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Behavior - Post Midterm - SGU
Behavior - Post Midterm - SGU
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02/16/2013

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Term
Two types of associative learning ?
Definition
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Term
Behavioral psych says most human behavior is
Definition
learned
Term
Unconditioned =
Definition
Unlearned
Term
Conditioned =
Definition
Learned
Term
Factors affecting Classical Conditioning ?
Definition
CCNT

CS should precede US
Consistency of pairing
Number of pairings
Time b/w CS, US, and UR
Term
Ex of Stimulus Generalization ?
Definition
John Watson's research of White Rabbit (CS) causing Fear (CR/UR)
Term
Ex of Classical Extinction ?
Definition
Pavlov using the tone (CS) to cause the CR (salivation)
After a while, CS does not elicit CR readily and you see a smooth extinction curve
Term
Synopsis of Ader's study involving rats with autoimmune disorder lupus ?
Definition
Saccharine water (CS) was paired with cyclophosphamide (US) to cause immunosuppresion (CR/UR). After a while only presenting saccharine water (CS) by itself caused immunosuppresion (CR/UR)
Term
What is the term for a previously neutral stimulus ?
Definition
CS (conditioned stimulus)
Term
White Coat Htn is an example of what type of conditioning ?
Definition
Classical conditioning
Term
What are two types of responses you see regarding classical conditioning of substance use ?
Definition
Drug-like responses
Drug-opposite responses
Term
Exs of classical conditioning of drug-like effects ?
Definition
Smell and taste of coffee (CS) causing increased arousal and alertness (CR/UR)

Euphoria can be subject to conditining

O'Brien's "toilet stall" studies
Term
Can drug-opposite effects be conditioned more easily than drug-like effects ?
Definition
Yes
Term
Exs of classical conditioning of 'drug-opposite' effects ?
Definition
Siegel's Conditioned Tolerance Study of morphine injection
O'Brien's Conditioned Withdrawal Study of methadone metabolized and then using spearmint
Term
Conclusive summary of classical conditioning of substance use ?
Definition
CSs associated with drug use play a significant role in continued use, craving, and relapse

Behavioral trts based on extinction help break this learned association b/w environmental CSs and drug use
Term
Classical conditioning appears to play an important role in several anxiety disorders ?
Definition
Phobias
PTSD
Acute Stress Disorder
Term
A fear-producing US always does not lead to a phobia....some phobias can be acquired through ?
Definition
Vicarious learning (happens through observation) or verbal report
Term
Trt for phobias ?
Definition
Behavioral approaches like exposure (extinction) and systematic desensitization are better than cognitive approaches
Term
Most trts of PTSD involve ?
Definition
Exposure to fear-provoking stimuli (classical extinction , -> present CS, US never comes).
Exposure decreases anxiety
Term
Does classical conditioning play a role in paraphilias (sexual arousal due to inappropriate objects, situations, or individuals) ?
Definition
Yes
Ex) Rachman and Hodgson's study of acquiring a fetish...when Knee-length women's boots (CS) caused sexual arousal (CR/UR)
Term
What is extinction of a classically conditioned response ?
Definition
CS-CR bond will tend to decay if the CS is no longer followed by the US
Term
What is spontaneous recovery ?
Definition
Following extinction, the CR may "spontaneously" reappear if the CS is presented following a short delay
Term
What does operant conditioning say ?
Definition
Behavior is increased or decreased as a result of the consequences that follow it
Term
One diff. b/w classical conditioning and operant conditioning ?
Definition
Classical cond. involves involuntary behavior
Operant cond. involves voluntary behavior
Term
Law of Effect says what ?
Definition
Behavior that is followed by pleasant consequences tends to be repeated,
and behavior followed by unpleasant consequences tends not to be repeated
Term
B.F. Skinner is associated with what work ?
Definition
Operant conditioning
Term
Reinforcement and punishment are in what type of conditioning ?
Definition
Operant conditioning
Term
Definitions of positive and negative reinforcement ?
Definition
Pos reinforcement - A stimulus is "applied" following behavior and the behavior is strengthened
Negative Reinforcement - An aversive stimulus is "removed,terminated, or avoided" following behavior and the behavior is strengthened
Term
Two types of neg. reinfocement ?
Definition
1) Escape conditioning
2) Avoidance conditioning
Term
3 factors affecting the effectiveness of reinforcement and punishment ?
Definition
C I C
Consistency
Immediacy
Contingencies should be clear
Term
What is involved in the "maintenance" of some phobias ?
Definition
Operant conditioning
B/c, the phobic avoidance behavior is negatively reinforced b/c it results in the alleviation of anxiety
Term
Two disorders which involve avoidance conditioning ?
Definition
Phobias and OCD
Term
Most effective trt for OCD is ?
Definition
Exposure and Ritual/Response Prevention
Term
Diff. b/w reinforcement and punishment ?
Definition
Reinforcement strengthens behavior
Punishment weakens behavior
Term
Defs. of positive and negative punishment ?
Definition
Pos. punishment - Application of an aversive stimulus contingent upon behavior

