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| cells that receive and transmit electrochemical signals |
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| scientific study of the nervous system |
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| scientific study of the biology of behavior |
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| study of the structure of the nervous system |
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| chemical basis of neural activity |
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| interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system |
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| the study of the nervous systems disorders |
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| study of the effects of drugs on neural activity |
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| study of the functions and activities of the nervous system |
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| unintended differences between conditions that can influence the dependent variable |
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| quasiexperimental studies |
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| studies of groups of subjects exposed to conditions in the real world |
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| focus on a single case subject |
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| conducted for the purpose of acquiring knowledge |
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| intended to bring about some direct benefit to humankind |
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| assessing dysfunction int he brains using noninvasive methods such as case studies and quasiexperimental studies; focuses on the cerebral cortex since it is most likely to be damaged by accident or surgery |
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| manipulating brain variables and measuring the effects |
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| the effects of pharmaceuticals on behavior |
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| study of the brain to understand thinking; newest division of biopsychology; often employs human subjects; key methods are functional brain imaging techniques |
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| comparing behavior and brain structures across species; uses lab and/or ethological research |
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| manipulating psychological variables and measure the physiology effects; uses EEG |
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| using multiple approaches to address a single question |
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| empirical method that biopsychologists use to study the unobservable |
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| universe consists of two elements: physical matter and human mind |
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| the study of animal behavior in the wild, focuses on instinctive behaviors |
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| a group of organisms that is reproductively isolated from other organisms |
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| members of the same species |
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| similar structures due to a common evolutionary origin |
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| similar structures without a common origin |
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| the evolution of similar to the same environmental demands by unrelated species which gives us analogous structures |
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| genetic material composed of DNA |
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| thread of DNA that sits inside of a cell's nucleus that carries genes |
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| genes that mask other genes |
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| expressed only in the absence of a dominant gene |
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| a form of cell division that yields daughter cells that have 23 pairs of chromosomes |
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| a form of cell division that yields cells that produces cells with half the chromosome number of the parent cell. |
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| stretches of DNA that determine whether particular structural genes initiate the synthesis of proteins and at what ratio |
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| energy-generating structures found in the cytoplasm of all cells |
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| 1. Induction of the neural plate |
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| patch of tissue on the back side of the embryo becomes the neural plate; induced by chemical signals from the mesoderm (organizer); ectoderm (outermost), mesoderm (middle), endoderm (innermost); neural crest becomes the PNS |
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| folds to form the neural groove which becomes the neural tube; inside will be cerebral ventricles and neural tube, neural tube cells proliferate and create forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain; chemically guided by the organizer areas which are the roof plate and the floor plate |
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| 3. Migration and Aggregation |
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Definition
once cells have increased in number, they must migrate to where they need to be and then they must aggregrate which is cells coming together to form structures;
radial migration: moving out from center
tangential migration: moving down tube
somal migration: extension develops that leads migration and body follows
glial migration: cells move along a radial glial network
CAM: cell adhesion molecules that recognize and adhere to cells |
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| 4. Axon growth and synapse formation |
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axons and dendrites begin to form; growth cone at the growing tip of an axon or dendrite extends and retracts to find its way;
pioneer growth cones: the first to travel a route, interact with guidance molecules
fasciculatioin: tendency of developing axons to grow along the paths established by preceding axons |
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| 5. Neuron death and synapse rearrangement |
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| neurotrophins: chemical secreted by neurons that have made successful targets |
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| necrosis; no resources for neurons that dont make a connection thus cell starves and dies |
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| apoptosis; packages DNA, organs to be used by the rest of the brain and the cell membrane dissolves |
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| sensory areas first, then motor ares; myelination of prefrontal cortex continues into adolescence |
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