anything an animal or person does that researchers can observe |
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| internal processes that directly observable; heart rate, brain activity... |
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| the replies people give to questionnaires and interviews |
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| using several measurement approaches to measure a particular variable |
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| What are the scales of measurement? |
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| nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio |
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| equal distances between scores represent equal differences in the property being measured;does not have a tru 0; |
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| has a true 0 point; real numbers; weight, height... |
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| Why are the scales of measurement important to researchers? |
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| they determine the amount of info being provided by a particular measure and involves the kinds of statistical analyses that can be performed on the data |
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| the consistency or dependibility of a measuring technique- weighing yourself on a dependable scale would give you the right weight three times in a row |
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| the score that hte participant would have obtained if our measure were perfect and we were able to measure without error |
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| the deviation of a participants observed score from his or her true score |
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| What factors contribute to measurement error? |
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1. Transient states- mood health level of fatigue
2. Stable Attributes- paraniod, motivation
3. Situational Factors
4. Characteristics of the measure
5.Mistaks in recording participant's responses can make the observed score different. |
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