Term
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Definition
| a student of animal life and structure |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which a population of interbreeding individuals changes over long periods of time |
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Term
| Evolution by natural selection |
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Definition
| the Darwinian theory that evolution proceeds by differential success in reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| a trait that increases the probability that an individual will leave offspring in the subsequent generations |
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Term
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Definition
| Darwin's theoretical mechanism for the evolution of anatomical and behavioral differences between males and females |
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Term
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Definition
| the evolutionary process by which responses to similar ecological features bring about similarities in behavior and structure among animals that are only distantly related (differ in genetic heritage) |
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Term
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Definition
| a physical resemblance that is due to convergent evolution, such as the similar body form of tuna and dolphins |
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Term
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Definition
| a physical resemblance that is based on common ancestry, such as the similarity in forelimb structures of different mammals |
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Term
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Definition
similarity of function, although the structures of interest may look different.
the human hand and an elephant's trunk are analogous features. |
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Term
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Definition
| a change in the mucleotide sequence of a gene as a result of unfaithful replication |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of inheritance, including the genes encoded in DNA |
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Term
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Definition
a complex of condensed stands of DNA and associated protein molecules
Found in the nucleus of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of species that resmeble each other because of shared inheritance |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of individuals that can readily interbreed to produce fertile offspring |
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Definition
| the evolutionary history of a particular group of organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| the classifcation of organisms |
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Definition
| a cast of the cranial cavity of a skull, especially useful for studying fossils of extinct species |
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Term
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Definition
| cerebral cortex that is made up of six distinct layers |
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Term
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Definition
| a measure of brain size relative to body size |
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Term
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Definition
| of or related to Australopithecus, a primate genus, known only from the fossil record, thought to be an ancestor to all humans |
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Term
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Definition
| a field devoted to asking how natural selection has shaped behavior in humans |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the outer cellular layer of the developing fetus: giving rise to the skin and the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| in the developing embryo, the groove between the neural brain |
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Term
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Definition
| an embryonic structure with subdivisions that correspond to the future forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain |
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Term
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Definition
also called prosencephalon.
frontal division of the neural tube, containing the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
called mesencephalon.
The middle division of the brain |
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Definition
also called rhombencephalon.
The rear division of the brain, which, in the mature vertebrate, contains the cerebellum, pons, and medulla. |
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Term
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Definition
| the earliest stage in a developing animal |
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Term
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Definition
| a developing individual after the embyro stage |
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Term
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Definition
| the mitotic division of nonneuronal cells to produce neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| the general process during development in which one cell affects the differentiation of other, usually neighboring cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the creation of new neurons in the brain of an adult |
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Term
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Definition
| the movement of cells from site of origin to final location |
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Term
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Definition
| glial cells that form early in development, spanning the width of the emerging cerebral hemispheres, and guide migrating neurons |
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Term
| Cell Adhesion Molecule (CAM) |
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Definition
| a protein found on the surface of a cell that guides cell migration and/or axonal pathfinding |
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Term
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Definition
| destruction of the nerve cell body following injury to its axon |
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Term
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Definition
Also called Wallerian degeneration.
