Term
If a learner engages in head slapping to get attention, biting own hand to escape demands, and pulling out hair to produce some type of automatic reinforcement, practitioners and researchers will typically count each of the actions individually meaning they ___ the topographies
combine
separate
Sequence
analyze |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Defining a behavior clearly, completely, and objectively is always our goal. A good definition invites us to observe, collect data, and _____.
Manipulate the IV
Functionally analyze maintaining variables
put the data in graphic form
Determine respondent processes |
|
Definition
| put the data in graphic form |
|
|
Term
If a learner engages in head slapping to get attention, biting own hand to escape demands, and pulling out hair to produce some type of automatic reinforcement, practitioners and researchers will typically count each of the actions individually meaning they ___ the topographies
combine
separate
Sequence
analyze |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Defining a behavior clearly, completely, and objectively is always our goal. A good definition invites us to observe, collect data, and _____.
Manipulate the IV
Functionally analyze maintaining variables
put the data in graphic form
Determine respondent processes |
|
Definition
| put the data in graphic form |
|
|
Term
Establishing baselines from 3-5 sessions and taking data during treatment/manipulations for 4-5 sessions is reflective of what?
Repeated measures
direct observation
graphed
environmental manipulation
systematic evalution
analysis and interpretation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Going from baseline to treatment is an example of a(n)
Repeated measures
direct observation
graphed
environmental manipulation
systematic evalution
analysis and interpretation |
|
Definition
| environmental manipulation |
|
|
Term
The red lines represent the baseline levels for the 3 subjects.
Examining the level changes is a(n) _____ and _____ of the data.
Analysis; interpretation
Analysis; direct observation
Analysis; environmental manipulation |
|
Definition
| Analysis; interpretation |
|
|
Term
“Pricking the finger that produces blood” might serve as
An operational definition
A functional definition
The response class
The antecedent event |
|
Definition
| An operational definition |
|
|
Term
If the American Academy of Pediatricians recommends 6-12 blood sugar checks per day and Veanessa averages 80, this is what type of concern?
Generalization
Skill deficit
Stimulus control
Behavioral excess |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
With this high baseline, you consult colleagues, one of whom suggests research shows exposure-based treatment has shown some promise in treating similar behavior. If you choose to implement this, it is _____
The intervention
The procedure you think may influence behavior
The independent variable
All of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
If the American Academy of Pediatricians recommends 6-12 blood sugar checks per day and Veanessa averages 80. Would reducing her blood sugar checks from 80 per day on average to 7 per day on average be an ultimate outcome for Veanessa?
yes
no |
|
Definition
no
Behavior change is not an outcome |
|
|
Term
Seeking out a colleague to review graphed data and plan the next intervention steps.
Repeated measures
direct observation
graphed
environmental manipulation
systematic evalution
analysis and interpretation |
|
Definition
| analysis and interpretation |
|
|
Term
A school psychologist and you are evaluating the same student. The school psychologist’s scatter plot data shows targeted behaviors typically occurring between 9:30 – 10:15 AM assisting you in planning
Repeated measures
direct observation
graphed
environmental manipulation
systematic evalution
analysis and interpretation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The person engaging in action
behavior
actor
behaver
target |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hand raising, saying name, and tapping on shoulder all reliably produce attention
Topographical response class
Functional response class
Direct consequences
Behaviors |
|
Definition
| Functional response class |
|
|
Term
A behavior that happens only in a particular training context
replacement
stimulus control
maintenance
generalization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When a child is thirsty, he hits self in head
replacement
stimulus control
maintenance
generalization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Employees only work in the presence of the boss
replacement
stimulus control
maintenance
generalization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A baseball player, even after coaching, continues to drop his hands when beginning his swing
replacement
stimulus control
maintenance
generalization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Kooper can read but does not
skill defecit- can't do
performance problem- won't do |
|
Definition
| performance problem- won't do |
|
|
Term
Preston wants to build a Lego set but has poor fine motor control
skill defecit- can't do
performance problem- won't do |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bonnie arranges for days where Steven
receives frequent attention when he
uses appropriate language and other
days where no changes are made. She
uses a planned arrangement of days to
identify if one condition results in less
screaming.
a. Environmental Manipulations
b. Systematic Evaluation |
|
Definition
| a. Environmental Manipulations |
|
|
Term
The entire constellation of stimuli that can affect behavior
Discriminative stimuli
The environment
Reinforcers
Consequences |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Amir is a BCBA that is working with a client on transitions. Amir collects data for the rate of eloping during sessions for each session Monday-Friday for two weeks. This example focuses on which of the six basic operations?
– A) Graphed Data
– B) Direct Observation
– C) Repeated Measures
– D) Systematic Evaluation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Suzanne wants to graph data for the
number of items selected in each of the
five types of preferred items. What type of graph will Suzanne most likely use to
display her data?
– A) Line graph
– B) Bar graph
– C) Scatterplot |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tanner goes to preschool and watches as
client, Josiah, engages in group play
activities. This describes which basic
operation of the science of behavior analysis.
A. Direct observation
B. Measurement
C. Graphed data
D. Environmental manipulations
E. Systematic evaluation
F. Analysis and interpretation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sally provides her client, Hannah, with a multiple step visual schedule during sessions to assist with transitions. This describes which basic operation of the science of behavior analysis.
A. Direct observation
B. Measurement
C. Graphed data
D. Environmental manipulations
E. Systematic evaluation
F. Analysis and interpretation |
|
Definition
| D. Environmental manipulations |
|
|
Term
Philosophical assumption that holds that
the truth of theories or beliefs are
assessed by the success of their
application
pragmatism
determinism
skepticism
parsimony |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Functional statements about what a
person wants to accomplish and attain in
their life
Outcomes
response cycle
target behaviors
ABA practice |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Jillian is currently in a master’s program. She wants to become a BCBA and work in a school. She studies every night and gets high grades in all of her courses. Which of the following would is the best example of an outcome for Jillian?
A. Becoming a BCBA
B. Being in a master’s program
C. Studying every day
D. Getting good grades |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which is an example of an outcome
I want to start my own research clinic
Decreasing head banging
Increasing compliance
Increasing time sitting at circle time |
|
Definition
| I want to start my own research clinic |
|
|
Term
Which is an example of an outcome
I want to decrease staff absenteeism
increasing compliance
increasing time sitting at circle time |
|
Definition
| I want to decrease staff absenteeism |
|
|
Term
Which is an example of target behavior
self-awareness
completing a master’s degree
non-compliance
swimming in a pool |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which is an example of target behavior
having a conversation with a peer
aggression
not putting fingers in nose
refusal |
|
Definition
| having a conversation with a peer |
|
|
Term
Emptying the trash when it is full. Is this an
example of a good target behavior?
A. Yes
B. no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Drinking hot tea when you feel sad. Is this
an example of a good target behavior?
A. Yes
B. No |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which is NOT a reason for targeting behaviors
Skill Deficit
Performance Deficit
Strength
Engages in behavior too much
Problem with stimulus control
cannot do on command
Cannot maintain the skill
Cannot generalize the skill |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cody was taught by his behavior technician how to say the color ‘orange’ when asked “What color is it?” for an orange item. The team conducted a check two weeks later but Cody got the answer incorrect. Labeling the color orange would likely be targeted for?
A. Development
B. Strengthening
C. Weakening and/or Replacement
D. Stimulus control
E. Maintenance
F. Generalization
G. Not applicable, this likely does not need to be targeted |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Samantha knows how to write her name on a piece of paper. However, when she writes her name, she does not bear down on the paper enough with the pencil for her name to be legible. Writing her name would most likely be target for?
A. Development
B. Strengthening
C. Weakening and/or Replacement
D. Stimulus control
E. Maintenance
F. Generalization
G. Not applicable, this likely does not need to be targeted |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Lily flaps her hands together in front of her
face repeatedly throughout sessions.
Would this be best defined as an episode
or single response?
A. Episode
B. Single response
c. response class |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Considered the “show me” method of
defining behavior.
a. Repeated Measures
b. Graphed Data
c. Analysis & Interpretation
d. Direct Observation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Completing an online Ph.D. program
for behavior analysis. Is this an
appropriate target behavior?
a. Yes
b. No |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following are responses
defined based on the physical
features or form of the response?
a. Topographical Response Definition
b. Response Product
c. Response Episode
d. Functional Response Definition |
|
Definition
| a. Topographical Response Definition |
|
|
Term
Eriko is a behavior analyst working in a school setting. A teacher requests assistance with a student “who has an attitude problem”. Eriko first spends several hours in the classroom each day for a week to see what exactly the student does. This describes which
basic operation of the science of behavior analysis?
A. Direct Observation
B. Measurement
C. Graphed Data
D. Analysis and Interpretation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
After her observations. Eriko targets “throwing work materials on the floor and/or ripping them up” and “Making comments such as ‘this is stupid’ and ‘I hate school’” and begins to collect data on the rate of these behaviors per day. This describes which basic operation of the science of behavior analysis?
A. Direct Observation
B. Measurement
C. Graphed Data
D. Environmental Manipulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Eriko notices that the target behaviors seem to happen more when independent seat work is assigned. She arranges with the teacher to alternate between independent seat work and group activities every 30 minutes and notes the rate of target behaviors. This describes which basic operation of the science of behavior analysis?
A. Measurement
B. Graphed Data
C. Systematic Evaluation
D. Analysis and Interpretation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Now that Eriko has manipulated the environment and recorded the rate of target behavior during independent seat work and group activities, which basic operation would Eriko MOST likely engage in next?
A. Direct Observation
B. Measurement
C. Graphed Data
D. Systematic Evaluation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Eriko reviews the graphed data
and determines that there does
seem to be a functional relation
between independent seat
work and the student’s target
behaviors. This describes
which basic operation of the
science of behavior analysis?[image] |
|
Definition
| Analysis and Interpretation |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is an example of an outcome statement?
A. Sage will become a professional football player.
B. Sage will maintain a 3.0 average in his academic classes.
C. Sage will run the 40-yard dash in 5 seconds flat across 3 consecutive trials.
D. Sage will stop playing football and focus on academics. |
|
Definition
Sage will become a professional football
player. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is an example of an outcome statement?
A. Joe will be able to follow three-step
directions.
B. Joe, an adult with a developmental disability, will go to bed at 8:00PM each evening.
C. Joe will work at a restaurant in his
community.
D. Joe will interview for a job. |
|
Definition
Joe will work at a restaurant in his
community. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is an example of an outcome statement?
A. Regis will open a savings account.
B. Regis will identify the value of coins with 80% accuracy across 5 trials.
C. Regis will invest in real estate.
D. Regis wants to be a millionaire. |
|
Definition
| Regis wants to be a millionaire. |
|
|
Term
Little Johnny screams and cries whenever he wants something. His mother states that he has very little expressive language. A target behavior should be selected for
A. Development
B. Strengthening
C. Weakening
D. Generality
E. Stimulus control |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Little Johnny screams and cries whenever he wants something. His mother states that he has very little expressive language. Which would be an appropriate target behavior?
A. Playing quietly
B. Learning self-control
C. Asking for items using single words
D. Learning to identify community professions |
|
Definition
| Asking for items using single words |
|
|
Term
Mike has come to work late every day for the past two weeks. Prior to this, he was very punctual. A target behavior should be selected for:
A. Development
B. Strengthening
C. Weakening
D. Generality
E. Stimulus control |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Mike has come to work late every day for the past two weeks. Prior to this, he was very punctual.Which would be an appropriate target behavior?
A. Attitude
B. Responsibility
C. Decreasing tardiness
D. Increasing punctuality |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sage talks to his mother and me the same way he talks to his little friends on the street. A target behavior should be selected for:
A. Development
B. Strengthening
C. Weakening
D. Generality
E. Stimulus control |
|
Definition
| Stimulus control– wrong time, wrong place |
|
|
Term
| Sage talks to his mother and me the same way he talks to his little friends on the street. Which would be an appropriate target behavior? A. Respect B. Disrespect C. Calling his father ‘dad’ instead of ‘dude’ D. Identifying and discriminating friends from family |
|
Definition
| Calling his father ‘dad’ instead of ‘dude’ |
|
|
Term
Sam asks for candy wonderfully in session at the clinic, but never asks for anything at home. A target behavior should be selected for:
A. Development
B. Strengthening
C. Weakening
D. Generality
E. Stimulus control |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Disruptive behavior, defined as speaking in class without permission or making other noises, tapping or hitting the desk with hands or writing utensils, or moving in chair such that it squeaks. This is an example of a:
A. Functional response definition
B. Topographical response definition |
|
Definition
B. Topographical response definition
Responses defined based on the physical features or form of the response |
|
|
Term
Making negative comments when independent
seat work is assigned. This is an example of a:
A. Functional response definition
B. Topographical response definition |
|
Definition
A. Functional response definition
responses defined in relation to their occurence in the presence of particular antecedents or consequences. |
|
|
Term
Disruptive behavior which results in teacher assistance with assignments.
This is an example of a:
A. Functional response definition
B. Topographical response definition |
|
Definition
A. Functional response definition
responses defined in relation to their occurence in the presence of particular antecedents or consequences. |
|
|
Term
Striking another person with an open hand, audible from 6 feet away and/or leaving redness or bruising. This is an example of a:
A. Functional response definition
B. Topographical response definition |
|
Definition
Topographical response definition
Responses defined based on the physical features or form of the response |
|
|
Term
Is this a good example of a response
definition?
Self-Injurious Behavior (SIB)
A.Good response definition
B.Not a good response definition |
|
Definition
| B.Not a good response definition |
|
|
Term
Which of these is the best example of a response definition for self-injurious behavior?
A.Running into objects with the intent of self-harm
B.Biting, defined by teeth marks on the skin, breaking of skin
C.Any instance of hands to head
D.Self-hitting out of frustration |
|
Definition
Biting, defined by teeth marks on the
skin, breaking of skin |
|
|
Term
Is this a good example of a response
definition?
Expletives/obscenities spoken
A.Good response definition
B.Not a good response definition |
|
Definition
Good response definition- but
could define further |
|
|
Term
Is this a good example of a response
definition?
Failing a class
A.Good response definition
B.Not a response definition |
|
Definition
Not a good response definition- it’s
not behavior! |
|
|
Term
Is this a good example of a response
definition?
Asking for the television remote
A.Good response definition
B.Not a good response definition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Is this a good example of a response
definition?
Provoking peers
A.Good response definition
B.Not a good response definition |
|
Definition
B.Not a good response definition
What question(s) might you ask to get
at a better response definition? |
|
|
Term
Which of these is the best example of a response definition for provoking others?
A.Doing things to make other students mad
B.Making comments to other students in the classroom
C. making obscene gestures such as the
“middle finger” to peers which results in the peer calling out in class
D.Manipulating peers for teacher attention |
|
Definition
making obscene gestures such as the
“middle finger” to peers which results in
the peer calling out in class |
|
|
Term
At the end of each session, Nina draws two data points on her client’s weekly chart of how many independent mands he made and how many prompted mands. This describes which basic operation of the science of behavior analysis.
A) Direct observation
B) Measurement
C) Graphed data
D) Environmental manipulations
E) Analysis and interpretation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Steve collects data on duration of appropriate play interactions between Paul and Allan. This describes which basic operation of the science of behavior analysis.
A) Direct observation
B) Measurement
D) Environmental manipulations
E) Systematic evaluation
F) Analysis and interpretation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The BCBA noticed that mom is only attending to her kids when they are
fighting. The BCBA teaches mom to deliver attention when they are playing nicely and not when they are fighting. This describes which basic operation of the science of behavior analysis.
A) Direct observation
C) Graphed data
D) Environmental manipulations
E) Systematic evaluation
F) Analysis and interpretation |
|
Definition
| Environmental manipulations |
|
|
Term
Poppy, the BCBA, watches Emma play with her friends at recess. This describes which basic operation of the science of behavior analysis.
A) Direct observation
B) Measurement
C) Graphed data
D) Environmental manipulations
E) Systematic evaluation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Marcel collected data over the weekend when mom gave attention to the kids for fighting and then the following weekend when mom withheld attention for fighting and recorded the number of episodes of fighting for each day. This describes which basic operation of the science of behavior analysis.
A) Direct observation
B) Graphed data
C) Environmental manipulation
D) Systematic evaluation
E) Analysis and interpretation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Following the observations and data collection for mom giving attention for
fighting and not giving attention for fighting, Marcel compared the counts
per day and noted that rates were higher when mom gave attention for fighting vs days where no attention was given. Marcel suspects that attention may be maintaining the kids fighting behavior. This describes which basic operation of the science of behavior analysis.
A) Direct observation
B) Measurement
C) Graphed data
D) Environmental manipulations
E) Analysis and interpretation |
|
Definition
| Analysis and interpretation |
|
|
Term
Cali’s new shoes tie up with laces. She only knows how to use Velcro. Teaching Cali to tie her shoes using laces would likely be targeted for:
A. Development
B. Strengthening
C. Weakening and/or Replacement
D. Stimulus control
E. Maintenance
F. Generalization
G. Not applicable, there does not appear to need to be targeted |
|
Definition
Development
skill defecits |
|
|
Term
At school drop off, Emma refuses to walk into the school building. She will cry, attempt to run away, or state that she is too scared to go inside. Emma can walk, and during orientation she walked into the school independently with no issues.
A. Development
B. Strengthening
C. Weakening and/or Replacement
D. Stimulus control
E. Maintenance
F. Generalization
G. Not applicable, there does not appear to need to be targeted |
|
Definition
Development
PERFORMANCE ISSUE |
|
|
Term
Nicole screams at the top of her lungs when she wants more milk in her cup.