Negative punishment - Removal of a pleasant/desirable stimulus contingent upon behavior
Term
What is Operant Extinction ?
Definition
Occurs when reinforcement is consistently withheld following a previously reinforced behavior
Term
Both extinction and punishment ...
Diff. b/w the two ?
Definition
weaken behavior
With extinction, you withold reinforcement
WIth punishment, organism performs behavior and something happens
Term
Exs of primary reinforcers ?
Definition
Food, water, sex
Can lead to satiation (too much of a good thing)
Term
Exs of secondary (conditioned) reinforcers ?
Definition
Applause, money, or "A" on exam
Term
Types of Schedules of Reinforcement ?
Definition
1) Continuous reinforcement - Every instance of behavior is reinforced or punished
2) Intermittent Reinforcement - Only certain instances of behavior are reinforced or punished
Two types:Ratio (Fixed and Variable)
Interval (Fixed and Variable)
Term
What is Shaping ?
Definition
Creating new behaviors through reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior
Term
What is Superstitious Behavior or Accidental Conditioning ?
Definition
Associate two things together but contingencies are accidental
Term
What is discriminative stimuli and how is it an example of stimulus control ?
Definition
If stimuli in the past have been associated with reinforcement of the behavior, it is referred to as discriminative stimuli
Term
An example of stimulus control ?
Definition
Eating behavior, b/c it has become associated with diff. situations and mood states (when watching t.v, socializing, depressed, etc...)
Term
Exs of primary punishers ?
Definition
Are naturally punishing like
shock and pain
Term
Ex of secondary punisher ?
Definition
A bad grade on an exam
Term
Satiation is a problem with ?
Definition
Primary reinforcers like food and sex.
Better to use secondary reinforcers like money which does not lead to satiation
Term
What happens in continuous reinforcement ?
Definition
Behaviors are learned more quickly but tend to extinguish more quickly
Term
Trts based on classical conditioning involve ?
Definition
Counterconditioning and/or extinction
Term
Systematic desensitization is a trt that involves both...
Definition
Counterconditioning and extinction
Term
What happens in aversion therapy regarding conditioning ?
Definition
A CS previously associated with pleasure is paired with a US that elicits an unpleasant response (like shock or nausea)

Used for trt in Pedophilia
Term
3 trts involving extinction ?
Definition
Exposure - Involves no training
Flooding - Abrupt, full intensity exposure
Ritual/Response Prevention
Term
Types of therapies based on Operant principles ?
Definition
Contingency Management
Pos. Reinforcement (Shaping and Biofeedback)
Punishment (Time Out)

Operant Extinction
Contingency Contracts
Token Economies
Term
Behavioral Approaches to pain management ?
Definition
Aim is to stop reinforcing pain behaviors (complaining, missing work, and inactivity) and reinforce only healthy behaviors
Term
What is cognitive restructuring ?
Definition
Is a cognitive therapy where you identify, challenge, and correct distorted and irrational views of the world
Term
4 Types of Cognitive Therapies are ?
Definition
E B B L (letters indicate founder's names first)

Ellis' Rational Emotive Therapy
Beck's Cognitive Therapy
Bandura's Social Cognitive Therapy
Linehan's Dialectical Behavior Therapy
Term
Ellis' Rational Emotive Therapy says ?
Definition
It's not Event (A) that causes C(Emotion), but your belief/interpretation (B) of it
Term
Beck's Cognitive Therapy says what ?
Definition
Says people have "negative schema" of world
Also depression is caused by interpretation of "negative triad"(events, self, and future)

Learned Helplessness
Term
Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory says what ?
Definition
People learn through "observation" (modeling), watching someone get reinforced or punished changes our behavior

Self Efficacy - Believing you can do it is essential
Term
Linehan's Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) says what ?
Definition
Very successful for difficult populations like borderline personality, suicidal patients, severely depressed adolescents,
Uses range of cognitive-behavioral techniques and Mindfulness Meditation
Emphasis is on both patient acceptance and responsibility to change
Term
What is family therapy ?
Definition
A systems approach - views pathology as disturbance within the family
May be trt of choice for childhood disorders, eating disorders, drug/alcohol
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