The loss o the distal portion of an axon resulting from injury to the axon |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which a cell makes an mRNA transcript of a particular gene |
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Term
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Definition
| the developmental stage in which cells acquire distinctive characteristics, such as those of neurons, as the result of expressing particular genes |
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Term
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Definition
literally "in glass"
usually, in a lab dish, outside the body |
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Term
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Definition
| referring to cell processes that are directed by the cell itself rather than being under the influence of other cells |
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Term
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Definition
| a midline structure arising eearly in the embryonic development of vertebrates |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which one set of cells influences the fate of neighborng cells, usually by secreting a chemical factor that changes gene expression in the target cells |
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Term
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Definition
| an adaptive response to early injury, as when developing individuals compensate for missing or injured cells |
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Term
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Definition
| a cell that is undifferentiated and therefore can take on the fate of any cell that a donor organism can produce |
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Term
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Definition
| the extensive growth of axons and dendrites |
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Term
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Definition
| the establishment of synaptic connections as axons and dendrites grow |
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Term
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Definition
| the growing tip of an axon or dendrite |
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Term
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Definition
| very fine, tubular outgrowths from the growth cone |
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Term
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Definition
| sheetlike extensions of a growth cone |
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Term
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Definition
| compounds that attract particular classes of growth cones |
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Term
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Definition
| compounds that repel particular classes of growth cones |
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Term
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Definition
| the developmental process during which "surplus" cells die |
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Term
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Definition
| a gene that is expressed only when a cell becomes committed to natural cell death (apoptosis) |
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Term
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Definition
| A family of proteins that regulate cell death (apoptosis) |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein released by mitochondria, in response to high calcium levels, that activates apoptosis |
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Term
| Inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) |
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Definition
| A family of proteins that inhibit caspases and thereby stave off apoptosis |
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Term
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Definition
| a family of proteins that regulate apoptosis |
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Term
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Definition
also called trophic factor.
A target-derived chemical that acts as if it "feeds" certain neurons to help them survive |
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Term
| Nerve growth factor (NGF) |
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Definition
| a substance that markedly affects the growth of eurons in sinal gaglia and in the ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system |
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Term
| Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) |
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Definition
| a protein purified from the brains of animals that can keep some classes of neurons alive |
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Term
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Definition
| a chemical that prevents neurons from dying |
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Term
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Definition
also called synaptic remodeling.
The loss of some synapses ad the development of others: a refinement of synaptic connections that is often seen in development |
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Term
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Definition
| The notion that each cell has chemical identity that directs it to synapse on the proper target cell during development |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of myeli formation |
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Term
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Definition
| a disorder characterized by widespread degeneration of myelin |
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Term
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Definition
"genome"
All the genetic information that one specific individual has inherited |
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Term
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Definition
| the sum of an individuals physical characteristics at one particular time |
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Term
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Definition
| A transient lack of oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of impairmets in behavior that are produced by embryonic or fetal exposure to toxic substances |
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Term
| Fetal Alcohold syndrome (FAS) |
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Definition
| a disorder, including intellectual disability and characteristic facial anomalies, that affects children exposed to too much alcohol during fetal development |
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Term
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Definition
| a change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene as a result of unfaithful replication |
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Term
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Definition
| intellectual disability that is associated with an extra copy of chromosome 21 |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition that is a frequent cause of inherited intellectual disability: produced by a fragile site on the X chromosome that seems prone to breaking because the DNA there is unstable |
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Term
| Site-directed mutagenesis |
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Definition
| a technique in molecular biology that changes the sequence of nucleotides in an existing gene |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual in which a particular gene has been disabled by an experimenter |
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Term
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Definition
| referring to an animal in which a new or altered gene as been deliberately introduced into the genome |
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Term
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Definition
