Term
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Definition
| study of the organism's ability to resist infection, the development of the immune response, and the diseases associated with these |
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Term
| Name the five main immune compartments |
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Definition
1. skin - SALT
2. lungs - BALT
3. mucus membranes - MALT/GALT
4. blood/organs - systemic
5. CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| nonspecific host defenses |
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Term
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Definition
| main antigen presenting phagocytes |
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Term
| Two main properties of the adaptive immune system |
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Definition
1. it can recognize most any antigen
2. it does not respond to host antigen |
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Term
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Definition
| lack of an immune response to self antigens |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| replication of an activated lymphocyte |
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Term
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Definition
| screening process in the Thymus for self reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| Kill infected or altered host cells |
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Term
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Definition
| positively reinforce activated macrophages in the tissues |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| stabilizes the TCR - MHC Class I interaction |
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Term
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Definition
| stabilize the TCR - MHC II interaction |
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Term
| Four main functions of antibodies |
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Definition
1. neutralization
2. agglutination
3. opsonization
4. complement activation |
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Term
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Definition
| activate B cells in the lymphoid follicles |
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Term
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Definition
| improvement in specificity of antibody variable region |
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Term
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Definition
site of immune cell development
bone marrow and thymus |
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Term
| secondary lymphoid tissue |
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Definition
site of immune cell residence and activation
lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, Peyer's patch, appendix |
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Term
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Definition
| secondary lymphoid tissue which has developed at the site of chronic inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
| lack of an immune response |
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Term
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Definition
| lack of an immune response due to a genetic cause |
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Term
| Secondary immunodeficiency |
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Definition
| lack of an immune response due to an infection |
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Term
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Definition
| non-infectious agents stimulate an immune response |
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Term
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Definition
| exposure of the host to an immunogen in the hopes of developing a protective immune response |
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Term
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Definition
| impaired function of a living system |
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Term
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Definition
| object which is recognized by and stimulates a response from the immune system |
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Term
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Definition
| effector molecule produced by B cells to bind to a specific epitope |
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Term
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Definition
| protein which presents intracellular antigen and is expressed in most cells |
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Term
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Definition
| protein which presents extracellular antigen and is present on APCs |
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Term
| Most immune cells are produced in the _______. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a process in which a cell permanently matures into another form |
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Term
| Name the four hematopoietic stem cell lineages |
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Definition
1. Common lymphoid progenitor: B cells & dendritic cells
2. NK/T Precursor: T, NK, and dedritic cells
3. Common Myeloid: immune cells
4. Erythroid: RBCs |
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Term
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Definition
| complement receptor present on RBCs which allows them to facilitate the clearance of complement coated particle |
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Term
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Definition
| reside in the bone marrow and produce platelets |
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Term
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Definition
| granule (protein-filled sacs) containing immune cells |
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Term
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Definition
short-lived granulocytes which phagocytose bacteria intra and extracellularly
Often the first responders to inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| long-lived immune cells that reside in the tissues and act as phagocytes and APCs |
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Term
| Four major roles of the macrophage |
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Definition
1. janitorial
2. inflammatory
3. antigen presentation
4. cell killing |
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Term
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Definition
| Granulocyte that binds IgE and is key to the antiworm, antitick and allergic responses |
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Term
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Definition
| Involved in worm responses and killing of antibody-coated parasites |
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Term
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Definition
| release histamine and promote inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
| promotes anti-large pathogen and allergic responses in the tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| promotes activation of neutrophils for extracellular bacterial and fungal infections in the tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| regulatory T-cells that help shut down the immune response |
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Term
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Definition
| most T cells in the adult |
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Term
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Definition
| most T cells in the fetus that bind to MHC class 1B |
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Term
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Definition
| effector B cells that produce antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
| phagocytic memory cells that can later be activated to produce Plasma B cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Self-renewing body cavity B cells express unmutated or minimally mutated IgM |
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Term
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Definition
| T-independent B cells similar to B-1 cells and found in the spleen |
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Term
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Definition
| detect host cell abnormalities and initiate their destruction |
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Term