Screaming for milk would likely be targeted for:
A. Development
B. Strengthening
C. Weakening and/or Replacement
D. Stimulus control
E. Maintenance
F. Generalization
G. Not applicable, there does not appear to need to be targeted |
|
Definition
| Weakening and/or Replacement |
|
|
Term
Nino often makes inappropriate jokes during staff meetings that are unrelated to the topics on the agenda. Joke telling would likely be targeted for:
A) Development
B) Strengthening
C) Weakening and/or Replacement
D) Stimulus control
E) Maintenance
F) Generalization
G) Not applicable, there does not appear to need to be targeted |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Xander is in 4th grade and can answer multiplication tables up to 10X table,
but it takes him 10 or more seconds to answer a question. If Xander wants to win the class math multiplication contest, he will have to answer questions within 1-2 seconds. Answering math questions faster would likely be targeted for:
A. Development
B. Strengthening
C. Weakening and/or Replacement
D. Stimulus control
E. Maintenance
F. Generalization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tina used to be able to speak basic French, but once she stopped working at a place that required speaking in French, she lost her fluent repertoire. Speaking in French would likely be targeted for:
A) Development
B) Strengthening
C) Weakening and/or Replacement
D) Stimulus control
E) Maintenance
F) Generalization
G) Not applicable, this likely does not need to be targeted |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
James sings when he is in the shower. It gets quite loud and the others in the house find it annoying. Singing in the shower would likely be targeted for:
A) Development
B) Strengthening
C) Weakening and/or Replacement
D) Stimulus control
E) Maintenance
F) Generalization
G) Not applicable, there does not appear to be a need to be targeted |
|
Definition
| Not applicable, there does not appear to be a need to be targeted 4 |
|
|
Term
Stephano mastered 50 sight words. The RBT introduced reading easy passages that included those 50 sight words, but Stephano was unable to read the words when they were presented in a sentence. Reading sight words in sentences would likely be targeted for:
A) Development
B) Strengthening
C) Weakening and/or Replacement
D) Stimulus control
E) Maintenance
F) Generalization
G) Not applicable, there does not appear to need to be targeted 50 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Getting attention from the waiter for a refill on your coffee is defined as snapping at staff, saying “excuse me”, standing up and making eye contact, holding your mug up in the air and pointing at it etc. Any response that results in a refill on your coffee. Is this a functional or topographical response definition?
A. Functional response definition
B. Topographical response definition
C. Neither of these |
|
Definition
| Functional response definition |
|
|
Term
Snapping defined as pressing tip of thumb and tip of middle finger together and quickly moving middle finger down towards palm of hand while simultaneously moving thumb to index finger. Is this a functional or topographical response definition?
A) Functional response definition
B) Topographical response definition
C) Neither of these |
|
Definition
| Topographical response definition |
|
|
Term
Chloe talks back in class defined as saying anything out of turn in order to get kicked out of class. Is this a functional or topographical response definition?
A. Functional response definition
B. Topographical response definition
C. Neither of these |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Waking up too early is defined as: “the child getting out of bed and coming into the parent’s room when they are still sleeping”. Is this a good response definition?
A) Yes
B) No |
|
Definition
No
What characteristic(s) is/are missing?
How can we make it clear and complete |
|
|
Term
The application of the principles of behavior analysis to assess and improve socially significant human behavior.
A) Pragmatism
B) ABA practice
C) Basic Operations
D) ABA research |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A brief period of responding that includes the frequent occurrence of
one or more behaviors.
A) Specific response
B) Response product
C) Episode
D) Functional approach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sahara is defining “tantrum” for the purpose of conducting a functional analysis. Darian, the client, typically will simultaneously scream while flopping to the ground, continue screaming while
hitting himself on the side of his head multiple times in a row. Would it be best to define this target as a single response or an episode?
A) Single response
B) Episode |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Vince is working on his public speaking skills. He wants to reduce the number of “ums” and “ahs” he says mid-speech. Right now, he says “um” or “ah” roughly every 1-2 sentences. Would it be best to define this target as a single response or an episode?
A) Single response
B) Episode |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The BCBA is having Jeremy work on folding, using a microwave, and paying bills. When Jeremy masters these goals, he will be able to move out on his own. What is the outcome?
A) Folding
B) Cooking
C) Living on his own
D) Paying bills |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
It’s been reported that Jack engages in loud clapping during circle time. Leigh, the BCBA, goes to Jack’s classroom during circle time to observe this behavior. This is an example of ______.
A. Direct observation
B. Measurement
C. Graphed data
D. Environmental manipulations
E. Systematic evaluation
F. Analysis and interpretation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Leigh is watching Jack during circle time and records the number of times he engages in clapping. This is an example of _____.
A. Direct observation
B. Measurement
C. Graphed data
D. Environmental manipulations
E. Systematic evaluation
F. Analysis and interpretation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is an example of an environmental manipulation?
A. Present an antecedent stimulus
B. Withdraw an antecedent stimulus
C. Pair two or more stimuli
D. Provide a consequence
E. Signal a consequence
F. Establish or abolish the effectiveness of a consequence
G. All of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Leigh collected data over 5 school days in which school staff gave attention to Jack for clapping and then 5 school days in which staff withheld attention for clapping and recorded the count of clapping. This describes which basic operation of the science of behavior analysis.
A. Direct observation
B. Measurement
C. Graphed data
D. Environmental manipulations
E. Systematic evaluation
F. Analysis and interpretation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ABA practice does NOT include:
A. decreasing aggression
B. language acquisition
C. long-term counseling
D. increasing fire safety skills
E. decreasing elopement
F. increasing math fluency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
whicch is not an example of an outcome
I want to buy a house
I want to go to college
I want to become a supervisor at work
Increasing social interactions |
|
Definition
| Increasing social interactions |
|
|
Term
Janet wants to move out of her parents’ home so she sends out job applications and opens a bank account. Which part of this scenario is Janet’s outcome?
A. Opening a bank account
B. Sending out applications
C. Moving out of her parents’ home |
|
Definition
| Moving out of her parents’ home |
|
|
Term
Holly can apply shampoo to her hair but
requires help to rinse out the shampoo.
The BCBA writes a program to target
rinsing hair. This skill is being targeted for:
Development
Strengthening
Replacement
Weakening
Stimulus control
Maintenance
Generalization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Carl can recite multiplication facts, but it takes about 10 seconds for him to provide the correct answer. The BCBA wants to target multiplication fact fluency for faster responding. This skill is being targeted for:
Development
Strengthening
Replacement
Weakening
Stimulus control
Maintenance
Generalization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Ethan’s client engages in eye gouging.
This behavior should be targeted for which
reason?
Development
Strengthening
Replacement
Weakening
Stimulus control
Maintenance
Generalization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Max consistently uses the bathroom when toilet training procedures are in place. After a while, he begins having accidents. Toileting is then re-instated as a target behavior. This is an example of targeting behavior for:
A. Development
B. Strengthening
C. Replacement
D. Weakening
E. Stimulus control
F. Maintenance
G. Generalization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Max consistently uses the toilet at home but won’t use the bathroom at school. This skill could be targeted for:
A. Development
B. Strengthening
C. Replacement
D. Weakening
E. Stimulus control
F. Maintenance
G. Generalization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Abby learned to play tag with other kids on the playground at school. Now when she sees other kids at the grocery store, she runs up to them, taps them on the arm, says “tag”, and runs away. Playing tag could be targeted for:
A. Development
B. Strengthening
C. Replacement
D. Weakening
E. Stimulus control
F. Maintenance
G. Generalization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which characteristic is missing from this
response definition for hitting?
“Any instance of touching another person’s body with a closed fist, not including fist bumps”
A. Not objective
B. Not clear
C. Not complete |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which characteristic is missing from this
definition of scratching?
“Fingernails making contact with another
person’s skin when upset, leaving a red mark”
A. Objective
B. Clear
C. Complete |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the term for an observable
permanent change in the environment
after a response?
A. Response cycle
B. Response product
C. Target behavior
D. Outcome
E. Episode |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is NOT an example
of an outcome?
A. Jane wants to live in her own apartment.
B. Darrel wants to graduate from college.
C. Anne wants to make new friends.
D. George will learn to cook 3 new meals. |
|
Definition
| George will learn to cook 3 new meals. |
|
|
Term
Concepts and principles discovered in the ____ are then generalized and implemented in ____.
A. ABA, EAB
B. EAB, FBA
C. EAB, ABA
D. FBA, ABA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which philosophical assumption keeps us aligned with the other natural
sciences?
A. Determinism
B. Determination
C. Empiricism
D. Philosophic Doubt
E. Applied |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
At the end of the day, I place my headphones in the top left drawer of my
desk, so I know where they are tomorrow. What type of environmental manipulation am I doing?
A. Withdraw antecedent
B. Present antecedent
C. Pairing
D. Signaling consequence |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Felicia likes to microwave frozen meals when she gets home after a long day at work. Today, in addition to eating a frozen meal at home, she brought it to her office. When Felicia tried to microwave the meal at the office, she was unable to do so because the microwave was different than the one she has at home. This is a problem with:
A. Stimulus control
B. Maintenance
C. Performance
D. Generalization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Caleb is a teenager who lives with his mother. His mother asks Caleb to only do one chore per week – vacuuming. Caleb knows how to vacuum, but he doesn’t really enjoy it. Today, Caleb vacuumed very quickly and let a lot of dirt still on the floor. This is a problem with:
A. Stimulus control
B. Generalization
C. Performance
D. Maintenance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
I haven’t ridden a bicycle in years. When I get on one today, I lose my balance and fall off immediately. What is this a problem with?
A. Balance
B. Performance
C. Maintenance
D. Generalization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Helga takes a bath multiple times per day. Each time she does, she uses an
entire bar of soap. Over the span of a day, Helga may use up to 5 bars of
soap. Is this a problem with behavior, and why?
A. No
B. Yes, because she should be showering instead of taking a bath
C. Yes, it’s a behavior excess since it occurs too often
D. Yes, it’s a problem with stimulus control |
|
Definition
| Yes, it’s a behavior excess since it occurs too often |
|
|
Term
Niles can raise his hand in class to get his teacher’s attention. He also raises his hand above his head when needing a stretch, before he exercises. Niles can also reach above his head to install a new lightbulb.
This scenario best exemplifies:
A. Multiple topographies of a behavior serving the same form
B. One topography of a behavior serving many forms
C. Multiple functions of a behavior serving the same form
D. Multiple topographies of the same behavior serving different functions |
|
Definition
| Multiple topographies of the same behavior serving different functions |
|
|
Term
Paula is deciding whether to define something by its topography or function. The learner engages in various forms of the behavior to escape tasks, including pushing materials off the desk, swearing, and putting their head on the desk. Given this information, Paula should not use a:
A. Function-based definition
B. Topography-based definition |
|
Definition
| Topography-based definition |
|
|
Term
Ursula and Tim are both supervisors at a small psychiatric outpatient clinic.
They are teaching an intern how to enter post-session data into the
computer. After defining the behavior as “enter data before leaving”, they
both observe the learner at different times. Unfortunately, Ursula notes
that the behavior was completed, while Tim says it was not. Which part of
response definitions is the issue here?
A. Objective
B. Clear
C. Complete |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Jordyn defines a client’s behavior as “intentional aggression”. When taking
data, one of her staff note the behavior occurred 43 times in an hour; while the other staff noted the behavior occurred 3 times in an hour. Which aspect of response definitions is lacking here?
A. Clear
B. Objective
C. Complete |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Jamie has written an operational definition for “hitting”. The client also
engages in various hand movements throughout the day that are not
considered “hitting”. For example, the client will high five friends, fist-
bump teachers, and engage in stereotypic hand movements. She adds
these additional behaviors into the definition. Which characteristic of
response definitions most represents what Jamie is considering?
A. Objective
B. Complete
C. Clear |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Toby is told that there are some significant concerns with Michael’s management during the day. On Tuesday, Toby schedules time to sit in the common area and watch Michael interact with others at the worksite. This describes which basic operation of the science of behavior analysis?
A. Direct Observation
B. Measurement
C. Graphed Data
D. Analysis and Interpretation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
After Toby observes Michael engage in all sorts of inappropriate behavior, he begins to record how many instances of “inappropriate verbal statements” Michael makes. This describes which basic operation of the science of behavior analysis?
A. Direct Observation
B. Measurement
C. Graphed Data
D. Environmental Manipulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Toby begins to notice that the inappropriate comments seem to occur more often when there is a “large audience” and the camera crew is around. Toby arranges for Michael to have more meetings during times where the staff are readily available, and plans more calls for the staff while Michael is “free.” He takes notes about the rates of behavior during these times. This describes which basic operation of the science of behavior analysis?
A. Measurement
B. Graphed Data
C. Systematic Evaluation
D. Analysis and Interpretation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
After Toby has created these unique
environmental conditions and recorded data on the targets, what is the next basic operation that Toby should consider
regarding Michael’s behavior?
A. Direct Observation
B. Measurement
C. Graphed Data
D. Systematic Evaluation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
After reviewing the graphed data, Toby determines that there is a functional relation between audience availability (i.e. more opportunities) and inappropriate verbal behavior. This describes which basic operation of the science of behavior analysis?
A. Graphed Data
B. Environmental Manipulation
C. Systematic Evaluation
D. Analysis and Interpretation
[image] |
|
Definition
| Analysis and Interpretation |
|
|
Term
Koraline engages in a highly dangerous self-injurious behavior whenever she is presented with a task. This behavior has lead to the need for hospitalization and first aid. What would be one reason to target the self-injurious behavior?
A. Development
B. Strengthening
C. Replacement
D. Weakening
E. Stimulus control
F. Maintenance
G. Generalization |
|
Definition
| Replacement: We don’t want this behavior happening AT ALL |
|
|
Term
Loki is somewhat of a troublemaker. He has so many skills, including the ability to help others in need. However, whenever someone needs help, he is not likely to engage in helpful behavior. Why would we target “helping” behavior in this scenario?
A. Development
B. Strengthening
C. Replacement
D. Weakening
E. Stimulus control
F. Maintenance
G. Generalization |
|
Definition
| Strengthening: The behavior is present, but doesn’t occur enough |
|
|
Term
Ethan is entering third grade, and his teacher has asked that all students in this grade are able to tie their shoes. When working with Ethan, the behavior analyst notices that Ethan is unable to complete the steps to tie his shoes. Why might we target “shoe tying” as a behavior?
A. Development
B. Strengthening
C. Replacement
D. Weakening
E. Stimulus control
F. Maintenance
G. Generalization |
|
Definition
| Development: It’s necessary, but he doesn’t have it at all. |
|
|
Term
Michelangelo is an expert pizza maker. He knows his ingredients, his toppings, and the equipment he uses. One day, he’s asked to teach a class on making the perfect pie, but when he gets to the new kitchen, he’s unable to dish out that slice. Why might we target “pizza making” in this scenario?
A. Development
B. Strengthening
C. Replacement
D. Weakening
E. Stimulus control
F. Maintenance
G. Generalization |
|
Definition
| Generalization: He can do it, but not in a variety of contexts. |
|
|
Term
Shane presents at several conferences. Much to Bill’s chagrin, Shane uses profanity in some of his talks. This ruffles Bill’s feathers because he feels that people will be offended. Why might Bill want to target “inappropriate language” at conferences for Shane?
A. Development
B. Strengthening
C. Replacement
D. Weakening
E. Stimulus control
F. Maintenance
G. Generalization |
|
Definition
| Stimulus control: The behavior is ok, just not in some contexts |
|
|
Term
Daphne and Velma haven’t had a case to work on in several months. During that time, they’ve done some consults, but haven’t worked on a case in some time. When they DO get a new case, they make common mistakes in their detective work and ultimately flub the case. Why might we target “detective skills for these two?
A. Development
B. Strengthening
C. Replacement
D. Weakening
E. Stimulus control
F. Maintenance
G. Generalization |
|
Definition
| Maintenance: The behavior should maintain after long periods without practice |
|
|
Term
Megan wants friends to come over to her new apartment. She has asked several of her friends, but they have not seemed to have the time to come over. She begins to ask strangers on the street, including some fairly unsavory folks. This has happened more than once and put Megan at risk. Why might we target “friend requests” in this scenario?
A. Development
B. Strengthening
C. Replacement
D. Weakening
E. Stimulus control
F. Maintenance
G. Generalization |
|
Definition
| Weakening: This behavior is happening too much and across too many contexts. |
|
|
Term
Which of these is the best example of a
response definition for “physical
aggression”?
A. Punching with great force
B. Biting, slapping, kicking, punching, or pinching
C. Hair pulling with the intention to scalp the person
D. Hitting someone when they are frustrated |
|
Definition
Biting, slapping, kicking, punching, or
pinching |
|
|
Term
What’s wrong with this response
definition?
• Using Profanity
A. It’s not objective
B. It’s not clear
C. It’s not complete |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What’s wrong with this response
definition?
• Irritating your brother
A. It’s not objective
B. It’s not clear
C. It’s not complete |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Vanessa records the duration of her client’s tantrum. This describes which basic operation of the science of
behavior analysis.
A. Direct observation
B. Measurement
C. Graphed data
D. Environmental manipulations
E. Systematic evaluation
F. Analysis and interpretation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Vanessa goes to her client’s daycare and watches him tantrum when recess is over.
This describes which basic operation of the science of behavior analysis.
A. Direct observation
B. Measurement
C. Graphed data
D. Environmental manipulations
E. Systematic evaluation
F. Analysis and interpretation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Vanessa takes this data and inputs it into excel to be displayed visually. This
describes which basic operation of the science of behavior analysis.
A. Direct observation
B. Measurement
C. Graphed data
D. Environmental manipulations
E. Systematic evaluation
F. Analysis and interpretation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Vanessa trains the daycare staff to provide a five and one minute warning before recess is about to end. This describes which basic operation of the science of behavior analysis.
A. Direct observation
B. Measurement
C. Graphed data
D. Environmental manipulations
E. Systematic evaluation
F. Analysis and interpretation |
|
Definition
| Environmental manipulations |
|
|
Term
Henry only takes a bath once a week. This would likely be targeted for...
A. Development
B. Strengthening
C. Weakening/
Replacement
D. Maintenance
E. Generalization
F. Stimulus Control |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
David doesn’t know how to tie his shoe. This would likely be targeted for...