| repetition of the same three nucleotides within a gene, which can lead to dysfunction, as in the cases of Huntington's disease and fragile X syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
| an inherited disorder of protein metabolism in which the absence of an enzyme leads to a toxic buildup of certain compounds, causing intellectual disability |
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Term
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Definition
| Asexually produced organisms that are genetically identical |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of factors that affect gene expression without making any changes in the nucleotide sequence of the genes themselves |
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Term
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Definition
| a chemical modification of DNA that does not affect the nucleotide sequence of a gene but makes that gene less likely to be expressed |
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Term
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Definition
| reduced visual acuity that is not cause by optical or retinal impairments |
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Term
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Definition
| depriving both eyes of form vision, as by sealing the eyelids |
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Term
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Definition
| the period during development in which and organism can be permanently altered by a particular experience or treatment |
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Term
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Definition
| depriving one eye of light |
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Term
| Ocular Dominance histogram |
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Definition
| a graph that portrays the strength of response of a brain neuron to stimuli presented to either the left eye or the right eye |
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Term
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Definition
| a synapse that is stregthened when it successfully drives the postsynaptic cell |
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Term
| Attention Deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) |
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Definition
| syndrome of distractibility, impulsiveness, and hpyeractivity that, in children, interferes with school performance |
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Term
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Definition
| a disorder arising during childhood, characterized by social withdrawl and perservative behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| the continue to show a behavior repeatedly |
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Term
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Definition
| a syndrome characterized by difficulties in social cognitive processing; usually accompanied by strong language skills |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of dementia that may appear in middle age but is more frequent among the aged |
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Term
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Definition
| drastic failure of cognitive ability, including memory failure and loss of orientation |
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Term
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Definition
| A neurological disorder of the aged that is characterized by progressive behavioral deterioration, including personality change and profound intellectual decline. |
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Term
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Definition
| small areas of the brain that have abnormal cellular and chemical patterns. Senile plaques correlate with senile demetia |
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Term
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Definition
| protein that accumulates in senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease |
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Term
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Definition
| an abnormal whorl of neurofilaments within nerve cells |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein associated with neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease |
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Term
| Amyloid precursor protein (APP) |
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Definition
| a protein that, when cleaved by several enzymes produces B-amyloid |
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Term
|
Definition
| an enzyme that cleaves amyloid precursor protein, forming B-amyloidm which can lead to Alzheimer's disease |
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Term
|
Definition
| an enzyme that cleaves amyloid precursor protein, forming B-amyloid, which can lead to Alzheimer's disease |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein that may help break down amyloid |
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Term
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Definition
| an organ (eye or ear) specialized to receive particular stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| a physical event that triggers a sensory response |
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Term
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Definition
| a specialized cell that responds to a particular energy or substance in the internal or external environment, and converts this energy into a change in the electrical potential across its membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| the type of stimulus for which a given sensory organ is particularly adapted |
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Term
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Definition
| the doctrine that the receptors and neural channels for the different senses are independent and operate in their own special ways, and can produce only one particular sensation each |
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Term
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Definition
| the concept that each nerve input to the brain reports only a particular type of information |
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Term
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Definition
| the process in which a receptor cell converts the energy in a stimulus into a change in the electrical potential across its membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| a local change in the resting potential of a receptor cell that mediates between the impact of stimuli and the initiation of action potentials |
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Term
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Definition
| a skin receptor cell type that detects vibration |
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Term
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Definition
| the stimulus intensity that is just adequate to trigger an action potential at the axon hillock |
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Term
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Definition
| the rules by which action potentials in a sensory system reflect a physical stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| a hypothesis of stimulus intensity perception stating that a wide range of intensity values can be encoded by a group of cells, each of which is a specialist for a particular range of stimulus intensities |
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Term
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Definition
| referring to body sensation, particularly touch and pain sensation |
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Term
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Definition
| the progressive loss of receptor sensitivity as stimulation is maintained |
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Term
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Definition
| a receptor in which the frequency of action potentials declines slowly or not at all as stimulation is maintained |
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Term
