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Definition
| The understanding that there are systematic and predictable relationships between written letters and spoken sounds. |
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Definition
| This approach emphasizes using known word family patterns to identify unknown words. |
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Term
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Definition
| This approach emphasizes first teaching the whole word before analyzing letter-sound relationships. |
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Term
| Automatic word recognition |
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Definition
| To decipher words effortlessly; to read regular words without consciously blending the sounds of letters or letter clusters into words. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two or more successive consonants sounded out in sequence without losing their identity. Also called consonant clusters. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first words introduced in phonics-based beginning reading programs in which all the vowels and consonants say their most common sounds. |
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Term
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Definition
| To decipher unfamiliar regular or irregular words by going from symbols (letters) to sounds. |
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Term
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Definition
| To decipher sounds into letter symbols: the opposite of decoding. |
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Term
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Definition
| Words that cannot be conventionally sounded out and must be learned as whole words. If regular words have letter sounds that students have not yet learned in isolation, they also must be learned as whole words. |
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Term
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Definition
| A written letter or letter combination representing a single speech sound. |
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Term
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Definition
| Words that appear most often in written language. They may be regular or irregular words. |
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Term
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Definition
| Also called exception words. Words that cannot be conventionally sounded out and thus are learned as whole words. |
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Term
| Letter-sound correspondence |
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Definition
| Also called “letter-sound association”; the relationship between a grapheme and the phoneme(s) it represents; as /d/ representing the letter d in dad and /k/ representing c in cat. |
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Term
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Definition
| The efficiency with which a reader can locate and apply to reading previously learned information about letters and words stored in long-term memory. Is a strong indicator of reading success. |
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Term
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Definition
| The unconscious memory that involves the storage and recall of information and processes over a long period of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Also called pseudo words, these made-up words, such as vug, phlaim, or seeply, follow regular spelling rules enabling the teacher to assess a student’s knowledge of letter-sound correspondences as well as the ability to blend letters to form unfamiliar “nonsense” words. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the relationships between letters and the sounds they represent. This term has become shorthand for describing instruction that establishes the alphabetic principle by teaching students the relationship between written letters or graphemes and language or phonemes. |
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Term
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Definition
| This approach emphasizes phonetic spelling as the foundation for word reading. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to process and identify visual information very rapidly. |
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Term
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Definition
| Words that contain previously taught letter-sound patterns, enabling he reader to sound out the words. |
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Term
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Definition
| When readers learn spelling-sound relationships so fluently that they are able to unconsciously and automatically recall the pronunciation and meaning of known words. |
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Term
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Definition
| Students first say each sound in succession, moving from left to right. Students then blend the sounds together quickly to say a word. |
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Term
| Sound-spelling relationships |
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Definition
| The relationship between sounds and their spellings. The goal of phonics instruction is to teach students the most common sound-spelling relationships so that they can decode, or sound out, words. |
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Term
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Definition
| Deliberate sounding out that is characterized either by lip movement unaccompanied by audible sounds or by conscious thought unaccompanied by audible sounds. |
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Term
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Definition
| This explicit phonics approach first teaches students individual skills (blending, segmenting, letter-sound identification, word reading) before providing practice applying these skills to carefully coordinated reading and writing activities. |
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