A. Development
B. Strengthening
C. Weakening/Replacement
D. Maintenance
E. Generalization
F. Stimulus Control |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Ted can only label brown wooden chairs. This would likely be targeted for...
A. Development
B. Strengthening
C. Weakening/Replacement
D. Maintenance
E. Generalization
F. Stimulus Control |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Ronaldo raises his hand at home in order to ask a question. This would likely
be targeted for...
A. Development
B. Strengthening
C. Weakening/Replacement
D. Maintenance
E. Generalization
F. Stimulus Control |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Eric stopped responding to greetings 4 weeks after he was taught the skill. What issue is this?
A. Development
B. Strengthening
C. Weakening/Replacement
D. Maintenance
E. Generalization
F. Stimulus Control |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A parent places parental blocks on their child's iPad. This is an example of.
A. Direct observation
B. Measurement
C. Graphed data
D. Environmental manipulations
E. Systematic evaluation
F. Analysis and interpretation |
|
Definition
| Environmental manipulations |
|
|
Term
Joe is a couch potato and only walks 2000 steps a day. His doctor wants him to increase his daily steps. Joes walking behavior is being targeted for ______.
A. Development
B. Strengthening
C. Weakening/ Replacement
D. Maintenance
E. Generalization
F. Stimulus Control |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Jane notices that the target behaviors seem to happen more when independent seat work is assigned. She arranges with the teacher to alternate between independent seat work and group activities every 30 minutes using a multielement design and notes the rate of target behaviors. This describes which basic operation of the science of behavior analysis?
A. Measurement
B. Graphed Data
C. Systematic Evaluation
D. Analysis and Interpretation
e. enivornmental manipulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Corey sometimes tells SUPER inappropriate jokes THAT SHOULD NEVER BE SAID TO ANYONE when he is in a crowd of people. Some individuals have punched him and even called the police on him. Corey will occasionally tell appropriate jokes that are actually funny and not offensive. He never asks if people want to hear any jokes. What would be the reason to target telling SUPER inappropriate jokes?
A. Development
B. Strengthening
C. Replacement
D. Weakening
E. Stimulus control
F. Maintenance
G. Generalization |
|
Definition
| Replacement – This is a behavior we do not want to happen at all |
|
|
Term
Corey sometimes tells inappropriate jokes when he is in a crowd of people. Some individuals get really offended and have complained about him. Corey will occasionally tell appropriate jokes that are actually funny and not offensive. He never asks if people want to hear any jokes. What would be the reason to target telling appropriate jokes?
A. Development
B. Strengthening
C. Replacement
D. Weakening
E. Stimulus control
F. Maintenance
G. Generalization |
|
Definition
Strengthening – This is a behavior to have and should happen more
often |
|
|
Term
Corey sometimes tells inappropriate jokes when he is in a crowd of people. Some individuals get really offended and have complained about him. Corey will occasionally tell appropriate jokes that are actually funny and not offensive. He never asks if people want to hear any jokes. What would be the reason to target asking people if they want to hear jokes?
A. Development
B. Strengthening
C. Replacement
D. Weakening
E. Stimulus control
F. Maintenance
G. Generalization |
|
Definition
| Development – This is a good to have that he does not have |
|
|
Term
Corey sometimes tells inappropriate jokes when he is in a crowd of people. Some individuals get really offended and have complained about him. Corey will occasionally tell appropriate jokes that are actually funny and not offensive. He never asks if people want to hear any jokes. The BCBA was able to successfully teach Corey to ask folks if they wanted to hear a joke at school, but Corey continues to not ask at church and at Grandma’s nursing home. What could be a reason to target asking folks if they want to hear jokes?
A. Development
B. Strengthening
C. Replacement
D. Weakening
E. Stimulus control
F. Maintenance
G. Generalization |
|
Definition
| Generalization- This is a behavior that should occur in a bunch of places |
|
|
Term
Corey sometimes tells inappropriate jokes when he is in a crowd of people. Some individuals (Nuns) get really offended and have complained about him. Some groups (Bikers and Frat boys) really love his inappropriate jokes. What could be a reason to target inappropriate jokes?
A. Development
B. Strengthening
C. Replacement
D. Weakening
E. Stimulus control
F. Maintenance
G. Generalization |
|
Definition
| Stimulus control – The behavior can occur, but only certain places |
|
|
Term
Corey sometimes tells inappropriate jokes when he is in a crowd of people. Some individuals get really offended and have complained about him. Corey will occasionally tell appropriate jokes that are actually funny and not offensive. He never asks if people want to hear any jokes. The BCBA was able to successfully teach Corey to ask folks if they wanted to hear a joke across locations and the BCBA fades services, but Corey starts to ask folks if they want to hear jokes less often. What could be a reason to target asking folks if they want to hear jokes?
A. Development
B. Strengthening
C. Replacement
D. Weakening
E. Stimulus control
F. Maintenance
G. Generalization |
|
Definition
| Maintenance – The behavior should be durable or persist over time |
|
|
Term
| Corey has gotten really good at asking everyone on the planet if they want to hear a joke. He is so good at asking he does not do anything else and no one else can get anything done. What could be a reason to target asking everyone on planet earth if they want to hear jokes? A. Development B. Strengthening C. Replacement D. Weakening E. Stimulus control F. Maintenance G. Generalization |
|
Definition
| Weakening – It is a good behavior to have, just happens too much |
|
|
Term
Behavior can be studied scientifically by objectively observing with thorough description and quantification of the phenomena of interest. Which assumption?
determinism
empiricism
selectionsim
pragmatism |
|
Definition
empiricism
The correct answer is empiricism as the assumption describes objective observation with thorough description and quantification of the behavior. The assumption of determinism describes that the universe is a lawful, orderly place and that behavior occurs as a result of environmental events, in a systematic way. The assumption of selectionism attributes genetic and behavioral variation to selection. Lastly, the assumption of pragmatism is related to assessing the truth and value of our theories, and how they benefit society. |
|
|
Term
The truth of theories and beliefs is assessed based on their success in practical applications. Which assumption?
determinism
empiricism
selectionsim
pragmatism |
|
Definition
pragmatism
The correct answer is pragmatism. This assumption is related to assessing the truth and value of our theories and beliefs based on their success in practical applications. In contrast, empiricism is the assumption that describes objective observation with thorough description and quantification of the behavior. The assumption of determinism describes that the universe is a lawful, orderly place and that behavior occurs as a result of environmental events, in a systematic way. The assumption of selectionism attributes genetic and behavioral variation to selection. |
|
|
Term
Behavior is lawful in that all phenomena occur as a result of other events. This describes which assumption?
determinism
empiricism
selectionsim
pragmatism |
|
Definition
determinism
The assumption of determinism describes that behavior is lawful in that all phenomena occur as a result of other events as opposed to selectionism, which is another assumption that attributes genetic and behavioral variation to selection. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is an example of repeatability?
a. It takes Kam a specific amount of time to complete a math problem.
b. Kam completes a math problem, sets her pencil down, cracks her knuckles, picks up the pencil again, and completes another math problem.
c. Kam completes her first math problem at a point in time after her teacher gives her a math worksheet. |
|
Definition
b. Kam completes a math problem, sets her pencil down, cracks her knuckles, picks up the pencil again, and completes another math problem.
The fundamental property of repeatability is when a single response can reoccur or repeat. The correct answer of an example of repeatability would be Kam completes a math problem, sets her pencil down, cracks her knuckles, picks up the pencil again, and completes another math problem. This is because the single response of completing a math problem can occur more than once. The other two examples describe the other fundamental properties of behavior such as a single response occurring at a point in time and a single response occupying time. |
|
|
Term
Tony hands Amy a cup of coffee, and Amy takes a sip of the coffee 7 seconds later. She sips the coffee for 2 seconds, sets her cup on the table, and starts typing. Amy picks up her cup and takes another sip 2 minutes later. Which part of this scenario exemplifies the fundamental property of repeatability?
a. Amy sips her coffee at a point in time after Tory hands it to her.
b. Amy sips her coffee for an amount of time.
c. Amy sips her coffee, sets her cup down, picks it up again, and then takes another sip. |
|
Definition
c. Amy sips her coffee, sets her cup down, picks it up again, and then takes another sip.
The part of the scenario that exemplifies the fundamental property of repeatability is Amy sips her coffee, sets her cup down, picks it up again, and then takes another sip. This is because the single response of taking a sip of her coffee occurred more than once (repeated). The other two parts of the scenario describe the other fundamental properties of a single response occurring at a point in time and a single response occupying time. |
|
|
Term
Chris starts to wash dishes about 30 minutes after she completes work meetings for the day. She completes the dishes after washing for 15 minutes. She does the dishes every day. Which part of this scenario exemplifies the fundamental property of repeatability?
a. Chris does the dishes 30 minutes after finishing work
b. Chris does the dishes every day
c. Chris does the dishes for 15 minutes |
|
Definition
b. Chris does the dishes every day
Because Chris washes dishes every day, we can see the fundamental property of repeatability in action. When Chris does the dishes for 15 minutes, that aligns more with temporal extent, where behavior occupies time. In the examples where Chris does the dishes after work and when Chris does dishes 30 minutes after finishing work, we can see that the behavior exemplifies temporal locus (or behavior happening at a single point in time). The only example that shows that the behavior occurring more than once is the example where Chris does the dishes every day. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is an example of the fundamental property of repeatability?
a. Aly looks at her phone for a few minutes, puts it down, then picks it back up again a few seconds later
b. Ruby laughs, laughs, and lauhgs again at a funny movie she is watching
c. Susan waves at someone who says, "Hello" to her on the street
d. Tommy watches a movie on his couch with his brother |
|
Definition
a. Aly looks at her phone for a few minutes, puts it down, then picks it back up again a few seconds later
Repeatability means that the behavior can happen multiple times, or that it can be repeated. Aly repeatedly picks up the phone to look at it. There are clear starts and stops for the behavior (picking up, looking at, and putting down the phone). In the example with Susan, we only see the behavior happen one time, which would be a better example of temporal locus. For the Tommy and the Ruby examples, the behaviors appear to happen for a length of time, which are better described as temporal extent (or behavior that occupies time). |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is an example of temporal locus?
a. Cam engages in a tantrum that lasts for a period of time
b. Cam engages in a tantrum at a point in time after her sister takes away her toys
c. Cam engages in a tantrum, stops the tantrum and wipes her eyes, and then begins the tantrum again |
|
Definition
b. Cam engages in a tantrum at a point in time after her sister takes away her toys
The scenario that exemplifies the fundamental property of temporal locus would be Cam engaging in a tantrum at a point in time after her sister takes away her toy. This is because a single response occurs at a point (location) in time in relation to other events. Camile engaging in a tantrum, stopping the tantrum and wiping her eyes, and beginning to tantrum again, is an example of repeatability because the single response of engaging in a tantrum occurred more than once (repeated). Cam engaging in a tantrum that lasts for a period of time describes another fundamental property of behavior where a single response occupies time. |
|
|
Term
| Gray sees his friend Hugo across the street, and within 5 seconds, Gray says, “Hey Hugo!” Then, Gray waves his hand three times, and smiles at Hugo for 20 seconds when he turns around and walks in his direction. Which part of this scenario exemplifies the fundamental property of temporal locus? a. Gray waving his hand multiple times b. Gray smiling for an amount of time c. Gray saying, "Hey Hugo" at a point in time after seeing her friend across the street |
|
Definition
| c. Gray saying, "Hey Hugo" at a point in time after seeing her friend across the street The part of the scenario that exemplifies the fundamental property of temporal locus would be Gray saying, “Hey Hugo!” at a point in time after seeing his friend across the street. This is because a single response occurred at a point (location) in time in relation to other events. Gray waving his hand multiple times would exemplify repeatability because the single response can reoccur. The other scenario of Gray smiling for an amount of time again exemplifies another fundamental property of behavior where a single response occupies time. |
|
|
Term
Amaro loves to read on the weekends. After his son’s Saturday soccer game, he reads for 30 minutes. Then, on Sunday he reads for 45 minutes. Which part of this scenario exemplifies the fundamental property of temporal locus?
a. Amaro reads because it is the weekend, and he has time
b. Amara reads for 75 minutes this weekened
c. Amaro reads after he gets home from his son's soccer game
d. Amara reads on Saturday then again on Sunday |
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Definition
c. Amaro reads after he gets home from his son's soccer game
Remember, temporal locus means that a behavior occurs at a single point in time. When Amaro reads after he gets home, there is a specific point where Amaro engages in the behavior. This example does not indicate that the behavior occurs over an extended period (temporal extent) or that it occurs multiple times (repeatability). When Amaro reads on Saturday then again on Sunday, that demonstrates repeatability. In the example where Amaro reads for 75 minutes, this demonstrates temporal extent since the behavior takes up time. |
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Term
Which of the following is an example of the fundamental property of temporal locus?
a. Amandas's mom gives her a snack after she asks for one
b. It takes Jill 30 minutes to complete a drawing
c. Lisa makes dinner for her family every evening
d. Nat does her homework every day |
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Definition
Amandas's mom gives her a snack after she asks for one
Remember that temporal locus means that behavior happens at a single point in time. In the examples here, Amanda’s mom providing a snack happens once and occurs after Amanda asks for a snack. In the examples with Natalie and Lisa, we see that these behaviors happen multiple times, either every day or every evening. This exemplifies repeatability since we see multiple instances of the behaviors identified in the examples. In Jason’s case, it takes him 30 minutes to complete a drawing, suggesting that the behavior takes up a specific amount of time, which is an example of temporal extent. |
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Term
Which of the following is an example of temporal extent?
a. Jack begins to run down the track at a point in time after the whistle blows
b. Jack runs, stops to catch his breath, starts again, and continues this until the race is over
c. Jack runs for a short amount of time |
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Definition
b. Jack runs, stops to catch his breath, starts again, and continues this until the race is over
Jack runs for a short amount of time is an example of temporal extent, as running for a short amount of time is a single response that occupies time (extends through time). The example of Jack beginning to run down the track at a point in time after the whistle blows would be an example of temporal locus, as a single response occurs at a point (location) in time in relation to other events. The example where Jack runs, stops to catch his breath, starts running again, and continues this until the race is over would be an example of repeatability, as a single response can reoccur (repeat). |
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Term
A staff member hands Max materials to build a birdhouse, and he starts working within 2 seconds. Max works on the birdhouse for 30 minutes, and during the half hour, asks the staff member, “Do you like my birdhouse?” 15 times. Which part of this scenario exemplifies the fundamental property of temporal extent?
a. Max sraers working on his birdhouse at a point in time
b. Max works on his birdhouse for an amount of time
c. Max asks, "Do you like my birdhouse?" over and over again |
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Definition
Max works on his birdhouse for an amount of time
The part of the scenario that exemplifies the fundamental property of temporal extent would be: Max works on his bird house for an amount of time. This is because this scenario shows that a single response occupies time (extends through time). Max starting to work on his birdhouse at a point in time after he is handed materials would be an example of temporal locus, as a single response occurs at a point (location) in time in relation to other events. The example in which Max asks, “Do you like my birdhouse?” over and over again would be an example of repeatability, as a single response can reoccur (repeat). |
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Term
Which of the following is an example of count?
Kam completes 6 math problems
Kam completes 6 math problems per minutes
Kam worked on math problems for 10 minutes
Kam completes a math problem about every minute |
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Definition
Kam completes 6 math problems
Kam completes 6 math problems is an example of count. This is because the number of times the response of completing a math problem occurs can be counted. The example in which Kam completes 6 math problems per minute would be incorrect because it is the number of responses (6 completed math problems) per unit of time (per minute). The example in which Kam worked on math problems for 10 minutes would be incorrect because it is the amount of time from the start of working on the math problems to the end of working on the math problems. Lastly, the example in which Kam completes a math problem about every minute is incorrect, as about every minute is the time between two successive responses (completing a math problem). |
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Term
Which of the following is an example of rate?