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Definition
| a receptor in which the frequency of action potentials drops rapidly as stimulation is maintained |
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Term
| Central modulation of sensory information |
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Definition
| the process in which higher brain centers, such as the cortex and thalamus, suppress some sources of sensory information and amplify others |
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Term
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Definition
| the chain of neural connections from sensory receptor cells to the cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| the brain regions at the top of the brainstem that trade information with the cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| the stimulus region and features that affect the activity of a cell in a sensory system |
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Term
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Definition
| for a given sensory modality, the region of cortex that receives most of the information about that modality from the thalamus or, in the case of olfaction, directly from the secondary sensory neurons |
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Term
| Secondary sensory cortex. nonprimary sensory cortex |
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Definition
| for a given sensory modality, the cortical regions receiving direct projections from primary sensory cortex for that modality. |
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Term
Primary somatosensory cortex (S1)
Somatosensory 1 |
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Definition
| the gyrus posterior to the cnetral sulcus where sensory receptors o the body surface are mapped. Primary cortex for receiving touch and pain information, in the parietal lobe |
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Term
Secondary somatosensory cortex (S2)
somatosensory 2 |
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Definition
| the region of cortex that receives direct projections from primary somatosensory cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| a state or condition of selective awareness or perceptual receptivity, by which specific stimuli are selected for enhanced processing |
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Term
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Definition
| involving several sensory modalities |
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Term
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Definition
| the outermost layer of skin, over the dermis |
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Term
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Definition
| the middle layer of skin, between the epidermis and the hypodermis |
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Term
|
Definition
also called subcutaneous tissue
the innermost layer of skin, under the dermis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a skin receptor cell type that detects light touch |
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Term
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Definition
| a skin receptor cell type that detects light touch |
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Term
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Definition
| a skin receptor cell type that detects stretching of the skin |
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Term
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Definition
| a somatosensory system that delivers most touch stimuli via the dorsal columns of spinal white matter to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| a strip of skin innervated by a particular spinal root |
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Term
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Definition
| the discomfort normally associated with tissue damage |
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Term
| Congenital insesitivity to pain |
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Definition
| the condition of being born without the ability to perceive pain |
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Term
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Definition
| a receptor that responds to stimuli that produce tissue damage or pose the threat of damage |
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Term
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Definition
| an axon that terminates in the skin iwhtout any specialized cell associated with it and that detects pain and or changes in temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| a compound synthesized by various plants to deter predators by mimicking the experience of burning |
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Term
| Transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) |
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Definition
| a receptor that binds capsaicin to transmit the burning sensation from chili peppers and normally detects sudden increases in temperature |
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Term
| Transient receptor potential 2 (TRP2) |
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Definition
| a receptor, found in some free nerve endings, that opens its channel in response to rising temperatures |
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Term
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Definition
| a moderately large, myelinated, and therefore fast-conducting, axon, usually transmitting pain information |
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Term
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Definition
| a small, unmyelinated axon that conducts pain information slowly and adapts slowly |
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Term
| Cool-menthol receptor 1 (CMR1) |
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Definition
| a sensory receptor, found in some free nerve endings, that opens an ion channel in response to a mild temperature drop or exposure to menthol |
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Term
| Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) |
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Definition
| a neuropeptide that stimulates neurons in the dorsal horn to provide the sensation of itch |
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Term
| Anterolateral system or spinothalamic system |
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Definition
| a somatosensory system that carries most of the pain information from the body to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| an amino acid transmitter, the most common excitatory transmitter |
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Term
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Definition
| a peptide transmitter implicated in pain transmission |
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Term
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Definition
| pain caused by damage to peripheral nerves: often difficult to treat |
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Term
|
Definition
also called cingulum
A region of medial cerebral cortex that lies dorsal to the corpus callosum |
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Term
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Definition
| absence of or reduction in pain |
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Term
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Definition
| a class of compounds that exert an effect like that of opium, including reduced pain sensitivity |
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Term
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Definition
| a class of peptides produced in various regions of the brain that bind to opioid receptors and act like opiates |
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Term
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Definition
| a family of peptide transmitters that have been called the body's own narcotics. The three kinds are enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins |
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Term
|
Definition
| one of three kinds of endogenous opioids |
