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Behavior in Organizations Chapter 8
Group Dynamics and Work Teams
55
Business
Undergraduate 2
11/09/2009

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Term
Group Dynamics
Definition
The social science field focusing on the nature of groups-the factors governing their formation and development, the elements of their structure, and their interrelationships with individuals, other groups, and organizations.
Term
Group
Definition
A collection of two or more interacting individuals who maintain stable patterns of relationships, share common goals, and perceive themselves as being a group.
Term
Formal Group
Definition
Groups that are created by the organization, intentionally designed to direct its members toward some organizational goal.
Term
Command Group
Definition
A group determined by the connections between individuals who are a formal part of the organization (i.e., those who legitimately can give orders to others).
Term
Task Group
Definition
A formal organizational group formed around some specific task.
Term
Standing Committees
Definition
Committees that are pemanent, existing over time.
Term
Ad Hoc Committee/Task Force
Definition
A temporary committee formed for a special purpose
Term
Informal Groups
Definition
Groups that develop naturally among people, without any direction from the organization withith which they operate.
Term
Interest Groups
Definition
A group of employees who come together to satisfy a common interest.
Term
Friendship Groups
Definition
Informal group that develop because their members are friends, often seeing each other outside the organization.
Term
Five-Stage Model
Definition
The conceptualization claiming that groups develop in 5 stages
1. forming
2. storming
3. norming
4. performing
5. adjourning
Term
Forming
Definition
The first stage of group development. Members get to know each other and seek to establish ground rules.
Term
Storming
Definition
Second stage of group development. Members come to resist control by group leaders and show hostility.
Term
Norming
Definition
The third stage of development. Members work together, developing close relationships and feelings of camaraderie.
Term
Performing
Definition
The fourth stage of group development. Group members work toward getting their job done.
Term
Adjourning
Definition
Recognizing that not all groups last forever. Groups disband, either after meeting their goals or because members leave.
Term
Punctuated-Equilibrium Mode
Definition
The conceptualization of a group development claiming that groups generally plan their activities during the first half of their time together, and then revise and implement their plans in the second half.
Term
Group Structure
Definition
The pattern of interrelationships between the individuals constituting a group; the guidelines of group behavior that make group functioning orderly and predictable.
Term
Role
Definition
The typical behavior that characterizes a person in a specific social context.
Term
Role Incumbent
Definition
A person holding a particular role.
Term
Role Expectations
Definition
The behaviors expected of someone in a particular role.
Term
Role Ambiguity
Definition
Confusion arising from not knowing what one is expected to do as the holder of a role.
Term
Role Differentiation
Definition
The tendency for various specialized roles to emerge as groups develop.
Term
Task-Oriented Role
Definition
The activities of an individual in a group who, more than anyone else, helps the group reach its goal.
Term
Socioemotional Role
Definition
The activites of an individual in a group who is supportive and nurturant of other group members and who helps them feel good.
Term
Self Oriented Role
Definition
The activities of an individual in a group who focuses on his or her own good, often at the expense of others.
Term
Norms
Definition
Generally agreed on informal rules that guide group members behavior.
Term
Prescriptive Norms
Definition
Expectations within groups regarding what is supposed to be done.
Term
Proscriptive Norms
Definition
Expectations within groups regarding behaviors in which members are not supposed to engage.
Term
Status
Definition
The relative prestige, social position, or rank given to groups or individuals by others.
Term
Formal Status
Definition
The prestige one has by virtue of his or her official position in an organization.
Term
Status Symbols
Definition
In objects reflecting the position of any individual within an organization's hierarchy of power.
Term
Informal Status
Definition
The prestige accorded individuals with certain characteristics that are not formally recognized by the organization.
Term
Cohesiveness
Definition
The strength of group members' desires to remain a part of the group.
Term
Social Facilitation
Definition
The tendency for the presence of others sometimes to enhance an individual's performance and at other times to impair it.
Term
Drive Theory of Social Facilitation
Definition
The theory according to which the presence of others increases people's tendencies to perform the dominant response. If that response is well learned, performance will improve. But if it is novel, performance may be impaired.
Term
Evaluation Apprehension
Definition
The fear of being evaluated or judged by another person.
Term
Computerized Performance Monitoring
Definition
The process of using computers to monitor job performance.
Term
Additive Tasks
Definition
Types of group tasks in which the coordinated efforts of several people are added together to form the group's product.
Term
Social Loafing
Definition
The tendency for group members to exert less individual effort on an additive task as teh size of the group increases.
Term
Social Impact Theory
Definition
The theory that explains social loafing in terms of the diffused responsibility for doing what is expected of each member of a group. The larger the size of a group, the less each member is influenced by the social forces acting on the group.
Term
Individualistic Cultures
Definition
National groups whose members place a high value on individual accomplishments and person success.
Term
Collectiveistic Cultures
Definition
Cultures in which people placed high value on shared responsibility and the collective good of all.
Term
Team
Definition
A group whose members have complementary skills and are committed to a common purpose or set of performance goals for which they hold themselves mutually accountable.
Term
Work Teams
Definition
Teams whose members are concerned primarily with using the organization's resources to effectively create its results.
Term
Improvement Teams
Definition
Teams whose members are oriented primarily toward the mission of increasing the effectiveness of the processes used by the organizations.
Term
High-Performance Teams
Definition
Teams whose members are deeply committed to one another's personal growth and success.
Term
Semi-Autonomous Work Groups
Definition
Work groups in which employees get to share in the responsibility for decisions with their bosses and are jointly accountable for their work outcomes.
Term
Self Managed Teams/Self Directed Teams
Definition
Teams whose members are permitted to make key decisions about how their work is done.
Term
Cross Functional Teams
Definition
Teams represented by people from different specialty areas within organizations.
Term
Virtual Teams
Definition
Teams that operate across space, time, and organizational boundaries, communicating with each other through electronic technology.
Term
Team Building
Definition
Formal efforts directed toward making teams more effective.
Term
Faultline
Definition
A condition in which the key attributes of group members are correlated across group membership instead of cutting across group membership.
Term
Ethnocentrism
Definition
A bias towards one's own subgroup and against other subgroups
Term
Ethnorelativistic Thinking
Definition
Taking the perspective of another group and understanding how they see the world, including one's own group.
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