Dev pinches his brother's arm about every 15 seconds
Dev pinches his brother's arm 25 times in 5 minutes
Dev pinches his brother's arm for 10 seconds
Dev pinches his brother's arm 5 times |
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Definition
| Dev pinches his brother's arm 25 times in 5 minutes Dev pinches his brother’s arm 25 times in 5 minutes is an example of rate, because it is the number of responses (pinching his brother’s arm 25 times) per unit of time (5 minutes). The example in which Dev pinches his brother’s arm about every 15 seconds is not an example of rate as “about every 15 seconds” is the time between two successive responses, IRT (pinching his brother’s arm) . The example in which Dev pinches his brother’s arm for 10 seconds (duration) would be incorrect because it is the amount of time from the start of pinching his brother to the end of pinching his brother. The example in which Dev pinches his brother's arm 5 times would not be correct because the number of times the response occurs (pinching his brother’s arm 5 times) is simply the count as there is no unit of time. |
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Term
Which of the following is an example of celeration?
a. Nina smokes 30 cigarettes per day, on average
b. Nina spends 120 minutes per day smoking
c. Nina typically smokes a cigarette with 25 minutes of the last time she smoked one
d. Nina smoked 30 cigarettes per day last week and smoked 15 cigarettes per day this week |
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Definition
Nina smoked 30 cigarettes per day last week and smoked 15 cigarettes per day this week
Nina smoked 30 cigarettes per day last week and smoked 15 cigarettes per day this week. was Correct. Feedback provided: The example in which Nina smoked 30 cigarettes per day last week and smoked 15 cigarettes per day this week is an example of celeration because there is a change in the rate of response over time. Specifically, 30 cigarettes smoked per day one week, versus 15 cigarettes smoked per day another week. Nina smoked 30 cigarettes per day is an example of rate, because it is the number of responses (smoking 30 cigarettes per day) per unit of time (1 day). The example in which Nina spends 120 minutes per day smoking would be incorrect because it is the amount of time spent smoking, as opposed to the number of cigarettes smoked. Nina typically smokes a cigarette within 25 minutes of the last time she smoked one would be incorrect because it is the amount of time (25 minutes) between two successive responses (smoking a cigarette). |
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Term
| Which of the following is an example of celeration? a. Jenny made three trips to the car b. John sells five paintings on Monday, 12 paintings on Tuesday, and 17 paintings on Wednesday c. Joslyn eats a cookie, then eats another cookie 10 minutes later d. Kristin watches TV for 30 minutes |
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Definition
| John sells five paintings on Monday, 12 paintings on Tuesday, and 17 paintings on Wednesday Celeration is defined by a change in rate over time. Here, we see that the rate of John’s painting sales increases across multiple days. Taken separately, each day’s measure would be rate (paintings sold per day), but this answer looks at how the rate per day changes across three days. For Joslyn’s example, we are looking at IRT, specifically the time between Joslyn eating cookies. When Kristin watches TV for 30 minutes, we are measuring duration (the amount of time a response occurs). For Jenny’s example, she makes multiple trips to the car, but since there is no time criterion, this is count. |
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Term
Which of the following is an example of inter-response time (IRT)?
a. maurice reads 6 articles per day
b. maurice reads an article for 30 minutes straight
c. maurice reads an article and then reads another 1 hour later
d. maurice reads 6 articles |
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Definition
maurice reads an article and then reads another 1 hour later
Maurice reads an article and then reads another article 1 hour later is an example of inter-response time (IRT) as it is the time between two successive responses. Maurice reads 6 articles per day would be an example of rate as it is the number of responses (6 articles read) per unit of time (1 day). Maurice reads an article for 30 minutes straight is the amount of time engaged in the response (duration), thus it would be an incorrect answer. Maurice reads 6 articles would be an example of count, the number of responses. |
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Term
Which of the following is an example of IRT?
a. alena helps her brother with his homework for 45 minutes
b. callan picks up his plate from dinner 10 minutes after his mom asks him
c. lawrences takes a bite of his lunch; 5 minutes later takes another bite
d. susan can complete 12 SAFMEDS per minute |
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Definition
lawrences takes a bite of his lunch; 5 minutes later takes another bite
Remember that IRT is the time between responses. Here, we see that Lawrence takes a bite of his lunch, then takes another bite after 5 minutes pass. We are not measuring how many bites Lawrence takes, but the time between identified bites. In Alena’s example, we are discussing how long she engages in the help behavior, which is a measure of duration. Susan’s scenario is an example of rate since we are evaluating the number of specific responses that occurred within a timeframe (12 responses per minute). In Callan’s example, we are measuring the time between a stimulus and response (mom asks to pick up his plate, he initiates the response 10 minute later), which is an example of latency. |
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Term
Which of the following is an example of latency?
Tao is asked to put away the toys and begins screaming 3 seconds later
Tao screams for 30 seconds after being asked to put away the toy
Tao screams, stops for 5 seconds, then starts screaming again after being asked to put the toy away
Tao screams 10 times after being asked to put the toys away |
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Definition
Tao is asked to put away the toys and begins screaming 3 seconds later
Latency is the amount of time between an antecedent stimulus and a response. The answer would be the example in which Tao is asked to put away the toy and begins screaming 3 seconds later. The amount of time between the antecedent stimulus (being asked to put away the toy) and the response (screaming) is 3 seconds. Tao screams for 30 seconds after being asked to put away the toy is incorrect as this is the amount of time that the response of screaming occurred from start to stop. Tao screams, stops for 5 seconds, then starts screaming again after being asked to put away the toy is incorrect as this is the difference in time (5 seconds) between two successive responses (instances of screaming). Tao screams 10 times after being asked to put the toy away is incorrect as this is the number of instances that screaming occurs. |
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Term
Lucy loves listening to music. The number of minutes that she listens to music has tripled each day over the last three weeks. This is an example of:
celeration
count
duration
IRT
rate
latency |
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Definition
celeration
In Lucy’s situation, we are discussing how rapidly her listening behavior is increasing over time. This would be an example of celeration. For this to be an example of duration, we would say something like “Lucy listens to music for 45 minutes.” IF we were measuring rate, we would state that Lucy listened to music 3 times in a day, whereas count would simply state that Lucy listened to music 3 times. |
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Term
Marcello collected ten flowers from the sunflower field. This is an example of:
celeration
count
duration
IRT
rate
latency |
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Definition
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Term
Olive is preparing to go out to dinner. It takes her 30 minutes to shower, dry her hair, and get dressed. This is an example of:
celeration
count
duration
IRT
rate
latency |
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Definition
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Term
Jessica sends a text to her mom, and then sends another text one hour later. This is an example of:
celeration
count
duration
IRT
rate
latency |
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Definition
IRT
In this example, we are discussing the time between two similar responses, thus, this is an example of inter-response time or IRT. If we were discussing rate in this example, we might say that Jessica texted two times in an hour. Were this an example of latency, we might say that when Jessica sees a text from her mom (stimulus), she texts back (response) within 10 seconds. |
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Term
Tara asks her son to fold his laundry. Two minutes later, he starts the chore. This is an example of:
celeration
count
duration
IRT
rate
latency |
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Definition
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Term
Denise does six burpees per minute. This is an example of:
celeration
count
duration
IRT
rate
latency |
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Definition
|
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Term
Emily is measuring how long it takes Brendan to print a shirt. Brendan is at work printing shirts from 9 a.m.–5 p.m. Emily goes to the printing shop at 10 a.m. and observes him for 1 hour. While she is there, Emily watches and records how long it takes Brendan to print each of the shirts he completes during that time. This is an example of a(n):
complete observation
incomplete observation |
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Definition
incomplete observation
This is an example of an incomplete observation as the schedule of observation may fail to capture some instances of the target response due to observing only a sample of possible opportunities. Emily only observes Brendan from 10 a.m.–11 a.m. when Brendan will be printing shirts from 9 a.m.–5 p.m. |
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Term
Antonio is measuring the head position of a high-school football player as they tackle opponents during practice. Antonio starts watching as soon as practice starts and continues to watch until practice is over. Antonio counts the total number of correct and incorrect tackles he recorded during the entire practice. This is an example of a(n):
complete observation
incomplete observation |
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Definition
complete observation
This is an example of a complete observation. It allows for all occurrences of the target behavior to be observed and measured because Antonio scheduled the observation to cover the entire practice. |
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Term
Channing is a BCBA who wants to observe the behavior of a client during circle time at school due to a report from the client’s teacher that the client is kicking peers. She observes the full length of circle time. During her observation, she collects count data for how many times that the client kicks another student. This is an example of a(n):
complete observation using a continuous recording method
complete observation using a discontinous recording method
incomplete observation using a continuous recording method
incomplete observation usign a discontinous method |
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Definition
complete observation using a continuous recording method
When Channing goes to observe, they plan to observe the learner for the entire duration the challenging behavior is occurring in a particular context. This would constitute a complete observation since the observation is occurring throughout the entire session. For this to be an incomplete observation, Channing would need to observe only a portion of the context in which the problem behavior is occurring. It is also noted that Channing will be recording rate data (number of responses over time), making this a continuous recording method. |
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Term
Kim wants to know how many calories she is burning in a day. During her yoga class, she uses her fitness tracker to count how many calories she burns. This is an example of a(n):
complete observation using a continous recording method
complete observation using a discontinous recording method
incomplete observation using a continuous recording method
incomplete observation using a discontinous method |
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Definition
incomplete observation using a continuous recording method
This would be considered an incomplete observation since we are only taking a sample of data from the identified time period. Here, Kim wants to see how many calories she burns per DAY, but the observation period noted is during a single yoga class, making this incomplete. A complete observation would take place across the entire day. This is also considered a continuous measurement because we can see the number of calories burned per day (rate). |
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Term
Behavior is lawful, a result of environmental phenomena
A. Empiricism
B. Determinism
C. Parsimony
D. Selectionism |
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Definition
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Term
Behavioral variation; cultural transmission
A. Empiricism
B. Determinism
C. Parsimony
D. Selectionism |
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Definition
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Term
Looking at behavioral theories and how they impact society
A. Empiricism
B. Determinism
C. Parsimony
D. Selectionism
E. Pragmatism |
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Definition
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Term
Defining behavior so it can be objectively observed and quantified
A. Empiricism
B. Determinism
C. Parsimony
D. Selectionism
E. Pragmatism |
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Definition
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Term
Explanations should refer to basic behavioral principles and processes
A. Empiricism
B. Determinism
C. Parsimony
D. Selectionism
E. Pragmatism |
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Definition
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Term
You decide on number of steps walked on the left foot as the target for change. Number of steps walked is _______.
A rate measure
An ultimate outcome
A topographical definition
A frequency |
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Definition
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Term
Number of steps walked on the left foot can recur, the ________ property of behavior
Temporal extent
Repeatability
Temporal locus
Cycle |
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Definition
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Term
Darian is a person with complicated behavior. Among his many challenging behavior is pica. You have the opportunity to do a complete observation for a full day and record 39 occurrences of placing an inedible object in his mouth.
Duration
IRT
Rate
Latency
Freq |
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Definition
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Term
Darian was awake for 15 hours on the day of your complete observation. However, you know you will not always be able to observe for the same length of time so the data is converted to .04 occurrences
per minute
Duration
IRT
Rate
Latency
Freq |
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Definition
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Term
Staff think denying Darian access to preferred food items like cupcakes typically results in pica within about 1 minute of being told, “No.”
Duration
IRT
Rate
Latency
Freq |
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Definition
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Term
900 minutes/39 occurrences results in an average ___ of 1 occurrence per 23 minutes
Duration
IRT
Rate
Latency
Freq |
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Definition
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Term
Giannis Antetokounmpo was hit while shooting. He received a violation when
he failed to shoot his free throw within 10 seconds of the referee handing him the
ball when he was at the foul line.
Duration
IRT
Rate
Latency
Freq |
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Definition
|
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Term
The actual behavior of interest
Discontinous measurement
Indirect measurement
The peripheral target
Direct measurement |
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Definition
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Term
Event recording, IRT, duration and latency are ____ recording methods
Interval
Indirect
continuous
discontinuous |
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Definition
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Term
The child screamed at a point in time in
relation to when the child screamed before
temporal locus
temporal extent
repeatability |
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Definition
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Term
Andre engages in skin-picking multiple times throughout the day. This relates to which property of behavior?
a. Temporal Extent
b. Temporal Locus
c. Repeatability |
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Definition
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Term
Alexandra had a session with her therapist for 2 hours. During the session she engaged in the follow activities: sat on the floor to do puzzles, went to her room to jump on the trampoline, sat on the floor to pet her dog, went to the kitchen and got a snack out of the fridge, sat on the floor to do work trials with her therapist, and then went outside and played kickball. Based on the given information, what is the count for Alexandra’s sitting on the floor behavior?
– A) 5 instances
– B) 2 instances
– C) 3 instances
– D) 4 instances |
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Definition
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Term
Tamara has a 30-minute session with her
therapist, Olivia. During the session,
Tamara screams 150 times. Based on the
information, what would be the rate per
minute for Tamara’s screaming behaviors?
15 screams per minute
5 screams per minute
50 screams per minute
1.5 screams per minute |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following in an example of latency?
– A. Amy calculates the amount of time it takes for her son to put on his shoes
– B. Amy calculates the number of attempts her son makes to put on his shoes in 10 minutes
– C. Amy calculates the amount of time it takes to put on his shoes after she asks him to put them on
– D. Amy calculates the amount of time it takes his son to attempt to put on his shoes after the previous attempt |
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Definition
| C. Amy calculates the amount of time it takes to put on his shoes after she asks him to put them on |
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Term
Carlos is working with a client that only
screams during circle time which occurs at 1:00PM. Which of the following would be an example of a complete observation?
– A) Carlos goes into the classroom and observes circle time each day for a week.
– B) Carlos goes into the classroom and observes circle time for the first 10 minutes for two weeks.
– C) Carlos goes to the school and observes in the classroom for the entire morning from 9-12. |
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Definition
a. Carlos goes into the classroom and
observes the entire circle time each day for a week. |
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Term
An ABA company is wanting to directly measure staff performance for implementing DTT trials. Data is collected for the number of DTT trials completed during the staff member’s workday, the number of trials that were accurately implemented throughout the workday, the time between each period of implementing DTT trials, the amount of time it took for the staff member to provide reinforcement for a response, and the rate of DTT trials implemented per hour per client.
Indirect Measurement
Direct Measurement |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is not an example of an indirect measurement?
– A) An employee satisfaction survey
– B) A preference assessment for a client filled out by a caregiver
– C) An assessment interview
– D) Calculating the number of phone calls made per day |
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Definition
D) Calculating the number of phone calls
made per day |
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Term
Defined as the contact of the head to objects or persons that are at least 6 inches away from the head. Does not include rubbing the head on a surface or a single instance of the head dropping onto a pillow to begin sleep. Head banging will be counted by episodes. Blocking will occur until absence of head-banging for 15 seconds. One episode includes the start of the first instance of head-banging after blocking ends and before blocking begins again.
Event Recording
indirect measurement |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is an example that
can be measured using event recording?
– A) A RBT measured 10 instances of
aggression in a 3 hour session
– B) A BCBA saw that her client engaged in 24 instances of aggression last week
– C) A BCBA wants to take event recording
data for behaviors that occur for the majority of the session |
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Definition
A RBT measured 10 instances of
aggression in a 3 hour session |
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Term
Camille engages in screaming for 45
minutes when told that the iPad is not
available. This relates to which
property of behavior?
a. Temporal Extent
b. Temporal Locus
c. Repeatability |
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Definition
Temporal Extent
extends through time |
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Term
Amanda is collecting data on a student’s ’on-task’ behavior which is defined as him looking down at his paper with his pencil in his hand. Amanda looks up every 5 minutes to determine if the client is engaging in the targeted behavior at that point in time. What fundamental property is this type of measurement most closely related to?
– A) Repeatability
– B) Temporal Locus
– C) Temporal Extent |
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Definition
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Term
Rowan has been in his room for an hour.
He calls for his mom from his room to
bring him a snack. His mom doesn’t
answer for 5 minutes. He calls out to her
again.
– Event recording
– IRT
– Latency
– Duration |
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Definition
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Term
Olivia was at a baseball game rooting for
her friends. She screamed for 30 seconds
then stopped screaming. Then 20 minutes
later, she screamed for 1 minute. About 30
minutes after that, she screamed for
another 30 seconds. What is the average
duration for Olivia’s screaming behavior? |
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Definition
30 + 60 + 30/3 =
40 seconds |
|
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Term
I want to increase the amount of time I
spend exercising daily. I should measure:
A. Duration
B. Latency
C. Count/Frequency
D. Rate
E. IRT
F. Celeration |
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Definition
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Term
I want to know how productive you are at work. I'm going to count the number of reports you submit each week. This is an example of:
A. Duration
B. Latency
C. Count/Frequency
D. Rate
E. IRT
F. Celeration |
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Definition
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Term
I sneezed at 6:00PM, and then again at 6:15, and then again at 6:30. My sneezes are 15 minutes apart. This is an example of:
A. Duration
B. Latency
C. Count/Frequency
D. Rate
E. IRT
F. Celeration |
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Definition
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|
Term
I did 10 sit-ups in 30 minutes yesterday, and 20 sit-ups in 30 minutes today. My rate of sit-ups doubled. This is an example of:
A. Duration
B. Latency
C. Count/Frequency
D. Rate
E. IRT
F. Celeration |
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Definition
| Celeration: change in rate |
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Term
Observing a child in math class to collect data on disruptive behavior which occurs throughout the school day would be an example of a(n):
A. Complete observation
B. Incomplete observation |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Working with a family on bedtime routines
which result in defiant behavior, and coming to the house each evening for a week would be an example of a(n):
A. Complete observation
B. Incomplete observation |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Tracking the number of referrals a high
school student receives for insubordination while targeting defiance is an example of:
A. Direct measurement
B. Indirect measurement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Recording the number of times a student
refuses to comply with a teacher request
and dividing by the number of requests the teacher makes while targeting defiance is an example of :
A. Direct measurement
B. Indirect measurement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Using a student’s standardized state test
scores to determine their fluency in
multiplication facts is an example of:
A. Direct measurement
B. Indirect measurement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Recording the rate correct and incorrect on 3x facts to determine a student’s fluency in multiplication facts is an example of:
A. Direct measurement
B. Indirect measurement |
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Definition
|
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Term
Jim starts his observation of Dwight at 10AM. He records the number of times Dwight picks up the telephone. He ends his observation at 10:30AM, and multiplies his recorded number by 2. Jim is conducting:
A. Event recording
B. IRT recording
C. Latency recording
D. Duration recording |
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Definition
|
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Term
which is an example of temporal locus
I empty the dishwasher. I empty it again the next day
Emptying the dishwasher occurs at some point after it beeps
Emptying the dishwasher takes up time |
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Definition
| Emptying the dishwasher occurs at some point after it beeps |
|
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Term
Christi practices her high jump for track and field. Jumping can occur again and again. This relates to which property of behavior.
A) Repeatability
B) Temporal Locus
C) Temporal Extent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Christi jumps at a point in time after her coach says, “ready, set, go”. This relates to which property of behavior?
A) Repeatability
B) Temporal Locus
C) Temporal Extent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Every time Christi jumps, it takes up an amount of time. This relates to which property of behavior?
A) Repeatability
B) Temporal Locus
C) Temporal Extent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fin is training for a marathon. On Monday he ran for 17 minutes. On Tuesday (24 hours later) he ran again, this time he ran for 20 minutes. What is the count of running on Monday?
A) 1
B) 17 minutes
C) 24 hours
D) 20 minutes |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Fin is training for a marathon. On Monday he ran for 17 minutes. On Tuesdays (24 hours later) he ran again, this time he ran for 20 minutes. What is the IRT?
A) 1
B) 17 minutes
C) 24 hours
D) 20 minutes |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Fin is training for a marathon. On Monday, he runs 4 miles per hour. On Tuesday, he runs 4.5 miles an hour. On Wednesday, he runs 5 miles an hour. On Thursday, he runs 5.5 miles an hour. What dimensional quantity is he measuring?