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Term
|
Definition
| One of of three kinds of endogenous opioids |
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Term
|
Definition
| one of three kinds of endogenous opioids |
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Term
|
Definition
| a receptor that respnds to endogenous and/or exogenous opioids |
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Term
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Definition
| the neuronal body-rich region of the midbrain surround the cerebral aqueduct that connects the third and fourth ventricles; involved in pain perception |
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Term
| Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) |
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Definition
| the delivery of electrical pulses through electrodes attached to the skin, which excite nerves that supply the region to which pain is referred. TENS can relieve the pain in some instances |
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Term
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Definition
| a potent antagonist of opiates that is often administered to people who have taken drug overdoses. it binds to receptors for endogenous opioids |
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Term
|
Definition
| a substance, given to a patient, that is known to be ineffective or inert but that sometimes brings relief |
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Term
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Definition
| the insertion of needles at designated points on the skin to allviate pain or neurological malfunction |
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Term
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Definition
| the conversion of one form of energy to another |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of the ear that we readily see (the pinna) and the canal that leads to the eardrum |
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Term
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Definition
| the external part of the ear |
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Term
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Definition
| a tone with a single frequency of vibration |
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Term
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Definition
| the force sound exerts per unit area, usually measured as dynes per square centimeter |
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Term
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Definition
| the subjective experience of the pressure level of a sound |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of cycles per second in a sound wave, measured in hertz (Hz) |
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Term
|
Definition
| cycles per second, as of an auditory stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| a dimension of auditory experience in which sounds vary from low to high |
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Term
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Definition
| the predominant frequency of an auditory tone or a visual scene |
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Term
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Definition
| multiples of a particular frequency called the fundamental |
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Term
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Definition
| the characteristic sound quality of a musical instrument, as determined by the relative intensities of its various harmonics |
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Term
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Definition
| the analysis of a complex pattern into the sum of sine waves |
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Term
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Definition
| a measure of sound intensity |
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Term
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Definition
| the cavity between the tympanic membrane and the cochlea |
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Term
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Definition
| three small bones that transmit sound across the middle ear, from the tympanic membrane to the oval window |
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Term
|
Definition
| "eardrum" the partition between the external ear and the middle ear |
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Term
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Definition
| the opening from the middle ear to the inner ear |
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Term
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Definition
| "hammer" a middle ear bone that is connected to the tympanic membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
| "Anvil" middle ear bone situated between the malleus and the stapes |
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Term
|
Definition
| "Stirrup" a middle ear bone that is connected to the oval window |
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Term
|
Definition
| the muscle attached to the malleus that modulates mechanical linkage to protect the delicate receptor cells of the inner ear from damaging sounds |
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Term
|
Definition
| a middle ear muscle that is attached to the stapes |
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Term
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Definition
| the cochlea and vestibular apparatus |
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Term
|
Definition
| a snail shaped structure in the inner ear that contains the primary receptor cells for hearing |
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Term
|
Definition
| "vestibular canal" one of three prinicpal canals running along the length of the cochlea |
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Term
|
Definition
| "middle canal" the central of the three spiraling canals inside the cochlea, situated between the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani |
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Term
|
Definition
| "tympanic canal" one of three principal canals running along the length of the cochlea |
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Term
|
Definition
| a membrane separating the cochlear duct from the middle ear cavity |
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Term
|
Definition
| a structure in the inner ear that lies on the basilar membrane of the cochlea and contains the hair cells and terminations of the auditory nerve |
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Term
|
Definition
| one of the receptor cells for hearing in the cochlea |
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Term
|
Definition
| a membrane in the cochlea that contains the principal structures involved in auditory transduction |
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Term
|
Definition
| one of the two types of receptor cells for hearing in the cochlea |
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Term
|
Definition
| one of the two types of receptor cells for hearing in the cochlea |
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Term
|
Definition
| a relatively stiff hair that protrudes from a hair cell in the auditory or vestibular system |
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Term
|
Definition
| a membrane that sits atop the organ of Corti in the cochlear duct |
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Term
|
Definition
| a fine, threadlike fiber that runs along and connects the tips of sterocilia |
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Term
|
Definition
| the mechanism by which the cochlea is physically distorted by outer hair cells in order to "tune" the cochlea to be particularly sensitive to some frequencies more than others |
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Term
|
Definition
| a sound produced by the cochlea itself, either spontaneously or in response to an environmental noise |
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Term
|
Definition
