Term
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Definition
| systemic inflammation in response to blood-borne pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
systemic activation of the innate immune response, typically due to bacterial infections |
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Term
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Definition
Multi-Organ Dysfunction Syndrome
altered organ function due to septic shock |
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Term
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Definition
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
massive coagulation of microvessels |
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Term
| How is severe septic shock treated? |
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Definition
| with antibiotics and management of symptoms |
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Term
| Two functions of Dendritic Cells |
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Definition
1. inducing tolerance
2. stimulating specific T and B-cells |
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Term
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Definition
| proliferation of Memory B cells in the germinal center and subsequent mutation of the antibody variable region |
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Term
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Definition
| antigens that are able to induce an immune response |
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Term
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Definition
| molecules that are able to be recognized by the immune system |
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Term
| Properties of an Immunogen |
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Definition
1. Foreign
2. High Molecular Weight
3. Chemically Complex
4. Presentable |
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Term
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Definition
| an immunogen that binds with an antigen to initiate an immune response to that antigen |
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Term
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Definition
| an antigen that can now be recognized by the immune system since it is bound to a carrier |
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Term
| Which biomolecules are presentable? |
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Definition
1. Carbohydrates (hapten)
2. Lipids (on CD1)
3. Nucleic Acids (hapten)
4. Proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| region of antigen recognized by an antibody |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| found in folded proteins and are only recognizable by B-cells |
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Term
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Definition
| response to the same epitope on different proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to respond to new proteins through cross-reactivity |
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Term
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Definition
| presents intracellular peptide antigens |
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Term
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Definition
| presents phagocytosed peptide fragments |
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Term
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Definition
MHC I: narrow pocket (8-10 aa); bonds to CD8; one transmembrane protein; cytoplasmic peptides
MHC II: open-ended pocket (13-17 aa); bonds to CD4; two transmembrane proteins; phagocytosed peptides |
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Term
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Definition
MHC of gammma:delta T cells
presents glycolipids (deeper pocket) |
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Term
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Definition
| holds alpha-MHC Class I protein in place in the ER |
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Term
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Definition
| holds the empty MHC Class I protein in the ER |
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Term
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Definition
| binds to MHC Class I in the ER to bring it near to the TAP complex |
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Term
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Definition
| complex of proteins that takes cytoplasmic peptides and secretes them into the ER |
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Term
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Definition
| cleaves proteins and assists with MHC Class I binding |
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Term
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Definition
| protein eating machine that completely degrades faulty proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| Following exposure to interferons, the cellular proteosome becomes more active and leaky for better presentation of peptides by MHC Class I |
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Term
| Three methods of viral evasion of MHC Class I |
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Definition
1. Block TAP complex
2. Inhibit MHC Class I loading
3. Degradation of MHC Class I |
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Term
| Two functions of Invariant Chain |
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Definition
1. Prevention of peptide binding to MHC Class II in the ER
2. Targeting of MHC Class II to acidic endosomes |
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Term
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Definition
Class II Invariant Chain Peptide
Remnant of invariant chain that remains weakly bound to the antigen binding pocket of MHC Class II after acidification |
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Term
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Definition
| prevents MHC Class II from binding weakly to proteins, including CLIP |
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Term
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Definition
| interferes with HLA-DM and prevents naive B cells from expressing MHC Class II antigens until exposure to INF-gamma |
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Term
| Two key features of MHC-antigen complex |
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Definition
1. Stability
2. Rapid removal of empty MHC |
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Term
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Definition
| Major histocompatibility complex |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| multiple copies of genes are present |
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Term
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Definition
| espression of multiple alleles |
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Term
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Definition
| replaces MHC Class I in placenta and inhibits NK cell killing of placental cells |
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Term
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Definition
| particular combination of HLA alleles in an individual |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| stabilize the interaction between the TCR and MHC resulting in tremendous levels of T-cell activation |
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Term
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Definition
| immunity mediated by antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
| protein in the serum that combines specifically with an antigen |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| membrane bound antibodies/immunoglobulins |
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Term
| Five functions of antibodies |
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Definition
1. Neutralization
2. Agglutination
3. Complement activation
4. Opsonization
5. ADCC |
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Term
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Definition
1. variable domain (VL)
2. constant domain (CL) |
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Term
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Definition
1. variable domain (VH)
2. 3-4 constant domains (CH) |
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Term
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Definition
antigen binding domain of an antibody
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/2fab_fc.svg/200px-2fab_fc.svg.png |
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Term
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Definition
immune system interaction (communication) region of an antibody
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/2fab_fc.svg/200px-2fab_fc.svg.png |
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Term
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Definition
| combination of the VL and VH |
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Term
| Immune System Interaction Region |
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Definition