A) Duration
B) Celeration
C) Inter-response time
D) Latency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Ella hits her teacher 16 times across a school day. A school day is 8 hours. What is the rate per hour?
A) 16
B) 32
C) 8
D) 2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
At school, staff are working with Henry on completing his lunch within the allotted lunch time because he is taking too long to eat and therefore missing out on other activities. Today it took him 25 minutes to finish his soup. This is an example of which dimensional quantity?
A) Count
B) Rate
C) Celeration
D) Inter-response time
E) Latency
F) Duration |
|
Definition
|
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Term
Darcy’s mom takes data on the number of times Darcy shares her toys with her little brother. These data are collected for all of the hours Darcy is at home with her little brother. This describes a(n):
A) Complete observation
B) Incomplete observation
C) continuous measurement
D) discontinuous measurement |
|
Definition
|
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Term
The BCBA supervisor observes 1 hour of her supervisees 3-hour session with a client and collects data on her supervisees fluency with running trials (rate per minute). This describes a(n):
A) Complete observation
B) Incomplete observation
C) continuous measurement
D) discontinuous measurement |
|
Definition
| B) Incomplete observation |
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Term
Loretta meets with a psychologist concerning her daughter’s anxiety. Before they meet, the psychologist sends Loretta an anxiety questionnaire she can fill out with her daughter. After they meet, the psychologist sends Loretta a satisfaction survey. This describes a(n):
A) Complete observation
B) Incomplete observation
C) direct measurement
D) indirectmeasurement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Select all that are continuous recording methods
A) Event recording
B) Time Sampling
C) IRT recording
D) Latency recording
E) Duration recording |
|
Definition
A) Event recording
C) IRT recording
D) Latency recording
E) Duration recording |
|
|
Term
Adam is running discrete trials with his client Brian. Is this appropriate
for event recording?
A) Yes
B) No |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Phoebe engages in motor stereotypy throughout her school day. Motor stereotypy can occur at any point during the day and it is clear when each episode begins and ends. Is this appropriate for event recording?
A) Yes
B) No |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
During a 1-hour observation, the behavior of interest occurred at:
10:00am, 10:15am, 10:25am, 10:35am, 10:40am, 10:45am, 10:55am.
How many IRTs?
A) 6
B) 7
C) 5 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
10 seconds after being presented with a
math worksheet, Greg engages in a 5-
minute tantrum. Which part of the scenario represents the property of temporal locus?
A. Greg engages in a tantrum
B. Greg engages in a tantrum 10 seconds
after being given a worksheet
C. Greg’s tantrum lasts 5 minutes |
|
Definition
B. Greg engages in a tantrum 10 seconds
after being given a worksheet |
|
|
Term
Mary is trying to improve how quickly her dog will run to her, when the dog is told
“Come here!”. Mary takes data and notices that the time between “Come here” and the
dog walking towards Mary has decreased. However, Mary is troubled because now the
dog will come to her quickly but will run past her and into the house without waiting for her paws to be cleaned. What is happening here?
• A. Mary is measuring duration but didn’t consider how accurate the response needed to be
• B. Mary is measuring latency but didn’t consider the rate of “coming here”
• C. Mary is measuring latency but didn’t consider how accurate the response needed to be
• D. Mary should have no concerns about this scenario |
|
Definition
| Mary is measuring latency but didn’t consider how accurate the response needed to be |
|
|
Term
At a school meeting, the parent and principal present conflicting views on why the problem behavior occurs. The parent states that the problem behavior is due to overmedication, issues with processing sensory information, and fear of consequences from the father. The principal states that the behavior likely occurs to gain physical contact from preferred adults. The principal’s statement best fits with which philosophical assumption?
A. Pragmatism
B. Parsimony
C. Empiricism
D. Determinism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Timmy is observing his student train a parent on a new instructional program. Timmy is taking data on the number of times the student prompts the parent to complete a given task. Timmy observes during the entire training session; however, he misses a few occurrences of the prompt being delivered to the parent. What is happening here?
A. Timmy used an incomplete observation period with a direct measurement system
B. Timmy used a complete observation period with an indirect measurement system
C. Timmy used a complete observation period with a direct measurement system
D. Timmy used an incomplete observation period with an indirect measurement system |
|
Definition
| Timmy used a complete observation period with a direct measurement system |
|
|
Term
Observing a client during community
outings to collect data on dangerous
behavior that occurs at home, school, and
the community:
A. Complete observation
B. Incomplete observation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tobias starts his observation of George Michael at 12pm. He records how often George Michael says “um” in social conversations. He ends his observation at 2p and records 20 incidents. Tobias is conducting:
A. Event recording
B. IRT recording
C. Latency recording
D. Duration recording |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tobias starts his observation of George Michael at 12p. He records that George Michael talks with Maeby at 12:30p and ends the conversation at 12:33p. Tobias is conducting:
A. Event recording
B. IRT recording
C. Latency recording
D. Duration recording |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
While working in a classroom, a BCBA records the amount of time a client engages in a tantrum behavior after being presented with a complex statistical analysis. Which measure might be best to use?
A. Event recording
B. IRT recording
C. Latency recording
D. Duration recording |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Jim starts his observation of Dwight at 10AM. He records the number of times Dwight picks up the telephone. He ends his observation at 10:30AM, and records 4 calls. Jim is conducting:
A. Event recording
B. IRT recording
C. Latency recording
D. Duration recording |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Jim starts his observation of Dwight at 10AM. He records that Dwight answers the telephone at 10:10AM and hangs up at 10:15AM. Jim then records that Dwight answers the phone at 10:35AM and hangs up at 10:50AM. Jim is conducting:
A. Event recording
B. IRT recording
C. Latency recording
D. Duration recording |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A BCBA has been referred to work with a child who engages in elopement – running out of the classroom. This behavior typically occurs 1-2 times a day, but it can take between 10 minutes and 2 hours to get the child back in the classroom. Which measure might be best to use?
A. Event recording
B. IRT recording
C. Latency recording
D. Duration recording |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A BCaBA has been referred to work with a child who is struggling in school. Initial observations reveal that when independent seat work is assigned, the child often stares out of the window for several minutes before beginning to work. Which measure might be best to use?
A. Event recording
B. IRT recording
C. Latency recording
D. Duration recording |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is an example of partial-interval recording (PIR)?
Chad collected data indicating that Ava hit his face at some point during six out of 10 consecutive 2-minute intervals
Maddy collected data indicating that her client played with her siblings the eentire time during four out of five 10-minute intervals
Peggy collected data indicating that her daughter was engaged in writing at the end of three out of six 5-minute intervals |
|
Definition
| Chad collected data indicating that Ava hit his face at some point during six out of 10 consecutive 2-minute intervals |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is an example of the correct use of PIR?
The teacher reports the percent of 2-min intervals in which he took data on Julian's face slapping in class
The teacher reports the percent of 2-min intervals during which Julian face slapped in class
The teacher counts the number of times Julian face slaps in 2-min interval in class |
|
Definition
The teacher reports the percent of 2-min intervals during which Julian face slapped in class
Partial-interval data are always reported as “percent of intervals during which the target behavior occurred at any point.” Reporting the percent of intervals during which the teacher collected face-slap data provides no actual information about the face-slapping behavior. Counting the number of Julian’s face slaps in a 2-minute interval is a measure of rate, not partial-interval recording. |
|
|
Term
Akela wants to assess how well 3 of the 10 students in her class are improving on “working quietly in seat during a 15-minute assignment.” Which recording method would best fit Akela’s need to simultaneously assess these three students?
total duration recording
duration per event recording
15-min whole-interval recording
60-second whole-interval recording |
|
Definition
60-second whole-interval recording
In this scenario, total duration or duration-per-event would be too cumbersome for the teacher to collect on multiple students, starting and stopping different timers every time a student was or wasn’t working. 15-minute-whole interval data could grossly underestimate working quietly, as a student could work quietly for 14 minutes and 59 seconds, and result in the interval being scored as a nonoccurrence. Thus, 60-second whole-interval recording would be the best choice here. |
|
|
Term
which of the following is an example of MTS?
Tye collected data indicating that the dog had all four paws down on the floor at the end of two out of five 5-minute intervals
The RBT collected data indicating that Killian picked his nose at some point during five out of twelve 1 minute intervals
Vanya's parents collected data indicating that Vanya sat at the table during dinner for the entire time during fourteen out of thirty 30-second intervals. |
|
Definition
| Tye collected data indicating that the dog had all four paws down on the floor at the end of two out of five 5-minute intervals |
|
|
Term
A BCBA counts the number of individuals in a group engaging in the target behavior and reports it as a total percentage. This describes which type of discontinuous measure?
momentary time sampling
partial-interval recording
PLACHECK
whole-interval recording |
|
Definition
PLACHECK
Momentary time sampling, partial-interval recording, and whole-interval recording all record the occurrence or nonoccurrence of a target behavior as displayed by a single individual. Only PLACHECK (planned activity check) records the percent of individuals in a group engaging in the target response at a particular moment in time. |
|
|
Term
Dan sets a timer to ring every 2 minutes. When it rings, Dan looks at his student and records whether his student is on task. Dan is conducting:
momentary time sampling
partial-interval recording
PLACHECK
whole-interval recording |
|
Definition
momentary time sampling
Since Dan is noting the occurrence or nonoccurrence of behavior at the end of the interval, this is an example of MTS. Partial-interval would involve recording if the behavior occurred at any point, while whole-interval recording would require the behavior to occur for the entire interval, and PLACHECK looks at the behavior of more than one individual. |
|
|
Term
Juan sets his watch to vibrate every 2 minutes and begins observing his student named Ivan. If Ivan speaks out of turn in class, Juan marks the data sheet with a “+” for that 2-min interval. Juan does not take any more data until after his watch vibrates again and the next interval begins. Juan is collecting:
momentary time sampling
partial-interval recording
PLACHECK
whole-interval recording |
|
Definition
partial-interval recording
Juan records the occurrence as soon as the response occurs at any time during the interval. He then stops collecting data until the next interval begins. This describes the process of partial-interval recording. Momentary time sampling would involve recording if the behavior occurred at the end of the interval, while whole-interval recording would require the behavior to occur for the entire interval, and PLACHECK looks at the behavior of more than one individual. |
|
|
Term
Jobyn is recording work task engagement for a learner who wants to get a job locally. Part of the goal is for the learner to consistently work on a single, lengthy task for at least five minutes at a time. Jobyn breaks up the observation into one-minute intervals and reports the percentage of intervals where the learner was reading for the entire minute. Which recording method did Jobyn use?
momentary time sampling
partial-interval recording
PLACHECK
whole-interval recording |
|
Definition
whole-interval recording
Whole-interval recording is recommended where behaviors are targeted for acquisition and the duration of the behavior is valuable. Here, the target behavior is task engagement where the goal is to increase how long the individual works over a period of time. Partial-interval recording is best for high-rate behaviors and those that are targeted for reduction. Momentary time sampling tends to equally over- and under-estimate responding, so would not be the best choice here. Since there is only one learner, planned activity check would not be appropriate. |
|
|
Term
A teacher’s aide is tracking crying behavior for one of the students in a class of 30. She uses one-minute intervals to observe the student’s crying behavior and marks a “+” if the student is crying at the end of each interval. Which recording method did the aide use?
momentary time sampling
partial-interval recording
PLACHECK
whole-interval recording |
|
Definition
momentary time sampling
In momentary time sampling, a “+” or “yes” is marked if the target behavior occurs at a specific moment in time. Here, if crying is occurring at the end of each one-minute interval, a + is marked. In whole-interval recording, crying would need to occur for the entire one-minute interval to be counted as a +. In partial-interval recording, crying would be marked as a + if it occurs at any point during the one-minute interval. While PLACHECK also looks to see if a behavior is occurring at a specific moment in time, it looks at a group of individuals, not just one. |
|
|
Term
Carlos often loudly sings explicit songs while he cooks, and it can be disruptive to the others in his home. He often stops and starts for unpredictable amounts of time, and staff are not able to collect accurate duration data while also fulfilling their other duties. Bethe tracks whether he engages in singing by putting a “+” in a box if he engages in any singing during a 60-second interval, and a “-” if he does not engage in any singing during the interval. Which recording method did Bethe use?
momentary time sampling
partial-interval recording
PLACHECK
whole-interval recording |
|
Definition
partial-interval recording
If Carlos sings at any point during the 60-second interval, staff mark a “+.” It does not matter if Carlos sings for one second or 59 seconds; if singing occurs at any point, staff members mark a “yes,” which is how partial-interval recording is implemented. If a “+” was marked for whole-interval recording, singing would need to occur for the entire 60-second interval. In momentary time sampling, a “+” is marked if singing occurs at a specific moment in time. For example, after 60 seconds pass, we look at Carlos and mark “+” if he is singing at that exact moment. Planned activity check is similar to momentary time sampling; however, we look at the behavior of a group. For example, are all the students at table one singing when we look over at their table? If they are singing, and PLACHECK is being used, we would mark a “+.” |
|
|
Term
Caitlyn is teaching a class to prepare owners to show their dogs. Every five minutes during class, Caitlyn records how many of the owners are correctly instructing their dogs at the end of the interval. Which recording method did Caitlyn use?
momentary time sampling
partial-interval recording
Planned activity check recording
whole-interval recording |
|
Definition
Planned activity check recording
Planned activity check recording allows the observer to record the behavior of multiple individuals all at once. In this case, Caitlyn observes all the dog owners at the same time, every five minutes. If this were partial-interval recording, Caitlyn would note if an owner correctly instructed their dog at any point during the interval. If this were whole-interval recording, a dog owner would need to continuously present correct instructions throughout the interval. This is problematic, as delivering directions is not a continuous behavior but has discrete start and end points. While momentary time sampling is similar to PLACHECK, it involves the observation of only one individual; here, Caitlyn is observing all dog owners. |
|
|
Term
If the solid data path represents continuous duration data, the dashed data path would most likely represent which[image] discontinuousmeasure?
MTS
PIR
WIR |
|
Definition
WIR
WIR tends to underestimate the occurrence of behavior, while PIR overestimates it, and MTS tends to more accurately estimate it. |
|
|
Term
If the solid data path represents continuous duration data, the dashed data path would most likely represent which discontinuousmeasure?
[image]
MTS
PIR
WIR |
|
Definition
PIR
PIR tends to overestimate the occurrence of behavior, while WIR tends to underestimate it, and MTS tends to more accurately estimate it. |
|
|
Term
Penny is managing several staff at a local coffee shop and has found that the staff often report they do not have enough time to complete their regular tasks. Penny decides to collect some data on staff task engagement but can only capture data while she is not attending to her own tasks. Which of the following recording methods would be best for Penny to use?
momentary time sampling
partial-interval recording
Planned activity check recording
whole-interval recording |
|
Definition
momentary time sampling
Penny is quite busy. Since she cannot continuously observe each employee, momentary time sampling is her best approach. This allows Penny to observe her employees at specific points in time, rather than continuously. Both partial- and whole-interval recording methods require relatively continuous observation. It might seem that planned activity check recording is appropriate, given there are multiple people to observe; however, Penny is not observing all employees at the same time—she is observing them at different times. Therefore, planned activity check recording would not be appropriate. |
|
|
Term
Elias engages in face pinching, but it can be difficult to track rate as he sometimes engages in multiple small pinches in a row and rubs his face in-between pinches. Which of the following recording methods would be best for his therapist to use?
momentary time sampling
partial-interval recording
Planned activity check recording
whole-interval recording |
|
Definition
partial-interval recording
Behaviors that occur at high rate or do not have a clear start and end are best measured by partial-interval recording. This method is often used with behaviors for reduction and gives a more representative depiction of responding over rate. Behaviors that are typically targeted for acquisition might be more appropriately measured by whole-interval recording, as it provides a conservative measure (it tends to underestimate responding). Momentary time sampling is as likely to over- and under-estimate responding and may not be appropriate for behavior that does not have a clear start and end. Planned activity check recording would not be appropriate, as there is only one behaver in this scenario. |
|
|
Term
Martina supervises 10 RBTs at the clinic where she works. For one hour per day, she takes data on client engagement by dividing her time into two-minute intervals. At the end of each interval, she marks whether each RBT was engaging with their client at the time that the interval ended. Which recording method did Martina use?
momentary time sampling
partial-interval recording
Planned activity check recording
whole-interval recording |
|
Definition
Planned activity check recording
Martina is interested in recording the behavior of all 10 RBTs; however, she only has a short time to devote to it. Since she can only observe for an hour and there is a group of individuals to observe, planned activity check would be most appropriate. PLACHECK also allows Martina to track behaviors targeted for both increase and decrease. Partial-interval recording involves recording behavior if it occurs at any point during an interval; whole-interval recording requires the response to occur for the entire interval to be counted. In this example, if there were only one RBT, Martina could use momentary time sampling. However, because there is a group of people to be observed, planned activity check is the most appropriate. |
|
|
Term
When Frederick practices piano, he often stops to look out the window or play with his cat. His teacher wants him to practice for 15 consecutive minutes with no breaks. His mother agrees to observe him during his practice times and take data to be sure that he is staying on task. Which of the following methods would be best for his mother to use?
momentary time sampling
partial-interval recording
Planned activity check recording
whole-interval recording |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Jillian’s friends have asked her to go with them to 10 different parties, but Jillian has only attended five, or half, of the 10 parties with them. Jillian’s party attendance behavior is a measure of:
count
rate
percent occurrence
percent count |
|
Definition
percent occurrence
Five out of 10 parties is half of the opportunities, or 50%. This is not a correct or incorrect response but is a percent occurrence. It cannot be rate since no time frame is provided, and it is not pure frequency since it describes the number of responses within the context of opportunities to respond. |
|
|
Term
Jay’s mother recorded whether (+) or not (-) Jay brushed his teeth after meals. She then divided the number of times he brushed by the number of meals he ate and multiplied by 100. This is an example of which measure?
