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| what an animal does and how it does it |
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| sequence of behavioral acts that is essentially unchangeable and usually carried to completion once initiated |
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| approach based on the expectation that Darwinian fitness (reproductive success) is improved by optimal behavior |
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| set of key characteristics that will lead an animal to the desired object |
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| natural selection will favor animals that choose foraging strategies that maximize the differential between benefits and costs |
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| modification of behavior resulting from specific experiences |
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| developmental changes in neuromuscular systems |
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| loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey little to no information |
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| learning that is limited to a specific time period in an animal's life and that is generally irreversible |
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| limited phase in an individual animal's development when learning of particular behaviors can take place |
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| acquired ability to associate one stimulus with another |
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| a type of associative learning; the association of a normally irrelevant stimulus with a fixed behavioral response (Ivan Pavlov) |
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| trial and error learning: associating one behavior with a reward or punishment (Skinner) |
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| behavior with no apparent external goal, but involves movements closely associated with goal-directed behaviors |
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| ability of an animal's nervous sytems to perceive, store, and use information gathered by sensory receptors |
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| the study of an animal's ability to perceive, store, and use information gathered by sensory receptors |
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| internal representations, or codes of the spatial relationships amoung objects in their surroundings. |
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| change in activity rate due to a stimulus |
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| automatic, oriented movement toward or away from a stimulus |
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| regular movement over relatively long distances |
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| any kind of interaction between two or more animals, usually of the same species |
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| application of evolutionary theory as a foundation for the study and interpretation of social behavior |
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| a contest of some kind that determines which competitor gains access to some resource, such as food or mates |
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| symbolic activity usually seen in agonistic behavior |
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| pecking order within a group of animals |
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| an area that an individual defends, usually excluding other members of its own species |
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| time and resources an individual must expend to produce offspring |
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| area where males often display courtship rituals |
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| mating with no strong pair-bonds or lasting relationships |
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| one male mating with one female |
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| individual of one sex mating with several of the other |
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| single male + many females |
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| single female + many males |
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| odors that emit chemical signals |
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| aiding of another individual at one's own risk or expense |
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| total effect an individual has on proliferating its genes by producing its own offspring and by providing aid that enables other close relatives to increase the production of their offspring |
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| Coefficient of relatedness |
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| proportion of genes that are identical in two individuals |
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| the higher the coefficient of relatedness the more likely an individual is to aid a relative |
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| unrelated animals that give aid to each other "you scratch my back, I'll scrath yours" |
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