| a graph of the responses of a single auditory nerve fiber or neuron to sounds that vary in frequency and intensity |
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Term
|
Definition
| cranial nerve VIII, which runs from the cochlea to the brainstem auditory nuclei |
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Term
|
Definition
| brainstem nuclei that receive input from auditory hair cells and send output to the superior olivary complex |
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Term
|
Definition
| Brainstem nuclei that receive input from both right and left cochlear nuclei, and provide the first binaural analysis of auditory information |
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Term
|
Definition
| faired gray matter structures of the dorasl midbrain that receive auditory information |
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Term
|
Definition
| nuclei in the thalamus that receive input from the inferior colliculi and send output to the auditory cortex |
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Term
|
Definition
| a major organizational feature in auditory systems in which neurons are arranged as an orderly map of stimulus frequency, with cells responsive to high frequencies located at a distance from those responsive to low frequencies |
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|
Term
| Minimal discriminable frequency difference |
|
Definition
| the smallest change in frequency that can be detected reliably between two tones |
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Term
|
Definition
| a theory of frequency discrimination stating that ptich perception depends on the place of maximal displacement of the basilar membrane produced by a sound |
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Term
|
Definition
| a theory of frequency discrimination that emphasizes the relation between sound frequency and the firing pattern of nerve cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| high frequency sound: in general, above the threshold for human hearing at about 20,000 Hz |
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Term
|
Definition
| very low frequency sound generally below of the threshold for human hearing at about 20 Hz |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| perceived differences in loudness between the two ears, which can be used to loacalize a sound source |
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Term
|
Definition
| differences between the two ears in the time of arrival of a sound, which can be employed by the nervous system to localize sound sources |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory that we localize sound by combining information about intensity differences and latency differences between the two ears |
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Term
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Definition
| a device that senses the co-occurance of two events |
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Term
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Definition
| alteration of the amplitude of some, but not all, frequencies in a sound |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a disorder characterized by the inability to discern tunes accurately |
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Term
| Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) |
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Definition
| a special use of MRI that takes advantage of the difference sin how ater molecules are contrained in myelin to reveal azonal tracts connection brain regions |
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Term
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Definition
| a hearing impairment that is associated with pathology of the external ear or middle ear cavaties |
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Term
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Definition
| a hearing impairment that originates from cochlear or auditory nerve lesions |
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Term
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Definition
| toxic to the ears, especially the middle or inner ear |
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Term
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Definition
| a sensation of noises or ringing in the ears |
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Term
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Definition
| a hearing impairment that is related to lesions in auditory pathways or ceters, including sites in the brainstem, thalamus, or cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| the specific inability to hear words, although other sounds can be detected |
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Term
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Definition
| a hearing impairment that is caused by a fault or defect in the cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| an electromechanical device that detects sounds and selectively stimulates nerves in different regions of the cochlea via surgically implanted electrodes |
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Term
| Auditory brainstem implant (ABI) |
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Definition
| a type of auditory prothesis in which implanted microphones directily stimulate the auditory nuclei of the brainstem rather than the cochlea |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the three fluid filled tuves in the inner ear that are part of the vestibular system. Each of the tuves, which are at right angles to each other, detects angular acceleration |
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Term
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Definition
| a small, fluid filled sac in the vestibular system above the saccule that responds to static positions of the head |
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Term
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Definition
| a small, fluid filled sac under the utricle in the vestibular system that responds to static positions of the head |
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Term
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Definition
| an enlarged region of each semicircular canal that contains the receptor cells (hair cells) of the vestibular system |
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Term
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Definition
| a small crystal on the felatinous membrane in the vestibular system |
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Term
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Definition
| a sensory system, found in many kinds of fishes and some amphibians, that informs the animal of water motion in relation to the body surface |
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Term
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Definition
| a small feltinous column that forms part of the lateral line system of aquatic animals and also occurs within the vestibular system of mammals |
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Term
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Definition
| brainstem nuclei that receive information from the vestibular organs through cranial nerve VIII |
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Term
| Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) |
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Definition
| the brainstem mechanism that maintains gaze on a visual object despiet movements of the head |
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Term
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Definition
| the experience of nausea brought on by unnatural passive movement |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory of motion sickness suggesting that discrepancies between vestibular information and visual information simulate food poisoning and therefore trigger nausea |
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Term
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Definition
| a small bump that projects from the surface of the tongue. Papillae contain most of the taste receptors cells |
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Term
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Definition