discrete categorization
percent correct
percent occurrence
trials-to-criterion |
|
Definition
percent occurrence
Dividing the number of times a target behavior occurred by the number of opportunities is an example of percent occurrence. Percent correct refers to correct responses. Discrete categorization refers to codes for behavior, and does not typically yield percentages, and trials-to-criterion data would be expressed as the number of trials required to meet the mastery criteria |
|
|
Term
Trysten recorded the number of division math problems he correctly completed until he could correctly solve 20 division math problems in 5 minutes or less. This is an example of which type of measurement?
discrete categorization
percent correct
percent occurrence
trials-to-criterion |
|
Definition
trials-to-criterion
Here each division math problem represents a trial, and Trysten recorded how many math problems it took for him to reach the criterion for success of “20 division math problems correct in 5 minutes or less.” Percent correct and percent occurrence would be expressed as a percentage of math problems answered correctly and math problems answered, respectively. Discrete categorization would entail a description of how to code behavior. |
|
|
Term
Assigning an “A” if property destruction produces damage less than $20, “B” if damage is between $20–$50, and “C” if damage is greater than $50. This is an example of which measure?
discrete categorization
percent correct
percent occurrence
trials-to-criterion |
|
Definition
discrete categorization
This example represents a description of a way to code behavior: discrete categorization. Percent correct and percent occurrence would be expressed as a percentage of opportunities to occur, and trials-to-criterion data would be expressed as the number of trials required to meet the mastery criteria. |
|
|
Term
Throughout the day, Shawna must complete various reports and submit them to her manager. During a two-hour observation, Shawna was able to complete a total of 19 out of 25 required reports. These data should be reported as:
rate
numbers of trials-to-criterion
percent occurrence
percent of intervalss |
|
Definition
percent occurrence
This scenario provides us with a number of reports completed out of the total number of reports. This is best expressed as a percentage of opportunities. While we have both a number of responses and a timeframe (19 reports, two-hour observation), rate would not give us the most meaningful measure. Rate would be calculated at 9.5 reports per hour (19 divided by 2). However, we aren’t interested in the number of reports per hour; rather, the number of reports completed out of the total. A percentage of intervals is not calculable here, as there are no given intervals (only the total time). If it took 19 reports for Shawna to “master” report-writing, that would be a measure of trials-to-criterion (i.e., the number of trials it takes to reach a predetermined level of mastery). |
|
|
Term
Karli is working with Alec on appropriate greetings to peers on the playground. During the last observation, Karli recorded whether Alec was successful on the first opportunity of the day. This is an example of:
discrete categorization
trials-to-criterion
discrete trial probe
momentary time sampling |
|
Definition
discrete trial probe
Discrete trial probes are a way to measure skill acquisition by assessing on the first opportunity. In this case, Karli is measuring appropriate greetings by observing the first opportunity Alec has. Discrete categorization does not apply here, as it involves categorizing something for easier measurement (e.g., intensity of aggression). If Karli were using trials-to-criterion, she would be measuring the number of trials it took for Alec to reach a predetermined level of mastery. Momentary time sampling involves observation at a specific moment in time; discrete trial probes involve observation of the first opportunity to engage in a response. |
|
|
Term
Casey is learning how to play guitar. They record themselves playing and record how many notes they played correctly during the song. Casey was able to play 145 out of 210 notes accurately. These data should be reported as:
percent correct
rate
number of trials-to-criterion
percent of intervals |
|
Definition
percent correct
In this example, we have a number of correct responses out of a total number of opportunities. Since Casey played the note correctly on 145 of 210 opportunities, this would be reported as a percent (145 divided by 210 is .69, which we multiply by 100 to get 69%). Rate involves the number of responses over time; time is not presented here. If this were trials-to-criterion, Casey might indicate that it took them 145 trials to reach a certain level of mastery. As with rate, a percent of intervals requires multiple intervals of time (i.e., 10 one-minute intervals) and that is not provided here. |
|
|
Term
Roxy works with a client who engages in tantrums that include a variety of topographies and can last up to an hour. If the client does not engage in tantrum behavior, she marks a “0.” If there is a tantrum that lasts 0–20 minutes, she marks a “1.” If the tantrum lasts from 21–40 minutes, she records a “2.” If the tantrum lasts more than 41 minutes, she marks a “3.” She then graphs the data using a bar graph. Which recording method did she use?
discrete categorization
partial-interval recording
discrete trial probe
trials-to-criterion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tobias records the number of times it takes their client to complete 10 math problems in 2 minutes. Tobias continues to record until their client can complete the requirement three consecutive times. These data should be reported as:
rate
percent occurrence
percent of intervals
number of trials-to-criterion |
|
Definition
number of trials-to-criterion
Trials-to-criterion is used as a measure to determine how many trials it takes for an individual to reach a predetermined level of mastery. In this scenario, trials-to-criterion should be used since we see how many trials it takes to reach a level of mastery (10 problems in two minutes). Rate, expressed as the number of responses over time, would not be applicable here since the goal is to determine efficacy of Tobias’ teaching procedure. Percent is also not appropriate, as there is no information on the number of opportunities the learner had or the number of intervals of time. |
|
|
Term
Which of these is an example of automated measurement?
rate of independent mands, recorded onto a tablet
daily steps taken, recorded by a smartwatch
recorded duration data entered onto a computer, generating a graph
steps of a task completed independently, recorded on a checklist |
|
Definition
daily steps taken, recorded by a smartwatch
Only the smartwatch collects the data automatically. All the other choices would require data to be collected by a human! |
|
|
Term
Yoshi correctly recorded exactly 19 instances of Ai’s hand raising during class, which was confirmed by a video recording in the classroom. This agreement is an example of measurement ______.
reliability
accuracy
fluency
validity |
|
Definition
accuracy
Reliability refers to consistency in data collection, validity refers to measuring what we are interested in (as opposed to derivative measures) and fluency is just speed and accuracy. This is an example of accuracy—that the data reflect what actually happened. |
|
|
Term
Here, 5 minutes is broken into 6, 10-second intervals and the observer marks if the behavior occurs at all during the interval
WIR PIR MTS PLACHECK [image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Underestimates duration
WIR
PIR
MTS
PLACHECK |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A team meets to discuss a client engaging in high rate self-injury. The client typically bites down on his fingers or arms for several seconds to several minutes. The client will often “re-bite” the area and yell. Which would be the most preferred measure?
permanent products (injuries)
duration
percentage of intervals (PIR)
percentage |
|
Definition
duration
when in doubt, use direct measurements! |
|
|
Term
Various prompt levels are often recorded in what manner?
frequency
discrete categorization
percent of occurrence
trials to criterion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Typed pages, glassed surfboards, windows washed
rate
discrete categorization
permanent products
trials to criterion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A measure of learning efficiency
rate
discrete categorization
permanent categorization
trials to criterion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Determining observer competence, detecting observer drift and confirming behavioral variability are 3 uses of
measurement
IOA
data analysis
IOR |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Comparison of measurement with a known standard
accuracy
reliability
validity
believability |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Taking repeated measures helps ensure data will be more representative of actual responding which is to say we want ___ in our data
accuracy
reliability
validity
believability |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In percentage of occurrence, there must be
a functional definition
opportunities to respond
more successess than failures
an equal number correct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Our team is asked to consult with a family whose 8-year-old son is enduring vocal and motoric tics. Both thier family’s, school’s and behavior analyst’s observations indicate an incredibly rapid jerking of the neck and arms often accompanied by guttural noises.A great deal of research shows function-based assessments and an intervention called simplified habit reversal are often effective. What measure should we consider?
PIR
WIR
PLACHECK
MTS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Since we are taking a discontinuous measure, it might be said our measure may lack[image]
accuracy
reliability
validity
confidence |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Percentage are considered
direct measures
continuous measures
preferred measures
derivative measures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Settling on using a rate measure you have a greater chance your measure is
accurate
reliable
valid
believable |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Here, you have 100% IOA. This IOA makes your data more ____.
accurate
reliable
valid
believable
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Yuri is collecting data on Nancy’s in seat behavior at school. Nancy will often get out of her seat when she is supposed to be sitting down. Which of the following is the most appropriate interval recording methods?
Momentary time sample
PLACHECK
partial-interval
whole-interval |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
After each trial conducted during a 1:1 ABA session, Nancy records a letter next to each trial. Each letter represents the type of prompt she used to assist the learner. What type of discontinuous measurement procedure?
trials-to-criterion
discrete categorization
percent correct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When Nick is finished conducting his thesis, he counts how many trials it took his learner to master the 3 different targets. He reports the data as the number of trials to mastery per target. What type of discontinuous measurement procedure?
trials-to-criterion
discrete categorization
percent correct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Lawrence measured a tantrum to last
93 seconds. Will measured the same
tantrum at 100 seconds. They calculated IOA at 93%.
a. Total Count
b. Total Duration
c. Mean Duration-by-interval |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
• Interval 1: +
• Interval 2: -
• Interval 3: +
• Interval 4: -
• Interval 5: -
• Interval 6: +
What would be the WIR percentage of occurrence for this set of data?
A) 50%
B) 75%
C) 25%
D) 100% |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
You are a teacher that does not have an assistant, but you want to collect data on whether a specific student with lower grades is engaged in working during independent work. The class engages in independent work for 30-minutes at a time. The teacher determines that she will look to see if the student is engaged in work every 10-minutes during independent work. At the end of the first interval, the student is staring towards the front of the class, at the end of the second interval the student is writing answers on the worksheet, at the end of the third interval the student is circling answers on the worksheet.
• Interval 1: -
• Interval 2: +
• Interval 3: +
What is the percent engagement for this data set?
A) 33%
B) 67%
C) 50%
D) 25% |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cameron is a baseball coach. One of his players has been less focused during practices. He wants to check in on the player to make sure that he is engaged in pitching drills throughout practice. So he sets a timer on his watch and checks every 7 minutes to see if the player is engaged in drills. What method of recording would this be?
– A) Momentary Time Sampling
– B) PLACHECK
– C) WIR
– D) PIR |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A BCBA has 12 opportunities to provide
supervision or program modeling for a
particular client throughout the month. The BCBA attends 7 of the available sessions. Determine the percent occurrence:
– A) 58.3%
– B) 84%
– C) 12.7%
– D) 9.5% |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Alison sets her goal for studying at 100%
accuracy on 10 consecutively fluency quiz
questions within 3 attempts in 1 minute.
What would be the best measure of her
behavior?
– A) Percent of Occurrence
– B) Percent Correct
– C) Trials to Criterion
– D) Discrete Categorization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
[image]
Based on this data, what is the mean count-per-interval IOA?
A) 96%
B) 50%
C) 75%
D) 86% |
|
Definition
86%
.86+.9+1+.71+.83= 4.3
4.3/5=.86
.86x100=86 |
|
|
Term
Allen and Sandy are collecting IOA data for frequency of SIB episodes during a 3-hour session. Allen observed 12 instances, while Sandy observed 14 instances. what is the total count IOA?
85.7%
88%
86.6%
88% |
|
Definition
85.7%
dividing Allen’s 12 by Sandy’s 14 instances then multiplying by 100. |
|
|
Term
Martha and Lucy are collecting IOA data
on staff meeting times. Below shows the
duration data collection in minutes:
[image]
calculate the total duration IOA
90%
93.5%
91%
92% |
|
Definition
93.5% IOA
58 (smaller duration)/62 (larger duration)= .9354
.9354x100=93.5% |
|
|
Term
[image]
Using the above table, calculate the mean duration-per-occurrence IOA
90%
92.5%
97.8%
89.3% |
|
Definition
97.8% IOA
.94 + .97 + 1 + 1 = 3.91
3.91/4=.9775
.9775x100=97.8% |
|
|
Term
A BCBA has 12 opportunities to provide
supervision or program modeling for a
particular client throughout the month. The BCBA attends 7 of the available sessions. Determine the percent occurrence:
– A) 58.3%
– B) 84%
– C) 12.7%
– D) 9.5% |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Alison sets her goal for studying at 100%
accuracy on 10 consecutively fluency quiz
questions within 3 attempts in 1 minute.
What would be the best measure of her
behavior?
– A) Percent of Occurrence
– B) Percent Correct
– C) Trials to Criterion
– D) Discrete Categorization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
[image]
Based on this data, what is the mean count-per-interval IOA?
A) 96%
B) 50%
C) 75%
D) 86% |
|
Definition
86%
.86+.9+1+.71+.83= 4.3
4.3/5=.86
.86x100=86 |
|
|
Term
Allen and Sandy are collecting IOA data for frequency of SIB episodes during a 3-hour session. Allen observed 12 instances, while Sandy observed 14 instances. what is the total count IOA?
85.7%
88%
86.6%
88% |
|
Definition
85.7%
dividing Allen’s 12 by Sandy’s 14 instances then multiplying by 100. |
|
|
Term
[image]
Using the above table, calculate the mean duration-per-occurrence IOA
90%
92.5%
97.8%
89.3% |
|
Definition
97.8% IOA
.94 + .97 + 1 + 1 = 3.91
3.91/4=.9775
.9775x100=97.8% |
|
|
Term
[image]
Based on this data, what would be the interval-by-interval IOA?
A) 75%
B) 50%
C) 20%
D) 60% |
|
Definition
60%
# intervals agreed/total # of intervals
x100
3/5=.6
.6x100=60% |
|
|
Term
[image]
Take a minute to calculate the scored-
interval IOA for this set of data.
60%
75%
67%
80% |
|
Definition
67%
# of intervals agree for scored intervals/total number of scored intervals x100
2 intervals agreed for scored intervals/3 total intervals scored= .6666666
.66666x100=67% |
|
|
Term
[image]
Take a minute to calculate the unscored-
interval IOA for this set of data.
60%
75%
67%
80% |
|
Definition
67% IOA
# intervals agreed for unscored intervals/total # of unscored intervals
x100
2 intervals of unscored agreement/3 total intervals not score=.666666
.66666x100=67% |
|
|
Term
[image]
Using the above table, calculate the
exact count-per- interval IOA
40%
20%
50%
60% |
|
Definition
20%
1 exact match/5 observations=.2
.2x100=20% |
|
|
Term
Ben wants to increase the amount of time
Jerry participates in physical education
class. Which of these measures should Ben
immediately rule out for use?
A. Partial Interval Recording
B. Whole Interval Recording
C. Momentary Time Sampling |
|
Definition
| A. Partial Interval Recording |
|
|
Term
[image]
Shauna recorded the following data on vocal stereotypy while collecting PIR data. These data indicate that:
A. vocalizations occurred 3 times
B. vocalizations occurred 60 % of the time.
C. vocalizations occurred at least once in 60% of intervals |
|
Definition
| C. vocalizations occurred at least once in 60% of intervals |
|
|
Term
Which measure should you use?
You have been asked to increase little Johnny’s on task behavior. He is currently in a mainstream classroom with 30 students and one teacher, who will be responsible for collecting data.
A.Duration recording
B.Partial interval recording
C.Whole interval recording
D.Momentary Time sample |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which measure should you use?
Jane’s teacher would like to increase Jane’s participation in class, particularly raising her hand to answer questions.
A.Event recording
B.Duration recording
C.Percent occurrence
D.Momentary Time samp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which measure should you use?
You have been asked to work with Damian, a child who tantrums throughout the day. During your 1:1 sessions, you would want to use:
A.Event recording
B.Duration recording
C.Partial Interval recording
D.Whole Interval recording |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which measure should you use?
Bob bites himself a few times a month, causing varying degrees of tissue damage.
A.Event recording
B.Duration recording
C.Discrete categorization
D.PLACHECK |
|
Definition
Discrete categorization
- ranking intensity |
|
|
Term
Which measure should you use?
You want to increase Ms. Mundane’s effectiveness as a teacher, by determining how many of her students are on-task.
A.Event recording
B.Duration recording
C.Discrete categorization
D.PLACHECK |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Calculate the mean duration per occurrence IOA
[image]
60%
75%
50%
70% |
|
Definition
75%
Dur 1 IOA + Dur 2 IOA/number of responses with duration
1 + .75 + .75 +.5 +.75 = 3.75 / 5 =75 |
|
|
Term
Calculate the interval-by-interval (total) IOA
[image]
90%
50%
86%
80% |
|
Definition
80%
Number of agreements(8)/Number of agreements+Disagreements(10)=.8x100=80 |
|
|
Term
Calculate the scored (occurrence) IOA
[image]
90%
50%
86%
75% |
|
Definition
75%
Number of agreements(6)/Number of agreements+Disagreements(8)=.75
.75x100=75 |
|
|
Term
Calculate the unscored (nonoccurrence)
IOA
[image]
90%
50%
86%
75% |
|
Definition
50%
Number of agreements(2)/Number of agreements+Disagreements(4)=.5
.5x100=50 |
|
|
Term
Calculate the interval-by-interval (total) IOA
[image]
90%
50%
86%
80% |
|
Definition
80%
Number of agreements(8)/Number of agreements+Disagreements(10)=.8x100=80 |
|
|
Term
Calculate the scored (occurrence) IOA
[image]
90%
50%
86%
75% |
|
Definition
75%
Number of agreements(6)/Number of agreements+Disagreements(8)=.75
.75x100=75 |
|
|
Term
Calculate the unscored (nonoccurrence)
IOA
[image]
90%
50%
86%
75% |
|
Definition
50%
Number of agreements(2)/Number of agreements+Disagreements(4)=.5
.5x100=50 |
|
|
Term
During a 10-minute observation on “hitting caregiver" at daycare, Beth observed 12 instances of the target behavior, while Mary observed 14 instances of the target behavior.
What type of event recording IOA would be used to calculate IOA?
total count IOA
mean count-per-interval
exact count-per-interval |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
During a 10-minute observation on “hitting caregiver" at daycare, Beth observed 12 instances of the target behavior, while Mary observed 14 instances of the target behavior. What is the total count IOA?