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Definition
Also called innate-like lymphocyte
characteristics of NK and T cells |
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Term
| Two functions of dendritic cells |
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Definition
1. inducing tolerance
2. stimulation of specific T-cells/B-cells |
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Term
| Follicular dendritic cells |
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Definition
NOT bone marrow derived nor do they have MHC Class I
Hoard antigens in the lymphoid tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| Cellular components and Serum |
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Term
| Lymph vessels are found in all tissues except: |
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Definition
a. avascular tissue
b. CNS
c. splenic pulp
d. bone |
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Term
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Definition
| contents of lymphatic vessels in the small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| lymphatic capillaries of the small intestine |
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Term
| Two lymphatic vessel systems |
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Definition
1. right lymphatic duct system
2. thoracic duct system |
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Term
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Definition
blockage of lymphatic vessels by worms
treated with antibiotics |
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Term
| Six regions of lymph nodes |
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Definition
1. cervical
2. axillary
3. bronchial
4. mesenteric
5. inguinal
6. iliac |
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Term
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Definition
| filter blood, removing large debris like dead RBCs and bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| filters the serum, removing chemicals, wastes and excess fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| detoxify and purify the blood |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| widening at the end of the thoracic duct where the lymph vessels of the lower body meet |
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Term
| Two types of vessels attached to lymph nodes |
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Definition
| Afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels |
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Term
| Three regions of the lymph node |
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Definition
| Cortex, paracortex and medulla |
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Term
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Definition
High endothelial vessels
blood vessels that serve the lymph nodes |
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Term
| Three cell types found in the cortex |
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Definition
| b-cells, follicular dendritic cells, and macrophages |
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Term
| Primary lymphoid follicle |
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Definition
| region of the cortex where resting B-cells are found |
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Term
| Secondary lymphoid follicle |
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Definition
| B-cell germinal center of the cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| T-cell zone of a lymph node |
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Term
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Definition
| Residence of macrophages and effector B cells in the lymph node |
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Term
| Three main functions of the spleen |
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Definition
1. House aged RBCs
2. House lymphoid follicles
3. Store platelets |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized organ for T-cell development and screening |
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Term
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Definition
| T-cell receptor that binds to MHC |
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Term
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Definition
| Regions of the intestines where M-cells undergo antigen transytosis to underlying immune cells |
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Term
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Definition
| a lymphoid organ active only in childhood |
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Term
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Definition
| lack of Factor I causes C3 convertase to run rampant and deplete the levels of C3 |
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Term
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Definition
| immunity mediated by antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
| immunity mediated directly by host cells |
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Term
| Three modes of disease transmission |
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Definition
| Contact, vehicle, and vector |
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Term
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Definition
| inanimate object (water, air, food, blood) that transfers pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
| living agent of disease transmission |
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Term
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Definition
| immunity to a pathogen due to a difference in physiology, anatomy or nutrition |
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Term
| Four methods of microbial antagonism |
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Definition
1. blockage of possible binding sites
2. competition for nutrients
3. alteration of pH or oxygen concentration
4. production of antimicrobial compounds |
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Term
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Definition
| common body fluid enzyme that breaks down peptidoglycan |
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Term
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Definition
| mixture of digestive enzymes and detergents produce by the liver |
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Term
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Definition
| antifungal and antibacterial peptides produced by neutrophils |
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Term
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Definition
| antibacterial peptides present in the respiratory and urogenital tract |
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Term
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Definition
| protein that binds free iron |
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Term
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Definition
| protein that binds to Gram + cocci and promotes their adhesion to macrophages |
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Term
| Three pathways of the complement cascade |
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Definition
1. classical
2. alternate
3. lectin |
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Term
| Three functions of the complement system |
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Definition
1. opsonization
2. chemotaxis
3. lysis |
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Term
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Definition
| series of zymogens or kinases that activate each other in sequence |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| General steps of the classical pathway |
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Definition
1. Antibody binds to C1q
2. C1s cleaves C4
3. C4b binds to the surface and C2
4. C1s cleaves C2
5. C4bC2a cleaves C3
6. C3b binds to organism's surface |
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Term
| General steps of the Lectin pathway |
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Definition
1. MBL/ficolin binds to mannose
2. MASP-2 cleaves C4
3. C4 binds to surface and C2
4. MASP-2 cleaves C2
5. C4b2b cleaves C3
6. C3b binds to surface |
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Term
| Two systems of the alternate pathway |
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Definition
1. direct activation of C3 by serum proteins
2. spontaneous activation of C3 |
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Term
| General steps of the alternate pathway |
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Definition
