Term
| sexually dimorphic behavior |
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Definition
| a behavior that has different forms or occurs with different probabilities or under different circumstances in males and females |
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Definition
| a mature reproductive cell; sperm or ovum |
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Definition
| the X and Y chromosomes, which determine an organism's gender. Normally, XX=female and XY=male |
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Definition
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Definition
| the gene on the Y chromosome whose product instructs the undifferentiated fetal gonads to develop into testes |
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Term
| organizational effect (of hormone) |
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Definition
| the effect of a hormone on tissue differentiation and development (permanent) |
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Term
| activational effect (of hormone) |
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Definition
| the effect of a hormone that occurs in the fully developed organism; may depend on the organism's prior exposure to the organizational effects of hormones |
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Definition
| the embryonic precursors of the female internal sex organs |
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Term
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Definition
| the embryonic precursors of the male internal sex organs |
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Term
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Definition
| a peptide secreted by the fetal testes that inhibits the development of the Müllerian system, which would otherwise become the female internal sex organs |
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Definition
| an effect of a hormone present early in development that reduces or prevents the later development of anatomical or behavioral characteristics typical of females |
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Term
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Definition
| a male sex steroid hormone. Testosterone is the principal mammalian androgen |
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Term
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Definition
| an effect of a hormone present early in development that promotes the later development of anatomical or behavioral characteristics typical of males |
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Term
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Definition
| the principal androgen found in males |
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Term
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Definition
| an androgen, produced from testosterone through the action of the enzyme 5a reductase |
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Term
| androgen insensitivity syndrome |
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Definition
| a condition caused by a congenital lack of functioning androgen receptors; in a person with XY sex chromosomes, causes the development of a female with testes but no internal sex organs |
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Term
| persistent Müllerian duct syndrome |
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Definition
| a condition caused by a congenital lack of anti-Müllerian hormone or receptors for this hormone; in a male, causes development of both male and female internal sex organs |
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Term
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Definition
| the presence of only one sex chromosome (an X chromosome); characterized by lack of ovaries but otherwise normal female organs and genitalia |
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Term
| gonadotropin-releaseing hormones (GnRH) |
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Definition
| a hypothalmic hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete gonadotropic hormone |
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Term
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Definition
| a hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that hasa stimulating effect on cells of the gonads |
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Term
| follicle-stimulating hormones (FSH) |
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Definition
| the hormones of the anterior pituitary gland that cuases development of an ovarian follicle |
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Term
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Definition
| a hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that causes ovulation and development of the ovarian follicle into a corpus luteum |
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Term
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Definition
| the principal estrogen of many mammals including humans |
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Term
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Definition
| a class of sex hormones that cause maturation of the female genitalia, growth of breast tissue, and development of other physical features characteristic of females |
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Definition
| the female reproductive cycle of most primates, including humans; characterized by growth of the lining of the uterus, ovulation, development or a corpus luteum, and (if pregnancy does not occur, menstration |
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Definition
| the female reproductive cycle of mammals other than primates |
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Term
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Definition
| a cluster of epithelial cells surrounding an oocyte, which develops into an ovum |
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Term
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Definition
| a cluster of cells that develops from the ovarian follicle after ovulation; secretes estradiol and progesterone |
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Term
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Definition
| a steroid hormone produced by the ovary that maintains the endometrial lining of the uterus during the later part of the menstrual cycle and during pregnancy; along with estradiol it pormotes receptivity in female mammals with estrous cycles |
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Term
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Definition
| a perios of time after a particulat action (for example, ejaculation by male) during which that action cannot occur again |
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Term
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Definition
| the restorative effect of introducing a new female sex partner to a male that has apparently become "exhausted" by sexual activity |
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Term
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Definition
| a hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland; causes contraction of the clooth muscle of the milk ducts, the uterus, and the male ejaculatory system; also serves as a neurotransmitter in the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| a spinal sexual reflex seen in many four-legged female mammals; arching of the back in response to approach of a male or to touching the flanks, which elevated the hindquarters |
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Term
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Definition
| a chemical released by one animal that affects the behavior or physiology of another animal; usually smell or taste |
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Term
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Definition
| the slowing and eventual cessation of estrous cycles in groups of female animals that are housed together; caused by a pheromone in the animals' urine; first observed in mice |
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Term
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Definition
| the synchronization of the menstrual or estrous cycles of a group of females, which occurs only in the presence of a pheromone in a male's urine |
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Term
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Definition
| the earlier onset of puberty seen in female animals that are housed with males; caused by a pheramone in the male's urine |
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Term
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Definition
| termination of pregnancy caused by the odor of a pheromone in the urine of a male other than the one that impregnated the female; first identifies in mice |
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Term
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Definition
| a sensory organ that detects the presence of certain chemicals, especially when a liquid is actively sniffed; mediates the effects of some pheromones |
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Term
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Definition
| a neural structure located in the main olfactory bulb that receuves info from the VNO |
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Term
| medial nucleus of the amygdala |
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Definition
| a nucleus that receives olfactory information from the olfactory bulb and accessory olfactory bulb; involved in the effects of odors and pheromones on reproductive behavior |
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Term
| congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) |
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Definition
| a condition characterized by hypersecretion of androgens by the adrenal cortex; in females, causes masculinization of the external genitalia |
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Term
| medial preoptic area (MPA) |
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Definition
| an area of cell bodies just rostral to the hypothalamus; plays an essential role in male sexual behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| a nucleus in the preoptic area that is much larger in males than in females; first observed in rats; plays a role in male sexual behavior |
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Term
| periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) |
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Definition
| the region of the midbrain that surrounds the serebral aqueduct; plays an essential role in various species-typical behaviors, including female sexual behavior |
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Term
| nucleus paragigantocellularis (nPGi) |
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Definition
| a nucleus of the medulla that receives input from the medial preoptic area and contains neurons whose axons form synapses with motor neurons in the spinal cord that participate in sexual reflexes in males |
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Term
| ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) |
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Definition
| a large nucleus of the hypothalamus located near the walls of the thirs ventricle; plays an essential role in female sexual behavior |
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