| occurs via the heavy chain |
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Term
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Definition
| variable region within the variable domains that are exposed to the antigen |
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Term
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Definition
complementarity determining regions
hypervariable regions that determine the ability of the antibody to bind the antigen |
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Term
| Five different classes of antibody |
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Definition
1. IgG
2. IgM
3. IgD
4. IgA
5. IgE |
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Term
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Definition
| antibodies that differ in structure, but are identical in their variable region |
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Term
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Definition
| antibodies of the same class, but with different variable regions |
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Term
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Definition
| antibodies produced from different alleles |
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Term
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Definition
| mu, delta, gamma, epsilon, and alpha |
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Term
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Definition
| protein used to link IgA into dimers and IgM into pentamers |
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Term
| How many subclasses of IgG are there? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
four subclasses
most abundant antibody class
classical pathway of complement activation
only antibody transported across placenta |
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Term
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Definition
| makes a bivalent antibody |
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Term
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Definition
second most abundant
present in mucous and secretions
monomer, dimer or trimer
two subclasses
alternate pathway of complement activation |
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Term
| How many subclasses of IgA are there? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| dimeric IgA that binds to a secretory peptide |
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Term
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Definition
| protein that bind sto dimeric IgA and allows it to be secreted thru the mucousal epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
first response antibodies
largest, pentamer
stimulate macrophages
classical pathway of complement activation |
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Term
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Definition
| bound to B-cell membranes |
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Term
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Definition
bound to mast cells and basophils
involved in allergic-type reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity |
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Term
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Definition
coating of the pathogen with antigen
leads to clearance of the pathogen by Fc and Complement receptors on phagocytic cells |
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Term
| Seven Purposes of Fc Receptors |
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Definition
1. Promotion of phagocytosis
2. Activation of phagosome
3. Promotion of cell killing (ADCC)
4. Activation of the immune cell (esp. NK cells)
5. Antibody level regulation
6. Degranulation of mast cells
7. Antibody transport |
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Term
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Definition
| pooled IgG from thousands of individuals |
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Term
| Two forms of artificial passive immunity |
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Definition
1. Pooled IgG
2. Specific IgG |
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Term
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Definition
| site of pre-B cell maturation |
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Term
| Ssites of pre-T-cell maturation |
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Definition
| thymus and intestinal cryptopatches |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates pre-lymphocyte to stay alive and rearrange the BCR/TCR genes |
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Term
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Definition
| first genes expressed in the rearrangement process |
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Term
| Heavy chain genes are composed of what regions? |
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Definition
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Term
| Light chain genes are composed of what regions? |
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Definition
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Term
| Antibody diversity theories |
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Definition
1. germ line theory
2 somatic mutation theory |
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Term
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Definition
RAG complex
binds to RSSs and loops out DNA and brings two joining regions in proximity to one another |
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Term
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Definition
Recombination Signal Sequences
sites of RAG complex binding and DNA cleavage |
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Term
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Definition
DNA-Dependent Protein Kinase
cuts a strand one or two bases from its end and unfolds it, leaving a small overhang for joining between the two strands |
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Term
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Definition
terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase
attaches additional bases to both pieces of DNA until there is a match between them |
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Term
| Steps in the process of recombination |
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Definition
1. V(D)J recombinase binds to RSSs and loops out DNA
2. DNA is cleaved at RSSs
3. 3'OH attacks the second strand, cleaving the DNA
4. DNA-PK cuts and unfolds strands
5. TDt attaches bases until a match is made
6. Non-matching nucleotide overhangs are cleaved off |
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Term
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Definition
Palindromic nucleotides
derived from hairpins |
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Term
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Definition
random nucleotides
added by TDt |
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Term
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Definition
| due to different possible combinations of variable regions |
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Term
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Definition
| due to differences between N-nucleotides |
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Term
| Steps of TCR Rearrangement |
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Definition
1. D-J rearrangement
2. V-DJ rearrangement
3. Verification of Function
4. Proliferation
5. Rearrangement of light chain
6. MHC Class Selection
7. Negative Selection |
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Term
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Definition
process where only one allele is recombined at a time
none on TCR alpha or gamma |
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Term
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Definition
| too much signalling from a lymphocyte results in apoptosis |
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Term
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Definition
CD45R
first surface marker of B-cell development |
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Term
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Definition
B220
first surface marker of B-cell development |
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Term
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Definition
1. Pro-B cell
2. Pre-B cell
3. Immature B cell
4. Transitional B cell
5. Mature B cell
6. Anergic B cell |
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Term
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Definition
| CD5+ B cell found in the peritoneum that produces a lot of IgM and is T-cell independent |
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Term
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Definition
| in the process of rearranging the heavy chain |
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Term
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Definition
| expresses the heavy chain with a surrogate light chain and is in the process of rearranging the light chain |
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Term
