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| 2 or more elements in a fixed ratio. More common than pure elements. Each element must be different. |
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| Substance that cannot be broken down in nature. |
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| The number of protons defines it. |
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| Atom that has gained or lost an electron, giving it a charge. The bond happens when charges attract eachother ( ie Na+ and Cl- ) |
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| 2 or more atoms that are held together by a covalent bond. |
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| 2 pairs of electrons get shared. |
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| Attraction to surrounding H20 molecules. |
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| Pulling of shared electrons closer to the more electronegative atom |
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| 4 structural ways carbon skeletons can vary |
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| they can be diff. lengths, branched/unbranched, or have DOUBLE bonds, or be arranged in RINGS. |
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| In a molecule, they are the atoms that do chemical reactions. |
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| How many functional groups are there? are they polar or non polar? Love water or hate it? |
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| 5 groups. Yes, polar, because O or N exerts strong pulls on shared e-. Because they are polar, they LOVE water and are soluble. |
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| Group 1 = Hydroxyl group ( appearance) and description. |
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Definition
-OH
and it is an alcohol. |
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| Group 2= Carbonyl. appearance and descriptives |
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Definition
-
C=O
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it is carbon linked by DOUBLE
bond to Oxygen. Ketone and Sugar ( which has one carbonyl and lots of hydroxyl). |
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| Group 3= Carboxyl appearance and role. |
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| =COOH A carbon double bonded to an oxygen and also a hydroxyl group. The carboxyl group acts as an acid, adding H+ to solutions. Like vinegar. |
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| Group 4= Amino group appearance and funtion. |
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| -NH2 which is a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms.Acts as a base by picking up H+ and also is the base of Amino acids ( which have a carboxyl and amine). |
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| Group 5= Phosphate group appearance and function. |
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| -OPO3 2- One phosphorous atom is bonded to 4 oxygens. Note that 3 is a small, low 3 and 2- is a high small 2-. Works as ATP, which has 3 phosphate groups. |
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| 4 main classes of large biological molecules. ( NOTE= think nutrition/calories) |
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| Carbs, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. they are so huge that they are MACROMOLECULES |
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| monomers, single units are linked together via __________ reaction, to make polymers. |
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| Dehydration Reaction works how? |
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Definition
Take one H20 away.
H-@@@@-OH <--[grabs OH and H]--> H-@@@@-OH |
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| Hydrolysis works how and does what? |
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| Breaks up a polymer chain. It ADDS an H20, so that OH can dominate one end, and H can dominate the other end. H-@@@-OH <-- --> H-@@@-OH |
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| type of bond produced by a dehydration reaction |
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| Enzymes do what with dehydration and hydrolysis reactions? |
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| Carbohydrate monomer ( one unit). ie glucose ( C6 H12 O6) and fructose. |
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| Fructose and glucose have an identical molecular formula. this makes them _______. |
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Definition
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| Scanning electron microscope ( SEM) |
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Definition
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| Transmission electron microscope ( TEM) |
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| The surface area relative to the volume of a cell should be ( large, small). |
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| More surface area means more functional cells. many small cells are better than one big cell. |
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| Basic features all cells have in common ( 3). |
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Definition
| All enclosed by a plasma membrane, have DNA and ribosome ( to make the proteins). |
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| difference between eukaryotic cell and prokaryotic cell's DNA? |
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| eukaryotic's DNA is stuck in a nucleus/membrane. Prokaryotic cells have a nucleoid region,w/ no membrane. |
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| a prokaryotic's cell wall is surrounded by a _______ and has short projections called _______. Longer projections are called ______. |
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| chemical activities of the cell. |
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| all the structure in the cell that carry out specific functions. |
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| Contains DNA and controls protein synthesis ( makes RNA which is sent to ribosomes, which make amino acids). |
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| Chromatin and Chromosomes |
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| DNA gets attached to proteins and makes a bunch of fibers. Each individual fiber is a chromosome. |
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| double membrane with pores (that control the flow of materials in and out), that encloses the nucleus. |
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| Building blocks of ribosomes are made here. They exit via nuclear envelope pores. |
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| all the organelles that work together in synthesis, storage and export. |
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| Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
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Definition
| It has 2 regions, smooth and rough. Also, its membrane is continuous with the nuclear envelope! |
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| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) description, function (3). |
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Definition
| It lacks ribosomes. It synthesis s lipids ( including steroid hormones and fatty acids). Ex: makes testosterone. Our liver has smooth ER and enzymes that process toxins for us. If there are too many toxins, the ER increases and then the body is tolerant for the drug. Higher and higher doses are required. Lastly, it store calcium ions which are needed for muscle contractions. |
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