90%
87%
95.4%
85.7% |
|
Definition
85.7%
smaller/bigger number x 100
12/14=.857
x 100= 85.7 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
60%
3/5 x100=60
# agreed / (# agreed + # disagreed) X 100 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| [image] Using unscored interval recording, what is the percent agreement? A. 60 B. 50 C. 70 D. 40 |
|
Definition
| 50 4. 5. 1. 9- agreed that benavior did not occur 2. 3. 4, 5, 6.7. 9,10 - EITHER said behavior did not ocur 4/8=50 |
|
|
Term
What kind of measure should we use?
We want to increase the amount of time Merlin practices magic per day.
• A. Duration recording
• B. Partial Interval Recording
• C. Whole Interval Recording
• D. Momentary Time Sampling |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What kind of measure should we use? I want to improve Donald Duck’s appropriate responses when presented with aversive situations (like having all of his acorns stolen).
• A. Event Recording
• B. Duration Recording
• C. Percent Occurrence
• D. Momentary Time Sampling |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
J. Dahmer is your new client, and mom reports that he is physically aggressive all day. During your session, you might use:
• A. Event Recording
• B. Duration Recording
• C. Percent Occurrence
• D. Momentary Time Sampling |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
You have been asked to increase Donatello’s on task behavior. He is currently in a mainstream classroom with 30 students and one teacher, who will be responsible for collecting data.
A. Duration recording
B. Partial interval recording
C. Whole interval recording
D. Momentary Time sample |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
“During baseline, Greg answered 9 out of 20 math problems correctly on Monday, 9 out of 20 on Tuesday, and 8 out of 20 on Wednesday.”
This is an example of which type of graph?
a. graphical display of data
b. data embedded in text
c. summary data in table form |
|
Definition
data embedded in text
The baseline data is expressed by using words in text rather than a data table or graph. |
|
|
Term
[image]
This is an example of which type of data display?
a. graphical display of data
b. data embedded in text
c. summary data in table form |
|
Definition
summary data in table form
Greg’s baseline data is displayed in a table rather than being displayed through text or a graph. |
|
|
Term
[image]
This is an example of which type of data display?
a. graphical display of data
b. data embedded in text
c. summary data in table form |
|
Definition
graphical display of data
Greg’s baseline data is displayed in a graph rather than being displayed through text or a data table. |
|
|
Term
Emilliene is collecting data on duration per episode of tantrums for her client over a four-week period. During sessions, she starts the stopwatch when her client starts to tantrum, then stops it when the tantrum is over. She records the total duration of tantrums that occur and graphs them as session data. Where should Emilliene indicate the sessions in which data was collected on the equal-interval line graph?
y-axis
x-axis
phase/condition line
data path |
|
Definition
x-axis
The horizontal axis on a line graph is the x-axis or abscissa. The x-axis typically represents the passage of time (e.g., sessions). The vertical axis on a line graph is the y-axis or ordinate. The y-axis typically represents the range of values of the dependent variable. The phase/condition line is a vertical line on the graph that indicates a planned or unexpected environmental change. A data path is a series of straight lines connecting each successive data point within a phase or condition. |
|
|
Term
Anton is a BCBA who is collecting data on attempts to ingest non-food items, like deodorant or dish soap. They collect data over a six-week period. For each session, Anton collects the number of attempts to gain access to the items and records them on their data sheet. At the end of the period, Anton graphs these data using an equal-interval line graph. Where should Anton indicate the number of responses per session on the graphical display?
y-axis
x-axis
phase/condition line
data path |
|
Definition
y-axis
The vertical axis on a line graph is the y-axis or ordinate. The y-axis typically represents the range of values of the dependent variable (e.g., the number of responses per session). The horizontal axis on a line graph is the x-axis or abscissa. The x-axis typically represents the passage of time (e.g., days, sessions, weeks). The phase/condition line is a vertical line on the graph that indicates a planned or unexpected environmental change. A data path is a series of straight lines connecting each successive data point within a phase or condition. |
|
|
Term
Adenike engages in hand-biting behavior multiple times a week. The BCBA, Divya, is collecting data on the number of incidents that Adenike bites her hand per session. These data are organized and graphed on an equal-interval line graph. Where would these data be indicated on the graphical display?
y-axis
x-axis
phase/condition line
data path |
|
Definition
data path
A data path is a series of straight lines connecting each successive data point within a phase or condition. In this scenario, each data point would represent the number of incidents per session. The data path would indicate the overall number of incidents across each session. The vertical axis on a line graph is the y-axis or ordinate. The y-axis typically represents the range of values of the dependent variable. The horizontal axis on a line graph is the x-axis or abscissa. The x-axis typically represents the passage of time (e.g., days, sessions, weeks). The phase/condition line is a vertical line on the graph that indicates a planned or unexpected environmental change. |
|
|
Term
Kai is a BCBA working with Preston on increasing his functional communication skills using a picture exchange system. Kai records the number of successful responses in exchanging the cards. During the treatment, Kai changes the system to an electronic system, and there is a sudden decrease in the data trend for a brief time. Where should Kai indicate the change in the communication system?
x-axis
phase/change condition
data path
y-axis |
|
Definition
phase/change condition
The phase/condition line is a vertical line on the graph that indicates a planned or unexpected environmental change. In this scenario, Kai would use a phase/condition line to represent the introduction of the electronic system. The vertical axis on a line graph is the y-axis or ordinate. The y-axis typically represents the range of values of the dependent variable. The horizontal axis on a line graph is the x-axis or abscissa. The x-axis typically represents the passage of time (e.g., days, sessions, weeks). A data path is a series of straight lines connecting each successive data point within a phase or condition. |
|
|
Term
Maha has been collecting baseline data on a client demonstrating minor self harm. During the second week, there is a sharp increase in the frequency and intensity of self harm. It is later discovered the client has impacted, infected wisdom teeth which Maha would denote on the graph with a ___.
condition change line
phase change line
data path
baseline |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify the visual display
[image]
equal interval
semi-logarithmic
histogram
cumulative record |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Harmony engaged in hitting 5 times on
Monday, 6 times on Tuesday, 10 times on
Wednesday, 11 times on Thursday, and 3
times on Friday. This would be what type of data display?
a. Graphical display
b. Data in a table
c. Celeration
d. Data embedded in text |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nicholas is reading an article. On page 3 he sees raw data organized in boxes by participant, on page 4 he reads a paragraph describing the data including the mean and range of the data sets, and on page 5 he sees a visual representation of the data on a graph. What type of data display is Nicholas looking at on page 3?
– A) Data embedded in text
– B) Data presented in a table
– C) Graphical display |
|
Definition
| Data presented in a table |
|
|
Term
[image]
In the graph, which is true?
A. There is a change in level, trend, and variability
B. There is a change in trend, but not in level
C. There is a change in level but not in trend
D. There is no change in level, trend, or variability |
|
Definition
| There is a change in level, trend, and variability |
|
|
Term
In the graph, which is true?
[image]
A. The intervention should have begun earlier.
B. The intervention appears to be effective
C. The intervention should be discontinued immediately.
D. None of the above can be ascertained. |
|
Definition
| The intervention should be discontinued immediately. |
|
|
Term
[image]
Which statement is true?
A) There is a change in trend, but no change in level
B) There is no change in trend, but a change in level
C) There is a change in trend, level, and variability
D) There is no change in trend, level, and variability |
|
Definition
| There is a change in trend, level, and variability |
|
|
Term
[image]
Which statement is true?
A) There is a change in trend, but no change in level
B) There is no change in trend, but a change in level
C) There is a change in trend, level, and variability
D) There is no change in trend, level, and variability |
|
Definition
| There is no change in trend, level, and variability |
|
|
Term
[image]
What’s missing?
A. Figure legend
B. X-axis label
C. Phase/condition lines
D. Y-axis label
E. Phase/condition labels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
[image]
What’s missing?
A. Figure legend
B. X-axis label
C. Phase/condition lines
D. Y-axis label
E. Phase/condition labels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
[image]
What’s missing?
A. Figure legend
B. X-axis label
C. Phase/condition lines
D. Y-axis label
E. Phase/condition labels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Jugo selects an answer to a poll that appears on his computer screen while he is filling out an online survey.
This is an example of a:
free operant response
restricted operant response |
|
Definition
restricted operant response
Jugo’s response (answering the poll) is restricted in that Jugo can’t answer a poll question until a question has been provided. |
|
|
Term
Juliette reads several chapters in her book each night.
This is an example of a:
free operant response
restricted operant response |
|
Definition
free operant response
Juliette could read as much or as little of her book as she wants at any point in time; this response is not restricted by a specific opportunity to respond. |
|
|
Term
Marleen recites the lines of her character in the school play throughout the day.
This is an example of a:
free operant response
restricted operant response |
|
Definition
free operant response
Marleen can recite the lines from the play any time throughout the day; her response does not require a specific opportunity to respond. |
|
|
Term
When the spelling bee judge says, “Spell the word strength” and gives her the signal, Diahann spelled “S-T-R-E-N-G-T-H.”
This is an example of a:
free operant response
restricted operant response |
|
Definition
restricted operant response
Diahann can’t spell the word until the judge provides the word to be spelled; this response is restricted by the opportunity to respond. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is an example of a free operant response?
georgia played with the doll house at her friend's house when she was invited over
melanie played with Barbie dolls every day this week
the student chose a corn dog when presented with two lunch options
ginger blinked when the bug flew in her eye |
|
Definition
melanie played with Barbie dolls every day this week
Free operant behavior is free to happen at any time. Playing with Barbie dolls does not require an opportunity to be presented, and Melanie is able to engage in that behavior at any time. In the example of Georgia, she had to be invited over in order to play with the house, which makes this a restricted operant behavior. In the example of the student, they had to be presented with two options in order to choose the corn dog, making this a restricted operant behavior. In the example of Ginger, she was engaging in the respondent behavior of blinking when a bug flew in her eye. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is an example of a restricted (discriminated) operant response?
the dog drank water every time he passed his bowl
Amir studied his vocabulary words one hours every day
Sebastian's heart rate increased when he ran a mile
Reggie said, "Thank you", after receiving a gift |
|
Definition
Reggie said, "Thank you", after receiving a gift
Restricted operant behavior requires an opportunity to respond. Reggie saying, “Thank you” in response to a gift required the opportunity of receiving the gift in order to engage in the response of expressing thanks. The dog drinking water every time he passed his water bowl did not require an opportunity to be presented, so this is free operant behavior. Additionally, studying vocabulary words did not require being given an opportunity, so this is also free operant behavior. Sebastian’s heart rate increasing after running is an example of a respondent behavior. |
|
|
Term
[image]
Analyze the data on the cumulative record for day 10. Which of the following is true?
rate of responding increased
rate of responding decreased
0 responses occured
6 responses occured |
|
Definition
0 responses occured
Each data point on a cumulative record indicates the total number of responses that have occurred up to that point in time. Since there were a total of 6 responses on day 9 and still 6 total responses on day 10, there were no additional responses that occurred on day 10. |
|
|
Term
[image]
Analyze the data on the cumulative record for day 13. Which of the following is true?
10 responses occured
1 response occured
rate of responding decreased
no change in the rate of responding |
|
Definition
1 response occured
There were a total of 9 responses on day 12 and 10 total responses on day 13, so there was an addition of 1 response on day 13. |
|
|
Term
[image]
Analyze the data on day 11. Which of the following is true?
four responses occured
no response occured
no change in the rate of responding
one response occurred |
|
Definition
four responses occured
On a cumulative record, the responses at each time are added to the total responses. On day 10, there had been 11 total responses over the course of 10 days. On day 11, the graph increases from 11 to 15, indicating that four responses occurred on day 11. |
|
|
Term
Becky is consulting with a large company to improve employee wellness. The initiative is the total number of miles that each individual employee walks a day, for several months. If individual employees are to report their total number of miles walked each day, which graphic display would be best for measuring progress towards this specific goal?
equal-interval line
cumulative record
semilogaritmic graph
bar graph |
|
Definition
| cumulative record While an equal-interval line graph, or a semilogarithmic graph could be used to display these data, since the target behavior of walking has a terminal goal and employees will receive feedback on their performance, the best choice from the list is the cumulative record. |
|
|
Term
Yolanda is working with an adolescent named Ben who is having trouble making friends at school. His peers often tease him during the school day for smelling bad. Yolanda designs a program to teach Ben to shower each morning before going to school. Given this information, which graphic display would be the best for Yolanda to use when analyzing these data?
equal-interval line
cumulative record
semilogaritmic graph
bar graph |
|
Definition
cumulative record
Showering is a behavior that is likely to be targeted to occur just once per day, so in this case the cumulative record would be the clearest for demonstrating the effectiveness of the intervention on behavior. |
|
|
Term
Sandy is working to win the exercise contest in her class for the year. She is focused on running every day and wants to collect data on her progress, including being able to see how many miles she has run over the course of her training. Given this information, which graphic display would be the best to measure progress towards this specific goal?
equal-interval line
cumulative record
standard celeration chart
bar graph |
|
Definition
cumulative record
Cumulative records are appropriate when someone is tracking progress toward an overall goal. In this example, a cumulative record will allow Sandy to track how many miles she runs per day, and how many miles she has run total. An equal-interval line graph would allow her to track daily progress but not how far she has run in total. A bar graph would not be able to show either of those dimensions accurately on an ongoing basis. A standard celeration chart could show daily progress and overall celeration but not her total miles run during her training. |
|
|
Term
Bob, a BCBA, developed a plan to help his client, Grant, lose weight. Grant has a history of being overweight, trying out a plan, and becoming discouraged at any setback or perceived setback. Bob wants to graph Grant’s progress weekly. Which graphic display would be best for providing feedback to Grant?
equal-interval line
cumulative record
standard celeration chart
bar graph |
|
Definition
cumulative record
Cumulative records are appropriate when someone is tracking progress toward an overall goal. In this example, losing weight is a very personal goal, and tracking via a cumulative record allows Grant to see his ongoing progress both weekly and across his program; additionally, the progress will only ever increase or stay stable, and will not have downward data points which may be discouraging. Using an equal interval line graph would show any slower weeks as downward trending data points, and so may not work best in this situation. A bar graph is effective for summarizing data, but not for tracking ongoing progress. A standard celeration graph shows rate of behavior per minute, which is not the most appropriate for measuring the permanent product of pounds lost. |
|
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Term
Keisha is working with Sal to increase his independence in caring for his dog. Sal is expected to walk his dog every day upon returning home from school. Keisha trains Sal to record whether he has walked his dog each night and present the results to his parents. Given this information, which graphic display would be best for analyzing these data?
equal-interval line
cumulative record
standard celeration chart
bar graph |
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Definition
cumulative record
Cumulative records are appropriate when someone is tracking progress toward an overall goal. In this example, a cumulative record will allow Sal to graph each day, and to show either that his graph has increased if he completed the behavior or remained stable if he has not, with a trend being clearly visible. If he were to use an equal-interval graph, the data would be 100 or 0 each day, and it would be challenging to see any type of trend. A bar graph is effective for summarizing data, but not for tracking ongoing progress. A standard celeration chart shows rate per minute of behavior, and so is not the best choice for tracking a behavior that only can occur once per day. |
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Term
[image]
Graphs A and B both compare the same data for Tx 1 and Tx 2 on a behavior targeted for increase. Looking at these graphs, which intervention is most effective?
Tx 1
Tx 2
no clear effective intervention |
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Definition
Tx 1
The goal here is increasing this behavior, and Treatment 1 resulted in more responses than Treatment 2, so it appears that Treatment 1 is likely more effective than Treatment 2. |
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Term
[image]
Graphs A and B both compare the same data for Tx 1 and Tx 2. Which data display makes it easier to identify the effective intervention?
Graphs A
Graphs B |
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Definition
B
Due to the number of responses that occurred on any given day, it was difficult to see a clear difference in the two treatments by looking at Graph A. By displaying the same data in a cumulative record (Graph B), it becomes evident that Treatment 1 resulted in more target behavior responses than Treatment 2. |
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Term
The Standard Celeration Chart is an exact descendant of which graphic display?
cumulative record
equal interval line graph
bar graph |
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Definition
cumulative record
The Standard Celeration Chart directly stems from the traditions of B. F. Skinner in his basic operant laboratory. |
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Term
Which part of the SCC reflects a measure of frequency/rate (count per minute)?
celeration fan
celeration line
vertical or y axis
horizontal or x axis |
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Definition
vertical or y axis
The celeration fan is used as a quick comparison for celeration lines drawn through a data path and will indicate a change in rate across a period of time. The horizontal x-axis tracks the passage of time while the vertical y-axis displays the measure of behavior, converted to rate per minute. |
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Term
The amount of time spent observing and recording (the recording period) on the SCC refers to the:
counting time floor
celeration line
celeration fan |
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Definition
counting time floor
Sometimes called the “behavior floor,” the counting time floor is the amount of time spent observing and recording the behavior of interest. |
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Term
[image]
Which of the following is true about these data?
durations are decreasing (getting shorter)
latencies are increasing (getting longer)
latencies are decreasing (getting shorter)
durations are increasing (getting longer) |
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Definition
latencies are increasing (getting longer)
On a standard celeration chart, durations, latencies, and rate can all be charted. Latencies are drawn as a forward slash (/) while durations are drawn as a backslash (\). Here, we are looking at latencies. We also see a decreasing trend, where latencies are increasing and getting longer. As we move down the y-axis, the times get longer and longer. For example, moving from one response per minute to one response per 10 minutes means that time is increasing. Here, latencies are also increasing as the data are plotted on a decreasing trend. |
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Term
[image]
How much time was spent observing and recording?
1.2 seconds
0.02 seconds
1 min
5 min
50 min |
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Definition
50 mins
The dash indicating the counting time floor is on the 0.02 line. This means that 1 minute divided by the amount of time spent observing and recording is 0.02; if we divide 1 by 0.02, that will tell us that we spent 50 minutes observing and recording (1 minute divided by 50 minutes equals 0.02). |
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Term
[image]
How much time was spent observing and recording?
