Term
| Behavior is shaped and maintained by ________ |
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Definition
| The consequences and events surrounding it |
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Term
| Focus on _______ behavior and on the ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Behaviorist see psychopathology as _______ |
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Definition
| behaviors that have been acquired through learning |
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Term
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Definition
| Personality is a function of a person environment |
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Term
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Definition
| an interaction between the person and his or her environment |
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Term
| Behaviorists stress that treatment for should be ______ |
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Definition
| tailored to each individual |
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Term
| A Behavior becomes a problem when |
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Definition
1. It has a negative impact on a persons life
2. The person feels they need to change it |
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Term
| Behavioral assessments are ______ |
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Definition
| direct, specific, oriented toward treatment |
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Term
| Behavioral assessment include 4 main areas |
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Definition
1. Delination and elaboration of presenting problem
2. Delination of other current problems
3. Delination of strengths
4. Brief gathering of background info |
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Term
| Behavioral approaches place a strong emphasis on ________ validation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A procedure is compared to another |
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Term
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Definition
| Known for classical conditioning, 1920s |
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Term
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Definition
| A stimulus that elicits a certain response from an organism is paired with another response, we can say that the second response is conditioned to occur, the person has learned to pair that response with a previously neutral stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| If the conditioned response appears repeatedly without being accompanied by the unconditioned stimulus, then the conditioned response may dissappear |
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Term
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Definition
| The conditioned stimulus may generalize to all similar unconditioned stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| One may learn to tell the difference between the unconditioned stimulus and other non-related stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when the person develops a conditioned negative response to a previously neutral stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| replace maladaptive w/ positive new association (systematic densitization) |
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Term
| Therapies associated with classical conditioning |
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Definition
| aversion therapy, flooding, systematic densensitzation, implosion therapy |
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Term
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Definition
| Designed to eliminate an undesirable behavior by associating it with an aversive stimulus, aversive stimulus is the unconditioned stimulus and produces an unconditioned reflex, the association between the stimulus and behavior leads to the same consequences each time |
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Term
| Systematic Desensitization |
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Definition
| introducing the fear producing object gradually. |
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Term
| Assertion Training/Assertiveness training |
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Definition
| Involves counter conditioning so the client feels relaxed and confident when expressing assertive behaviors instead of anxious |
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Term
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Definition
| instrumental learning, trial/error learning, precursor to operant conditioning, law of effect |
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Term
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Definition
| one attempts to solve a problem by trying out a number of actions until one proves successful, so that a freely moving organism behaves in a way that is instrumental in eliciting a reward |
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Term
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Definition
| Certain responses are reinforced by reward the organism learns from these experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| Described the learning process as involving the association between sensory/motor processes. studied the relationship between a stimulus and a response, coined the term "habit.", studied neurophysiological aspects of learning |
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Term
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Definition
| Known for the frustration-Aggression hypothesis, believed that frustration automatically leads to aggression (theory disproved) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
modification of behavior
(the actions of animals) brought about by the consequences that follow upon the occurrence of
the behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| A commonly occurring and desirable action can be used effectively as a reinforcer for a less desirable one |
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Term
| Skinner had 3 basic assumptions of operant conditioning |
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Definition
1. Behavior follows the laws of nature
2. Behavior can be predicted
3. Behavior can be controlled |
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Term
| Functional analysis of behavior |
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Definition
| Skinner, the cause and effect relationship within the behavior is studied will reveal that most of the causes of heavier lie in the antecedent events located in the environment. |
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Term
| Skinner proposed two major classifications of behavior |
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Definition
Operant – is emitted; that is, an organism does something in the absence of any direct compelling stimulus, like walking down the street. Behavior in absence of stimulus.
2. Respondant – is elicited; that is, an organism produces a respondent as a direct result of a specific stimulus, like a person blinking when air is puffed into their eyes. Behavior in response to stimulus. |
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Term
| What are primary and secondary reinforcers? |
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Definition
Primary reinforcers– are unconditioned reinforcers, like food.
