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Definition
| honey robbers and wild-nest hunting |
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| Mostly cave paintings of swarm of bees from countries such as S. Africa, Spain where honey collecting was portrayed through a high nest using a ladder (possibly a religious rite) |
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| Drawing shows hole and cavity for the nest and using ladder or rope made from esparto grass and carried combs in bags |
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| Honey robbing in 18th century Germany |
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Definition
| Done with a door cute in the back of the tree |
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| Used to figure out where hives were, made of deer or other horn where a few bees were captured then released and followed home (bee-line) followed |
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| Honeyguides (what are they?) |
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Definition
| a small, one world family of birds with 15 species in Africa and 2 in Asia, all species are parasitic (lay eggs in other's nests), eat insects, honey and beeswax |
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| Honeyguides (What do they do?) |
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Definition
| Leads other animals to bee nests, one that coevolved is "The Honey-Badger" or Mellivora capensis, the badger is led by the honeyguide and it eats what is leftover |
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| Name a species of honeyguide |
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Definition
| Indicator indicator guides humans in sub-Saharan Africa. |
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Definition
| Used smoke, dust or honey-water to pacify bees, burning cow dung used for smoke |
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| Ancient Jerusalem beekeeping |
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| Used log hives which laid horizontally underground |
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| Active beekeeping cultures in the ancient world |
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Definition
| Africans, babylonians, Indians, Chinese, Japanese, Greeks, and Romans |
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Definition
| simple fixed comb hives, earthenware jars or hollowed tree trunks, had "backdoors" to harvest honey |
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Definition
| upright log hive, had "roof" and internal support structures, popular up to 20th century |
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Definition
| simple shelters with no internal support for combs, fixed comb hives but not as primitive |
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Definition
| Made from straw with support sticks for combs, inspected from open bottom, bad because harvesting resulted in colony death (sulfur burned, then whole skep thrown in boiling water) |
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| Advances on fixed-comb hives |
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Definition
| glass cases left inside skep type hives where whole glass was sold with comb and honey or skep with lid and mini lid |
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Definition
| FIRST MOVEABLE COMB HIVE, wood slots placed on top of a wicker basket or clay pot, bees built comb on slats |
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Definition
| 1789- by Francois Huber in Switzerland, combs were examined like pages in a book, FIRST MOVEABLE FRAME HIVE |
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Definition
| description and sketches of the importance of the 3/8" bee space, almost close to the modern hive design |
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Definition
| No longer legal to keep bees in fixed-comb hives, can start disease outbreaks (upright hive etc) |
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Definition
| create wax foundation by pressing wax between two engraved wood planks, Hetherington added wire for structural support |
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Definition
| AMerican beekeeper first to develop smoker in 1870, improved fire longevity and ability to direct smoke onto the bees |
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| Franz Endler von Hruschka |
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Definition
| Invented radial honey extractor and named it "smielatore" to fling honey without destryoing combs |
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Definition
| Raiding for at least 10,000 years |
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| Four main innovations in beekeeping history |
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Definition
| use of bee space, wax foundation, bellowed smoker, radial extractor |
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| Connections with bees in mythology |
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Definition
| associated with religion and afterlife, bees that lived in caves connected with souls of the dead, wild nests thought to be entrances to the underground world of dead spirits |
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Definition
| Was hidden from father, Kronos king of gods, in a cave in Crete and was protected by "Melissae" or bees, eventually Zeus gave Kronos mead who threw up his siblings |
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| Sacred goat and bees that cared for Zeus on Mt. Dicte |
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Dionysus: the god of mead, wine, and vine, credited for being originator of beekeeping and the discoverer of first "bee tree"
Aristaeus: god of bees and honey, raised on ambrosia and taught how to tame bees |
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| Cerberus: Guard dog of Hades with three heads |
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Definition
| Honey cakes were thrown to cerberus to enter Hades |
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Definition
| king bees arose from marrow and ordinary bees came from flesh of dead oxen |
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| belief that swarms of bees would settle if loud noise was made, common in british isles and roman culture |
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| 58 references to honey, "deborah" hebrew for bee, myrrh is probably propolis |
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| Because honey took effort and are coveted (giving them up is a true and honest sacrifice), loyalty in hopes of special treatment in afterlife |
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Watercolor of log hive in Africa
Sculpture in Australia of wax
"Madchen bei der Bienen" Curt Liebich
Beehives sculpted and painted
Literature: Shakespeare, the tempest
Untitled (1984) Kit Williams |
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| Why are bees used in art? |
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Definition
| portrayed in different ways, full of metaphor, excellent for sensual imagery and political commentary |
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Definition
| Flight of the bumble bee, Honey bee waltz |
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Definition
| at least 5 made between 1974-1978 |
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Definition
| awoke things in pop culture, trade off between biological and factual accuracy with plot and intent, inaccuracies always lead to misconceptions |
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Definition
| Symbol of lower Egypt was the bee for 4,000 years |
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Definition
| Nectars in the family Ericaceae (Rhododendron, Azalea) produce grayonotoxins, which are toxic to humans |
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Definition
| xenophon and his greek army esacped Persia and ate honey and got sick, used it on Persian army, got them drunk and killed them. |
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| toxic honey produced in NC, 2007-unusual amount of laurel-derived honey |
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| used in sieges of castles and forts, skeps catapulted - was also used in roman warships |
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| Coat of arms and political symbol used bees for unity and sacrifice symbol |
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| Used in 30 years war, WWI, WWII (used honey for sweetener, beeswax for coating shells, waterproofxing canvas), deferment attained by 300 hives |
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| Soviet union thought to have used poison in Vietnam war, unverified and might've been pollen grains |
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| giant honey bee, that lives in communal "bee trees" - in asia and leave outside |
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Definition
| can detect the target chemicals in the air, might be preferable to using dogs |
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| 17 of 33 states have insects as offical symbol, including NC, Utah wanted to be called "Deseret" or honey bee |
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Definition
| old law allowed father to kill son unless it's eaten milk and honey, magic figures for bewitching made of beeswax (but wax stolen from churches so banned figures) |
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Definition
| honey bee have been used directly and indirectly (through weapons and poisoned honey) |
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Definition
| Apis mellifera scutellata - evolved in sub saharan africa and imported to Brazil for apiculture industry |
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Definition
| Geneticist blamed for 26 swarms and in charge of breeding program in Brazil (AHB_) |
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Definition
| 50 years spread through SA and entered texas in 1990 |
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Definition
| african colonies swarm more foten, focus on brood and abandon their nests more |
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Definition
| produce parasitic swarms that take over honey bee colonies without them knowing |
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Definition
| smaller cavities and build on exposed comb nests |
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Definition
| genetic tests can dteremine through mother's lineage as either European or African |
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| AHB 5 times more likely to defend the colony in the same time interval as EHB, AHB produce more alarm pheromone |
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| only 17 people have died since 1990 |
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