1. C3 breaks down to C3(H2O)
2. C3(H2O) binds Factor B
3. C3(H2O)B is cleaved by Factor D
4. C3(H2O)Bb cleaves C3 |
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Term
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Definition
| binds and inactivates C3b |
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Term
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Definition
protectin
prevents final assembly of MAC |
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Term
| C5 convertase formation and action |
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Definition
1. C3b binds to either C4b2b or C3bBb
2. C5 convertase cleaves C5
3. C5b binds to C6 and C7
4. C5b67 binds to C8, inserts into membrane
5. C5b678 binds numerous C9 molecules forming the membrane attack complex |
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Term
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Definition
| marking of foreign matter for phagocytosis by C3b, iC3b, and C3dg |
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Term
| Complements that promote inflammation |
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Definition
C3a: neutrophil and mast cell activation
C5a: chemotaxis and activation of granulocytes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| decay accelerating factor that displaces Bb and C2a |
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Term
| Five antimicrobial mechanisms of phagocytes |
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Definition
| 1. acidification 2. oxygen or nitrogen radicals 3. antimicrobial peptides 4. enzymes 5. competitors |
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Term
| Mast cells degranulate the entire cell, rather just a localized degranulation. Why? |
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Definition
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Term
| Four roles of the Macrophage |
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Definition
1. Janitorial
2. Inflmmatory
3. Antigen presentation
4. Cell killing |
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Term
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Definition
| formal methionine which is only present in bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| promotes adherence to vessel walls, migration, and phagocytic activity of neutrophils |
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Term
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Definition
polymorphonuclear leukocyte
neutrophil |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity |
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Term
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Definition
| pattern recognition receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| PRRs that bind to foreign molecules to promote inflammation |
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Term
| Important pattern recognition receptors |
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Definition
Mannose receptor
fMet receptor
Scavenger receptor
TLR |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| bind to unmethylated CpG DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| pathogen associated molecular patterns |
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Term
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Definition
| danger associated molecular patterns |
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Term
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Definition
| a DAMP release when a cell dies by necrosis |
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Term
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Definition
| extracellular traps, rich in DNA, that function like nets in the blood or tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| ETs released by eosinophils w/o apoptosis |
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Term
| 4 ways cells avoid viral infection |
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Definition
1. degrade the virus as it enters
2. degrade the viral genome
3. warn neighboring cells
4. induce apoptosis/kill altered host cells |
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Term
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Definition
| detect of intracellular viral RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| detect intracellular viral RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| family of proteins that detect peptidoglycan in the cytoplasm and initiate caspase activation |
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Term
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Definition
| conventional dendritic cells that activate T cells and promote inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
| plasmacytoid dendritic cells that are the major producers of interferons |
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Term
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Definition
INF-alpha and INF-beta
mostly anti-viral
produced by pDCs |
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Term
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Definition
INF-gamma
defend against intracellular infection |
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Term
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Definition
1. activation of immune cells
2. delivery of effector molecules to infection site
3. microvascular coagulation
4. repair of injured tissue |
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Term
| Steps of acute-phase inflammation |
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Definition
1. immediate activation of macrophages and vasodilation
2. recruitment of neutrophils
3. recruitment of monocytes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Two causes of inflammation |
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Definition
| tissue damage or pattern recognition of foreign matter |
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Term
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Definition
1. complement
2. kinin
3. coagulation
4. fibrinolytic (plasmin) |
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Term
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Definition
| promote inflammation in response to tissue damage |
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Term
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Definition
| intracellular messenger proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| cytokines which direct chemotaxis |
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Term
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Definition
| IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha |
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Term
| Four results of vasodilation |
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Definition
1. increase in vascular diameter
2. increased surface adhesion
3. Increased vascular permeability
4. microvessels clotting at infection site |
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Term
| Main functions of phagocytic cells |
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Definition
1. promote inflammation
2. induce acute-phase response
3. remove debris
4. increase cell killing
5. antigen presentation
6. creation of ETs |
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Term
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Definition
| released by macrophages to induce chemotaxis of neutrophils into the tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| bacterial infection of the blood |
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Term
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Definition
systemic inflammatory response syndrome
inflammation, fever, and high level of neutrophils |
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Term
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Definition
multi-organ dysfunction syndrome
altered organ function due to sepsis |
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Term
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Definition
| sepsis-induced hypotension |
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Term
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Definition
disseminated intravascular coagulation
massive coagulation of microvessels |
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Term
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Definition
| antibiotics and management of symptoms |
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Term
| Two dendritic cell functions |
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Definition
| inducing tolerance and stimulating specific lymphocytes |
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