▪ Secondary reinforcers – are conditioned reinforcement, like money (which we have
learned that we can use to buy food). |
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Term
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Definition
| the relation between the discriminative stimulus, operant response, and the reinforcer |
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Term
| Schedules of reinforcemnet |
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Definition
1. continuous- reinforcement comes every time desired behavior is performed
2. fixed interval- reinforced at specific intervals, like after every 5 seconds
3. variable interval- interval varies, like sometimes 5 seconds after, sometimes 2
seconds after
4. fixed ratio- reinforced each time the behavior is performed a fixed number of times,
and
5. variable ratio- reinforced after a varying number of times, such as after 5 behaviors
one time and two behaviors the next. The variable ratio schedule produces behaviors
that are most resistant to extinction. |
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Term
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Definition
| the contingent presentation and withdrawal of rewards and punishments. |
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Term
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Definition
| The contingent removal of a reinforcer following an unwanted behavior. Occurs in contingency management |
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Term
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Definition
| entire environment set up in which certain behaviors earn points or tokens, while other behaviors lose them |
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Term
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Definition
| Bandura/Walters, we learn to expect reinforcement for certain actions because we observed another person receive reinforcement for it, much of what we learn is through observation |
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Term
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Definition
| we are reinforced by seeing the rewards given to someone else. |
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Term
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Definition
Modeling refers to the behavior of
the person who is observed. |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the actions of the observer. More specifically, it involves the performance of the behaviors of the model, and not necessarily any enduring learning by the observer on how to behave. |
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Term
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Definition
| in contrast to imitation, involves the learning of behaviors that have occurred through observation. Thus in observational learning, the observer may not emit the behavior immediately after seeing it performed by the model, but can emit it at a later time to demonstrate that it was learned. |
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Term
| Bandura spoke of four processes that mediate observational learning: |
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Definition
▪ the person must ATTEND to the modeled events,
▪ the person must RETAIN what was observed,
▪ the person must be able to REPRODUCE the modeled behavior
▪ and the person must be MOTIVATED to reproduce the modeled behavior. |
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Term
| modeling procedures can serve four basic functions: |
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Definition
▪ They can lead to the ACQUISITION of a new behavior,
▪ DISINHIBITION of a behavior that the person has but was previously unwilling to emit
▪ FACILITATION of a behavior by inducing the person to emit it at more appropriate times,
and
▪ EXTINCTION of unwanted behaviors. |
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Term
| Two primary factors that induce someone to attend to a model |
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Definition
The PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS of the model (as well as the personal characteristics of the
observer),
▪ And the CONSEQUENCES of the behavior
(also emotional arousal) |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the person's expectation that he or she can master certain situations and bring about the results one wants |
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Term
| Efficacy expectations can differ in 3 ways |
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Definition
▪ magnitude (depending on level of difficulty),
▪ generality (the specific situation), and
▪ strength (the how sure the person is of the expectation) |
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Term
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Definition
the modeling sequences involve the
systematic graduated presentation of an increasingly difficult group of behaviors. |
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Term
| Cognitive/Expectancy Theory |
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Definition
| theorists studied the role of one’s thoughts on behavior, as well as the effect of behavior on one’s thoughts. |
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Term
| Rotter's social learning theory |
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Definition
▪ Look at interaction between individual and environment:
▪ In a situation, potential for any behavior is a function of the expectancy of reward and the
value placed on the expected reward |
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Term
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Definition
| Developed by rotter, an attempt to explain how reinforcements change expectancies, the way in which the person perceives the cause of his reinforcement |
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Term
| External Locus of control |
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Definition
| When the reinforcement is perceived by an individual as not being the result of his or her action, but instead due to chance or the work of others, |
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Term
| Internal Locus of control |
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Definition
| When the reinforcement is perceived by the person to be contingent on his or her own behavior |
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Term
| People with psychopathology tend to have ________ locus of control |
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Definition
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Term
| Rotter's Theory uses _______ from Thorndike and _______ from Bandura |
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Definition
| Law of effect, expectancy construct |
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Term
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Definition
NP = f(NV+FM).
need potential is a function of need value (the value one places on a related set of reinforcers) and freedom of movement (expectancy of receiving positive satisfactions as a result of a set of related behaviors directed toward the set of reinforcements), |
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Term
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Definition
| group of functionally related behaviors directed toward one goal |
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Term
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Definition
| value placed on set of reinforcers |
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Term
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Definition
| expectancy of receiving positive satisfaction from reinforcers |
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Term
| Social theories on pathology |
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Definition
|  avoidant behavior – high value on need, low expectancies for reinforcement (failure for reward perceived as punishment) |
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Term
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Definition
| - avoid one so don’t develop competency in that area |
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Term
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Definition
unrealistically high goal and fail to reach it, perceived as
punishment |
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Term
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Definition
| Discussed the important role that thoughts play in maintaining one's depression, affect and behavior determined by the way in which a person structures the world |
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Term
| According to Beck's theory people who are depressed have 3 beliefs |
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Definition
1. Negative view of themselves
2. Negative view of others
3. Negative view of the future |
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Term
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Definition
| For Beck, the treatment for depression therefore is to recognize these thoughts, evaluate whether they are accurate or distortions, and then to modify those thoughts that are negative and inaccurate. |
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Term
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Definition
| the person tests out thoughts in the real world. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Attribution theory, looked at how one attributes responsibility for a particular result influence's ones feelings |
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Term
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Definition
| depression may occur if one experiences unpleasant events, and discovers that he or she has no control over the cessation of the stimuli. |
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Term
| Learned helplessness has 3 components |
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Definition
1. The experience of EMOTIONAL DISRUPTION (the understanding that events are out of one’s control)
2. The display of REDUCED MOTIVATION (the person gives up),
3. And a resulting COGNITIVE DEFICIT (the person no longer feels control over reinforcement in other situation, even though they may be different). |
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Term
| Seligman saw attribitions on 3 continuums |
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Definition
1. Stable
2. Global
3. Internal |
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Term
| Depression develops from what kind of attributions? |
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Definition
| unstable, specific, external |
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Term
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Definition
| irrational thoughts led to psychological problems, and postulated rational emotive therapy as the treatment. |
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Term
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Definition
A- activating experience
B- Belief
C.- consequences of belief
D. Disputing in therapy
E- the positive effects |
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Term
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Definition
Developed self-instructional training, which uses self-statements to guide behaviors. In this approach, the client is taught patterns of statements that the client repeats overtly,
then internalizes to help him or her control their behavior. |
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Term
| Kelly's Personal Construct Theory |
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Definition
| George Kelly postulated a theory involving personal constructs, which are the means by which people construe or interpret the events of their worlds. |
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Term
| In Kelly's Personal Construct Theory, contructs are usually ________ |
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Definition
| dichotomous, such as good or bad |
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Term
| What is an important aspect of personal constructs? |
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Definition
| Permeability: A construct is permeable to the extent that it can take on new objects and events. If one’s construct is not permeable enough, they may be flexible to new situations. |
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