| a cluster of 50-150 cells that detects tastes. Taste buds are found in papillae |
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Term
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Definition
| the small aperture through which tastant molecules are able to access the sensory receptors of the taste bud |
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Term
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Definition
| a substance that can be tasted |
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Term
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Definition
| one of three types of small structures on the tongue, located in the back, that contain taste receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| one of three types of small structures on the tongue, located along the sides, that contain taste receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| one of three types of small structures on the tongue, located in the front, that contain taste receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| a family of taste receptor proteins that, when particular members heterodimerize form taste receptors for sweet flavors and umami flavors |
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Term
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Definition
| a family of bitter taste receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the five basic tastes, probably mediated by amino acids in foods |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| coding of information in sesnory systems based on the temporal pattern of action potentials |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a sheet of cells, including olfactory receptors, that lines the dorsal portion of the nasal cavities and adjacent regions, including the septum that separates the left and right nasal cavities |
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Term
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Definition
| the concept that each nerve input to the brain reports only a particular type of information |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a portion of olfactory receptor cells present in the olfactory epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
| complex shape underlying the olfatory mucosa that direct inspired air over receptor cells |
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Term
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Definition
| an anterior projection of the brain that terminates in the upper nasal passages and, through small openings in the skull, provides receptors for smell |
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Term
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Definition
| a complex arbor of dendrites from a group of olfactory cells |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of cell in the olfactory bulb that conducts smell information from the glomeruli to the rest of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of cell in the olfactory bulb that conducts smell information from the flomeruli to the rest of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| a chemical signal that is released outside the body of an aimal and affects other members of the same species |
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Term
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Definition
| a specialized chemical detection system that detets pheromones and transmits information to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| A collection of specialized receptor cells, near to but separate from the olfactory epithelium, that detet perhomones, and send electrical signals to the accessory olfactory bulb in the brain |
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Term
| Trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) |
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Definition
| a family of probable pheromone receptors produced by neurons in the main olfactory epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
| the whole area that you can see without moving your head or eyes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| neural cells in the retina that respond to light |
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Term
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Definition
| the phenomenon by which interconnected neurons inhibit their neighbors, producting contrast at the edges of regions |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the length between two peals in a repeated stimulus such as a wave, light, or sound |
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Term
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Definition
| a quantum of light energy |
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Term
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Definition
| the transparent outer layer of the eye, whose curvature is fixed. It bends light rays and is primarily responsible for forming the image on the retina |
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Term
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Definition
| a structure in the eye that helps focus an image on the retina |
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Term
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Definition
| the bending of light rays by a change in the dnesity of a medium, such as the cornea and the lens of the eyes |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the muscles that controls the shape of the lens inside the eyes, focusing an image on the retina |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of fousing by the sillary muscles and the lens to form a sharp image on the retina |
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Term
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Definition
| the aperture, formed by the iris, that allows light to enter the eye |
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Term
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Definition
| the circular structure of the eye that provides an opening to form the pupil |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the muscles attached to the eyeball that control its position and movements |
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Term
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Definition
| the receptive surface inside the eye that contains photoreceptors ane dother neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| a class of light sensitive receptor cells in the retina that are most active at low levels of light |
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Term
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Definition
| a class of photoreceptor cells in the retina that are responsible for color vision |
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Term
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Definition
| a class of interneurons of the retina that receive information from rods and cones and pass the information to retinal ganglion cells |
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Term
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Definition
| a class of cells in the retina whose axons form the optic nerve |
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Term
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Definition
| cranial nerve II; the collection of ganglion cell axons that extend from the retina to the optic chiasm |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized retinal cells that contact bother the receptor cells and the bipolar cells |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized retinal cells that contact bother the bipolar cells and the ganglion cells, and are especially significant in inhibitory interactions within the retina |
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Term
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Definition
| a system in the retin athat operates at low levels of light and involves the rods |
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Term
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Definition
| a system in the retina that operates at high levels of light, shows sensitivity to color, and involves the cones |
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Term
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Definition
