Term
| Who is most affected by autism? What is the difference in gender? |
|
Definition
| children < 12-15 yrs, usually before age 36 mos, males more common, females more severe |
|
|
Term
| What is the prevalence of autism? |
|
Definition
| 16.8 per 10,000. 45.8 per 10,000 for other pervasive developmental disorders (can include aspbergers) |
|
|
Term
| How has the prevalence of autism changed recently? Why might this be? |
|
Definition
| increasing, associated w/corresponding decreasing prevalence of other dx categories, suggesting classification shift instead of epidemilogical changes |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 causes of autism? |
|
Definition
| (chrom 16) unidentified brain disfunction. cause of autism spectrum disorders likely genetic but involving multiple genes, based on extensive literature review. microdeletion or microduplication of region on chrom 16 may acct for about 1% of cases |
|
|
Term
| microdeletion or microduplication of region on chrom 16 may acct for about what % of cases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The following are likely risk factors for what disorder: fragile X, prenatal complications, maternal rubella, pku, meningitis, encephalitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Advanced parental age is associated w/what disorder? |
|
Definition
| autism. ea 10-yr increase in maternal or paternal age appears associated w/increased risk for autism spectrum disorders in birth cohort study |
|
|
Term
| How does the MMR and diet correlate w/autism? |
|
Definition
| no correlation btwn increased prevalence of autism and use of mmr vaccine. neither does diet. |
|
|
Term
| How is social disturbance different btwn autism and asperger? |
|
Definition
| autism- severe. asperger- moderate-severe |
|
|
Term
| Is language/communication impairment marked w/autism or asperger? |
|
Definition
| autism. biggest dif btwn the 2. |
|
|
Term
| Do autism or asperger have good verbal ability, poor communication? |
|
Definition
| asperger. this is why they function better in society than autism |
|
|
Term
| Are marked restricted interests, mannerisms, trouble w/change, occasionally savant ability indicative of autism or asperger? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are highly circumscribed interests (interfering w/nml functioning) indicative of autism or asperger? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In autism or asperger are motor issues often preserved early but poor later when imitation is required? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is autism or asperger often clumsy w/fine and gross motor difficulties? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the onset of autism or asperger always before age 3 yr often before age 1 yr. a majority regress after nml development? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does autism or asperger have problems often recognized in preschool. motor delays may have been noted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the cc of autistic disorder? |
|
Definition
| stereotypes (repetitive behaviors) |
|
|
Term
| What is the hpi of autistic disorder? |
|
Definition
| language disorders, absent or rudimentary imaginative play |
|
|
Term
| What gi disorders are common in children w/autistic spectrum disorders? |
|
Definition
| refulx, diarrhea, malabsorption stools, failure to thrive, narrowed food interests and dietary restrictions |
|
|
Term
| What do the following indicate: impaired social interaction, impaired communication, restricted repertoire of activities and interests? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is teh auditory evoked potentials? |
|
Definition
| definitive test for autism (click in ear, listen for delay) |
|
|
Term
| What does impaired social interaction in autistic children entail? |
|
Definition
| lack of awareness of others, not seeking others for comfort |
|
|
Term
| Which aspect of sh in autism involves lmt language, echolalia (repetition of words), lmt eye contact? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which aspect of sh in autistic disorders involves stereotypes, need for sameness? |
|
Definition
| restricted repertroire of activities and interests |
|
|
Term
| What might imaging studies for autism show? |
|
Definition
| generalized enlargement of cereral cortex (grey and white matter), significant increased rate of head circumference growth |
|
|
Term
| What is the definitive test for autism? |
|
Definition
| auditory evoked potentials |
|
|
Term
| What is teh tx overview for autistic disorder? |
|
Definition
| special education, behavior therapy |
|
|
Term
| What may reduce sx of autism? |
|
Definition
| risperidone may reduce some sx of autism spectrum disorder (severe tantrums, aggression or self-injurious behavior) |
|
|
Term
| Who is most affected by adhd (age, sex)? |
|
Definition
| children, onset < 7 yo. boys 10x (probably overdx in boys, underdx in girls) |
|
|
Term
| What is the #1 behavioral disorder of school-age children? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the prevalence of adhd among school-aged children aged 6-12 yrs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are stricter state-level performance accountability laws associated w/higher or lower rate of adhd? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is having an older tx associated w/higher or lower rate of adhd dx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is ADHD more commonly dx in black children, hispanic children, or caucasion children? |
|
Definition
| caucasian, lower in black and hispanic children |
|
|
Term
| Is living w/biological father associated w/higher or lower association of adhd? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is adhd more dx in eastern or western us? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the estimated prevalence of adult adhd? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is adult adhd more common in m or f? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is adult adhd more common in previous marriage or single? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is adult adhd more common in employed or unemployed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is adult adhd more common in hispanic, or non-hispanic whites? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which birth order and gender is a likely risk factor for adhd? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is monozygotic or dizygotic twins more of a likely risk factor for adhd? |
|
Definition
| monozygotic>dizygotic twins |
|
|
Term
| Parents w/hyperkinesis, sociopathy, and alcoholism is likley a risk factor for what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bad habits during pregnancy is associated w/adhd? |
|
Definition
| prenatal exposure to Etoh- (ratio2.5) and cigarettes (ratio2.1) |
|
|
Term
| How does sugar intake correlate w/adhd? |
|
Definition
| it does NOT affect behavior or cognitive performance (based on meta-analysis of 16 studies) |
|
|
Term
| Untx adhd is associated w/increased risk for what? |
|
Definition
| substance use disorder in adolescence- pharmacotx associated w/85% reduction in risk for substance use disorders |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of adhd has learning disabilities? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the current theory behind pathogenesis of adhd? |
|
Definition
| dysfunction of prefrontal and subcortical striatal areas of brain that are implicated in inhibition of irrelevant responses and executive functions. intrinsic deficiency or dysregulation of dopamine and norepinephrine causing dysregulation of cortical activities, esp in frontal lobe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| short attent span, impulsivity, hyperactivity, inattention or school problem. other sx in adult adhd: insomnia, restlessness during sleep |
|
|
Term
| What are hpi of girls in adhd? |
|
Definition
| inattention, then depression in adulthood |
|
|
Term
| What are the hpi of boys in adhd? |
|
Definition
| hyperactive, aggressive, later oppositional |
|
|
Term
| Do adults remember having adhd sx in childhood? |
|
Definition
| not always- in 1 study, only 60% of adults dx as children recalled the dx |
|
|
Term
| What % of adhd pts have family member w/adhd? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What % of adhd pts improve w/age? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What % of children w/adhd continue to exhibit problem behaviors through adolescence and into adulthood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the tx for adhd in children? |
|
Definition
| stimulant tx: methylphenidate, dextroamphetamine; lmt evidence for tca (desipramine), atomoxetine; clonidine for hyperactivity |
|
|
Term
| What sx of adhd are reduced by tx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which are superior for adhd tx: drug or non-drug tx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are outcomes w/adhd tx improved? |
|
Definition
| improved outcomes when added to behavioral interventions |
|
|
Term
| How is adhd tx in adults? |
|
Definition
| antidepressants may be effective, esp desipramine and sustained-release bupropion, atomoxetine. placebo-controlled trials of methylphenidate had contradictory results, other stimulants (dextroamphetamine, mixed amphetamine salts, modafanil) have lmt evidence of benefit. mixed amphetamine salts (adderall xr) fda approved in adults |
|
|