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Definition
| expresses only IgM and undergoes negative selection |
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Term
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Definition
| short-lived cell that has left the bone marrow but not yet arrived in the lymphoid tissue |
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Term
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Definition
Naive B cell
can be activated by T cells and expresses both IgM and IgD |
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Term
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Definition
| naive B cell that was inactivated by a dendritic cell and T cell |
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Term
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Definition
| CD1+ B cell that recognizes lipid antigens and promotes clearance of immunogenic self antigens |
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Term
| Major Steps of B-cell Development |
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Definition
1. Pro-B cell expresses RAG 1/2
2. Rearrangement of heavy chain
3. Proliferation of Pre-B cell
4. Recombination of the light chain
5. Immature B cell
6. Bone marrow screening
7. Transitional B-cell
8. Mature/Naive B-cell |
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Term
| The substitute light chain is composed of what two proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the proteins that make up the pre-BCR? |
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Definition
| Heavy chain, lambda5, VpreB, Ig alpha, and Ig beta |
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Term
| Order of light chain recombination |
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Definition
| try each kappa light chain gene (one maternal or paternal gene), then lambda light chain genes |
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Term
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Definition
| further rearrangement of the light chain to make a BCR that is not auto-reactive |
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Term
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Definition
| slightly autoreactive B-cells that do not bind tightly enough to host antigens to induce anergy, but are never activated by T-cells |
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Term
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Definition
| multipotent stem cells in the thymus that can develop into T-cells or NK cells |
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Term
| Major steps of T-cell development |
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Definition
1. Stem cells enter the cortex of the thymus
2. Nurse cells induce them to become CD44+ DN thymocytes (DN1)
3. CD44- DN thymocytes (DN2) rearrange TCR beta and become commmited T-cells
4. CD44- pre-TCR+ DN thymocytes express pre-TCR
5. CD44- double positive thymocytes express pre-TCR and CD4 and CD8
6. Rearrangement of both TCR alpha genes
7. Positive selection of a TCR
8. Single positive thymocytes screened for interaction w/ MHC I or II and become CD8+ or CD4+
9. Negative selection
3. |
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Term
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Definition
thymic 'nurse' cells'
induce thymic lymphoblasts to become DN1 thymocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| CD44+ double negative thymocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| CD44- double negative thymocytes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| proliferation before rearrangement of TCR-alpha |
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Term
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Definition
| expresses the TCRbeta and pTalpha which allows for the testing of the TCRbeta rearrangement |
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Term
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Definition
| screens for TCRs that can interact with MHC Class I or MHC Class II |
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Term
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Definition
| screens for TCRs that interact with host antigen displayed by antigen presenting cells in the thymus |
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Term
| Cortical epithelial cells |
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Definition
| antigen presenting cells that express both MHC Classes with a variety of self peptides to drive positive selection |
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Term
| In which region of the thymus do dendritic cells reside? |
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Definition
| the junction of the cortex and medulla |
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Term
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Definition
| autoimmune regulator gene that is important for the expression of non-thymic genes in the thymus |
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Term
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Definition
| contain degenerating epithelial cells rich in cytokeratins |
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Term
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Definition
| CD4+ CD25+ autoreactive T-cells that inhibit TE cell responses in the periphery |
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Term
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Definition
| invariable T-cells present in fetuses |
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Term
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Definition
| the lack of an immune response to self-antigens |
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Term
| autoimmune polyglandular syndrome |
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Definition
| autoimmune disease affecting multiple glands resulting in reduced thyroid function |
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Term
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Definition
| antibodies to self IgG that are sometimes developed because there is so much IgG present in the body BCR is never cross-linked and inactivated |
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Term
| immunologically priveleged sites |
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Definition
| areas of the body that do not allow entry of immune cells |
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Term
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Definition
| one eye is damaged and an immune response develops leading to an autoimmune response to the second eye |
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Term
| Three features of immune priveleged sites |
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Definition
1. extracellular fluid is maintained separately
2. naive B and T cells are generally excluded
3. foreign antigens are bound to host factors that lead to very specific immune responses |
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Term
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Definition
| mucosal immune cells that are involved in tolerance to food and normal flora |
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Term
| Steps of lymph node development |
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Definition
1. Recruitment of dendritic cells
2. DCs recruit T cells and B cells
3. B cells stimulate development of follicular DCs or M cells
4. FDCs recruit large quantities of B cells
5. local signals cause B and T cells to become tissue specific |
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Term
| Four groups of antigen presenting cells |
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Definition
1. monocytes
2. dendritic cells
3. lymphocytes
4. facultative APCs |
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Term
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Definition
also known as macrophages, Kupffer cells or microglial cells
found in blood and tissues, esp. lungs |
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Term
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Definition
bone-marrow derived
found in tissues and lymphoid tissue
induce anergy and activation
express internalized antigen by both MHC I and II |
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Term
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Definition
| All B cells are phagocytic and some T cells can be stimulated to be so, too |
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Term
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Definition
| cells, such as eosinophils, that can be induced to become APCs under the right conditions |
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Term
| Follicular Dendritic Cells |
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Definition
| maintain antigen on the surface to upkeep the immune response in the lymph node |
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Term
| Antigen maintenance in the lymph node |
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Definition
1. follicular dendritic cells: antibody bound antigen
2. marginal zone macrophages: hold sugar antigen
3. tissue DCs: maintain tissue antigen |
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