| the photopigment in rods that responds to light |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the two compnents of photopigments in the retina |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the two components of photopigments in the retina |
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Term
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Definition
| hypothesis of stimulus intensity perception stating that a wide range of intensity values can be ecoded by a group of cells, each of which is a specialist for a particular range of stimulus intensities |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency of rods and cones to adjust their light sensitivity to match ambient levels of illumination |
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Term
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Definition
| the cental protion of the retina, packed with the most photoreceptors and therefore the center of our gaze |
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Term
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Definition
| the region of the retina, packed with most photoreceptors and therefore the center of our gaze |
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Term
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Definition
| the portion of the visual field from which light falls on the optic disc. Because there are no receptors in this region, light striking it cannot be seen |
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Term
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Definition
| the point at which the two optic nerves meet |
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Term
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Definition
| the axons of retinal ganglion cells after they have passed the optic chiasm: most terminate in the lateral geniculate nucleus |
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Term
| lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) |
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Definition
| the part of the thalamus that receives information from the optive tract and sends it to visual areas in the occipital cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| axons from the lateral geniculate nucleus that terminate in the primary visual areas of the occipital cortex |
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Term
| Primary visual cortex (V1) or striate cortex |
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Definition
| "area 17" the region of the occipital cortex where most visual information first arrives |
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Term
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Definition
| "visual cortex" the cortex of the occipital love of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| visual cortex outside of the primary visual (striate) cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| a region of blindness cause by injury to the visual pathway or brain |
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Term
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Definition
| the stimulus region and features that affect the activity of a cell in a sensory system |
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Term
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Definition
| a retinal bipolar cell that is excited by light in the center of its receptive field |
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Term
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Definition
| a retinal bipolar cell that is inhibited by light in the center of its receptive field |
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Term
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Definition
| a retinal ganglion cell that is activated when light is presented to the center, rather than the periphery, of the cells receptive field |
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Term
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Definition
| a retinal ganglion cell that is activated when light is presented to the periphery, rather than the center, of the cells receptive field |
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Term
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Definition
| referring to a concentric receptive field in which the center excites the cell of interest while the surrond inhibits it |
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Term
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Definition
| feffering to a concentric receptive field in which the center inhibits the cell of interst while the surround excites it |
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Term
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Definition
| of or consisting of relatiely small cells |
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Term
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Definition
| of or consisting of relatively large cells |
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Term
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Definition
| "bar or edge detector" a cell in the visual cortex that responds best to an edge or a bar that has a particular width, as well as a particular orientation and location in the visual field |
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Term
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Definition
| a cell in the visual cortex that responds best to a bar of a particular size and orientation anywhere within a particular area of the visual field |
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Term
| Spatial frequency filter model |
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Definition
| a model of pattern analysis that emphasizes Fourier analysis of visual stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| a region of cortex in which one eye of the other provides a greater degree of synaptic input |
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Term
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Definition
| a slab of visual cortex, about 0.5 mm wide, in which the neurons of all layers respond preferentially to stimulation of one eye |
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Term
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Definition
| a column of visual cortex that responds to rod shaped stimuli of a particular orientation |
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Term
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Definition
| one of three basic dimensions of light perception, varyig from dark to light |
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Term
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Definition
| one of three basic dimenstios of light perception, varying around the color circle through blue, green, yellow, orange, and red |
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Term
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Definition
| one of three basic dimensions of light perception, varying from rich to pale |
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Term
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Definition
| a hypothesis of color perception stating that there are three different types of cones, each excited by a different region of the spectrum and each having a separate pathway to the brain |
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Term
| opponent process hypothesis |
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Definition
| the theory that color vision depends on systems that produce opposite responses to light of different wavelengths |
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Term
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Definition
| an impairment int he direction, extent, and rate of muscular movement |
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Term
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Definition
| a neuron that is active both when an individual makes a particual movement and when that indivdual sees another individual make that same movement |
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Term
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Definition
| nearsightedness; the inability to focus the retinal image of objects that are far away |
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