0 mins
0.5 mins
1 min
2 mins
6 mins |
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Definition
0.5 mins
The dash indicating the counting time floor is on the 2 line. This means that 1 minute divided by the amount of time spent observing and recording is 2; if we divide 1 by 2, that will tell us that we spent 0.5 minutes (30 seconds) observing and recording (1 minute divided by ½ minute equals 2) |
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Term
[image]
What was the frequency (rate) of correct responses?
0 responses per min
2 responses per min
3 responses per min
6 responses per min |
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Definition
6 responses per min
The dot indicating the rate of correct responses is on the 6 line. This means that we observed an average rate of 6 responses per minute. Notice that the counting time floor is on the “2” line indicating a 30-second observation. This means we did not observe for a full minute and record six responses, but we observed a count of 3 responses, which (given a 30-second observation), gives us an average rate of six responses per minute. |
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Term
[image]
What was the latency to respond?
2 mins
30 seconds
1 min |
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Definition
30 seconds
The slash indicating the latency is on the “2” line. This means that 1 minute divided by the latency to respond is 2; if we divide 1 by 2, that will tell us that the latency was 0.5 minutes (30 seconds). |
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Term
[image]
What was the frequency (rate) correct and incorrect?
0.06 correct and 0.04 incorrect per min
0.06 correct and 2 incorrect per min
30 correct and 2 incorrect per min
30 correct and 0.04 incorrect per min |
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Definition
0.06 correct and 0.04 incorrect per min
The dot indicating the rate of correct responses is on the 0.6 line, meaning there was an average rate of 0.6 responses per minute, or 6 responses every 10 minutes. The x indicating the rate of incorrect responses is on the 0.04 line, indicating an average rate of 0.04 responses per minute, or 4 responses every 100 minutes. |
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Term
[image]
What is the value of this celeration line?
x1 celeration
x10 celeration
/1 celeration
/10 celeration |
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Definition
x10 celeration
This celeration line crosses the “1” line on a Sunday and the “10” line on the following Sunday, indicating a times 10 celeration. |
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Term
[image]
What is the value of this celeration line?
x1 celeration
x10 celeration
/1 celeration
/10 celeration |
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Definition
/10 celeration
This celeration line crosses the “1” line on a Sunday and the “10” line on the prior Sunday, indicating a divide 10 celeration. |
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Term
Cora is polling BCBAs to determine their preference in methods when delivering caregiver trainings. The methods being compared are group workshops, telehealth, in-person at a clinic, or in-person at the client’s home. Given this information, which graphic display would be the best for Cora to use?
equal-interval line graph
cumulative record
standard celeration chart
bar graph |
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Definition
bar graph
The equal-interval, cumulative record, and SCC are all ideal for data that are collected and displayed across the passage of time. The data that Cora is collecting is not time-series data, but on the preference for different categories (types of caregiver trainings), which is the ideal use for the bar graph. |
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Term
To determine where to place the counting time floor on the celeration chart:
A. Multiply the observation period in minutes by 1/60
B. Divide the observation period by the frequency
C. Divide the observation period by 360 to express it in seconds
D. Divide 1 by the observation period |
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Definition
| d. Divide 1 by the observation period |
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Term
| To determine where to place a data point on the celeration chart: A. Multiply the frequency by 1/60 B. Divide the frequency by the observation period in minutes C. Divide the frequency byt he observation periods in seconds D. Divide 1 by the frequency. |
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Definition
| Divide the frequency by the observation period in minutes |
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Term
Mari sings a song in her head throughout the day.
A) Free operant response
B) Restricted operant response |
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Definition
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Term
[image]
Which statement is true of the data displayed on day 4?
A)You read 7 articles
B)You read 2 articles
C) You didn’t read any articles
D)You didn’t read enough articles |
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Definition
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Term
[image]
Which statement is true of the data displayed on day 10?
A)You read 17 articles
B) You read 2 articles
C) You didn’t read any articles
D)You didn’t read enough articles |
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Definition
| c. You didn’t read any articles |
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Term
Mariah checks the panic buttons at work every Friday to ensure they are in working condition. She keeps forgetting to do this, so the BCBA puts in an intervention to increase her panic button checking. The data are recorded as yes/no every Friday. Which of the following graphical displays would be most appropriate?
A) Cumulative record
B) Semilogarithmic graph C) Bar graph
D) None of the above |
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Definition
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Term
Fin just ran a preference assessment using a variety of toys. He wants to summarize the data in a graphic format. Which of the following graphical displays would be most appropriate?
A) Cumulativerecord
B) Semilogarithmic graph
C) Bar graph
D) None of the above |
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Definition
|
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Term
[image]
What’s the celeration value?
A) X2
B) /2
C) X4
D) /4 |
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Definition
|
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Term
[image]
What’s the celeration value?
A) X2
B) /2
C) X4
D) /4 |
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Definition
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Term
[image]
What’s the rate of correct responses?
A) 6 per minute
B) 4 per minute
C) 10 per minute
D) 5 per minute |
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Definition
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Term
How do I indicate a rate of zero responses (i.e., the behavior did not occur)
A) Data point on the record floor
B) Data point just below the “time bar”
C) Data point slightly above the “time bar”
D) Data point on the zero line |
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Definition
Data point just below the “time bar”
[image] |
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Term
[image]
Which one is true about this daily record?
A) The behavior occurred zero times
B) The behavior occurred 50 times in 1 minute
C) The behavior was 50 minutes long
D) The counting time floor was 2 minutes |
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Definition
| The behavior occurred 50 times in 1 minute |
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Term
Sally plays her flute that she has available in her room for 3 hours each night. This would be an example of:
Free Operant Behavior
Restricted Operant Behavior |
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Definition
|
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Term
Alejandro is at the ice cream shop and asks the cashier for a scoop of chocolate ice cream. This would be an example of:
Free Operant Behavior
Restricted Operant Behavior |
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Definition
| Restricted Operant Behavior |
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Term
Matt is trying to increase the number of homes his company builds a year. He tracks the number of homes he builds each month. His goal is to reach 50 homes for the year. Given this information, which method of graphing would be the best for Matt to measure progress towards his goal?
a. Equal-Interval Line Graph
b. Cumulative Record
c. Bar Graph
d. Semilogarithmic graph |
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Definition
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Term
Fred, a clinical director wants to simplify and summarize data for the CEO of his ABA company to show a comparison of his supervisees average number of targets ran per session when utilizing a new software versus paper data. Given this information, which method of graphing would be the best for Fred to use?
a. Equal-Interval Line Graph
b. Cumulative Record
c. Bar Graph
d. Semilogarithmic graph |
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Definition
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Term
A behavior analyst is measuring how often a student pushes peers while at school. A time-out procedure is put in place in an attempt to reduce pushing. Which of the following is considered the IV?
the student
number of punches
the time-out procedure
the school |
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Definition
the time-out procedure
Treatment is considered the independent variable (IV), while changes in behavior we measure are the dependent variable (DV). An easy way to remember this is: changes in behavior depend on changes in the environment. Therefore, changes in behavior are the dependent variable. This ASR asks to identify the independent variable, which is the intervention. |
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Term
A behavior analyst is measuring how often a student pushes peers while at school. A time-out procedure is put in place in an attempt to reduce pushing. Which of the following is considered the DV?
the student
number of punches
the time-out procedure
the school |
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Definition
number of punches
Treatment is considered the independent variable (IV), while changes in behavior we measure are the dependent variable (DV). An easy way to remember this is: changes in behavior depend on changes in the environment. Therefore, changes in behavior are the dependent variable. This ASR asks to identify the dependent variable, which is the behavior of the student. |
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Term
Dawson is a BCBA evaluating the effects of an intervention to increase students’ exercise. He gives students tokens based on the total distance they walk each day during gym class. The longer the distance, the more tokens they receive. The tokens can be exchanged for fun items at the school store. Initially, Dawson has the students walk without receiving any tokens or specific instructions; after a few days, he initiates the token system. After several days of running the experiment, Dawson learns that a student’s parents are also giving the student extra allowance for each day the student earns at least five tokens.
Which of the following is the dependent variable in this scenario?
money provided by the parents
total distance walked each session
tokens provided contingent on distance walked
fun items in the school store |
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Definition
total distance walked each session
In this scenario, the dependent variable is the total distance the students walk during each session in gym class. Remember that the dependent variable is the one being studied to see the effects of another variable that is being manipulated (i.e., independent variable). In other words, the dependent variable is the response dimension being measured to study the effects of a manipulated variable. The tokens provided contingent on distance walked would be considered the independent variable in this scenario. The independent variable is the one being manipulated, typically an environmental event or stimulus class. Tokens were provided as an exercise intervention meant to increase the distance walked in gym (i.e., dependent variable). The money provided by the parents would be considered an extraneous variable. Extraneous variables are events considered unrelated to the independent variable which might have an effect on the dependent variable. The exercise intervention did not include money from the parents. Fun items in the school store would more closely relate to the independent variable than the independent variable. Specifically, they are the items meant to serve as reinforcers provided contingent on increasing walking distances. |
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Term
Eli is a student who only willingly eats three foods: cake, French fries, and watermelon. The BCBA wishes to increase the variety of foods Eli will eat willingly. The BCBA implements a procedure where a very small amount of non-preferred food is presented to Eli. If he consumes the food, he immediately receives two bites of one of his preferred foods. Ten presentations per day of a non-preferred food occur. If Eli does not accept the bite after five seconds, the trial is ended. The BCBA monitors the percentage of successful bites out of the total number of trials each session. During this intervention Mom takes Eli to the dentist and Eli has three cavities filled. During the next several sessions, Eli refuses all foods and then again begins to initiate trying bites of non-preferred foods.
Which of the following is the independent variable in this scenario?
a. the three cavities that were filled at the dentist
b. the percentage of successful bites of non-preferred food consumed
c. access to preferred food contingent on consumption of non-preferred food
d. the three preferred food items |
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Definition
access to preferred food contingent on consumption of non-preferred food
Based on this scenario, the independent variable is access to preferred food contingent on consumption of a non-preferred food. Remember that the independent variable is the one being manipulated, typically an environmental event or stimulus class. The preferred food was manipulated in that it was provided based on the percentage of bites consumed of the non-preferred food. In this case the percentage of successful bites of non-preferred food is considered the dependent variable. The dependent variable is the one being studied to see the effects of another variable that is being manipulated (i.e., independent variable). In other words, the dependent variable is the response dimension being measured to study the effects of a manipulated variable. The three cavities that were filled at the dentist would be considered an extraneous variable. Extraneous variables are events considered unrelated to the independent variable which might have an effect on the dependent variable. The food program did not include a trip to the dentist, and this appeared to influence the percentage of successful bites of non-preferred food. The three preferred food items might be considered a threat to internal validity, specifically history. |
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Term
A school BCBA wants to assess if a reading curriculum is improving children’s sight-reading abilities. The teacher presents three weekly lessons from the direct-instruction reading program. The BCBA checks progress with a daily fluency drill, counting the number of sight words the children answer correctly in one minute. Sometimes the BCBA tests first thing in the morning; at other times, just before lunch, but the fluency drill is presented daily, and each child’s score is recorded as a rate of accurate responding.
Which of the following is most likely an example of testing effects in this scenario?
a. direct instruction reading program
b. rate of accurate responding
c. daily fluency drill
d. time of day the fluency drill is presented |
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Definition
daily fluency drill
The example of testing effects in this scenario would be the daily fluency drill the BCBA has with each of the children. Remember that threats to internal validity are anything that compromises the demonstration of empirical control in an experiment. Testing is one of these threats which occurs when changes in the dependent variable may have come about as a result of repeated exposure to the experimental arrangements. Since the fluency drill was not a direct part of the independent variable, it would be considered a threat to internal validity. Specifically, a testing threat due to repeated exposure. The direct instruction reading program would be considered the independent variable in this scenario. The independent variable is the condition being manipulated; typically, an environmental event or stimulus class. The rate of accurate responding would be considered the dependent variable in this scenario. The dependent variable is the one being studied to see its effects on another variable that is being manipulated (i.e., independent variable). The reading curriculum was being manipulated (i.e., independent variable) to see the effects it had on accurate rate of responding (i.e., dependent variable). The time of day the fluency drill is presented may be considered an extraneous variable in this scenario. Extraneous variables are events considered unrelated to the independent variable which might influence the dependent variable. Although it is not clear from the scenario, time of day may have an impact on the rate of accurate responding. |
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Term
Don is a used car salesman. An incentive plan is introduced to increase the number of sales that Don makes. However, at the start of the intervention Don inherits $250,000. His sales do not increase, and the plan is therefore judged to be a failure. Which threat to internal validity does this describe?
diffusion of treatment
histroy
maturation
attrition |
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Definition
history
Inheriting $250,000 is a life event that coincides with the implementation of treatment. We consider this type of event a “history” effect. There is no information in this scenario that suggests treatment was implemented when it was not supposed to be. Therefore, diffusion of treatment is not suspected. There is no indication that the person’s biology or natural development coincided with treatment—so, maturation is not a likely factor. |
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Term
Researchers are scoring Jimmy's words-per-minute read. Shortly after the treatment began, Jimmy's eyesight began to get much worse, and words read does not improve. The treatment was deemed a failure. What sort of threat seems to be involved?
instrumentation
diffusion of treatment
testing
maturation |
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Definition
maturation
Deterioration of Jimmy’s eyesight is a biological event that coincided with the introduction of treatment. We consider this type of event “maturation.” There is no indication treatment was introduced when it was not supposed to be implemented—making diffusion of treatment not likely. There is no mention of problems with data collection, which eliminates any suspicion of instrumentation. There is no information showing behavior improved as a result of practice in the absence of treatment, which rules out testing as a potential threat. |
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Term
Which would be the best example of testing as a threat to internal validity?
An intervention is put in place to reduce the amount of time spent writing reports.
a. A technician also injures a finger around the same time
b. The employee has increased opportunities to practice writing
c. The timer used to track writing often spontaneously resets |
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Definition
b. The employee has increased opportunities to practice writing
Testing can occur as a result of practice. Therefore, practicing writing will clearly be related to testing. Injury is not related to testing, but it could represent a history effect. Problems with the timer is not related to testing, but it would illustrate instrumentation as a threat. |
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Term
A manager is attempting an intervention to increase productivity. Initial measures were even lower than expected, but she does not have time to continue baseline, which may have provided more representative data. The measures after intervention were slightly higher, making results difficult to interpret. Which threat is mostly likely present?
history
diffusion of treatment
regression towards the mean
attrition |
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Definition
regression towards the mean
Regression towards the mean could be a threat when there are few measures to detect any outliers—non-representative measures. There is no indication in this scenario that there was another intervention or life event that coincided with the implementation of treatment, which rules out a potential history effect. Nothing suggests treatment conditions were implemented when they were not supposed to be introduced. As a result, diffusion of treatment is not likely. |
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Term
A therapist needs to deliver instructions every 30 seconds but does not have a reliable timer. Which type of threat to internal validity is this?
history
testing
instrumentation
diffusion of treatment |
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Definition
instrumentation
Problems with data collection exemplify instrumentation as a threat. History doesn’t seem to be a threat since there is no indication another intervention or a life event coincided with the implementation of treatment. Testing is not likely, because there is no description of any type of practice effect. Diffusion of treatment is not suspected because the scenario doesn’t show treatment was implemented in a condition it was not supposed to be. |
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Term
A teacher has noticed that delivering attention for appropriate behavior was effective for one child in a study, and they begin to apply it to all children before intended. Which type of threat to internal validity is this?
history
testing
instrumentation
diffusion of treatment |
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Definition
diffusion of treatment
Implementing treatment when it is not prescribed illustrates diffusion of treatment. Maturity could be suspected when the person’s biology or development would coincide with treatment, which is not the case in this scenario. Testing can be a threat when performance improves as a result of practice, which is not indicated in this scenario. Instrumentation would be a threat when there are problems with measurement; but this is not suggested in this scenario. |
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Term
A company implements a new training program with the hopes of increasing employee sales. However, the company specifically only selects employees who are the top sellers with the hopes of making these employees’ sales skills even better. Specifically, picking employees who are only the top sellers is which potential type of threat?
attrition
selection bias
regression towards the mean
history |
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Definition
selection bias
Selection bias can take place when one compares groups and the process of selecting the group members might be biased in some way. Attrition could be a threat when one loses participants during a treatment evaluation—but this is not suggested in this scenario. Regression towards the mean would be suspected when there are few data points and non-representative data are collected. There is not evidence this is the case in this scenario. History might be a threat when there is a life event, or another intervention introduced close to the implementation of treatment—this is not described in this scenario. |
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Term
Which of the following is the best example of attrition?
A. a group study includes more experienced employees in the test condition
b. Initial measures include data from inexperienced interns whoa re not working when post-intervention data are collected |
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Definition
b. Initial measures include data from inexperienced interns whoa re not working when post-intervention data are collected
Attrition is a threat when one loses participants during treatment evaluation. Since inexperienced interns were not included during post-treatment, this would make attrition a threat. Including experienced employees in test conditions would be a closer example to selection bias. |
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Term
Which best describes extraneous variables?
a. events unrelated to the IV that are intentionally manipulated
b. events unrelated to the IV that may affect the DV
c. Additional parameters of the IV that are continually adjusted |
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Definition
b. events unrelated to the IV that may affect the DV
Extraneous variables would be non-treatment events that could influence the dependent variable (behavior). If unrelated events are intentionally manipulated, their potential effect would be controlled. Adjusting parameters of the independent variable would be part of the intervention and would not be considered extraneous variables. |
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Term
A student frequently throws pencils, paper, and other items at fellow students. The BCBA decides to develop an intervention. After collecting baseline data, a DRO procedure is implemented. On the same day as the DRO procedure is initiated, the principal of the school initiates a week-long observation of the teacher and class, remaining in the room throughout the day and frequently interacting with students and teacher. The teacher is frequently distracted by the principal and begins to record the number of episodes of throwing instead of every instance.
Which of the following is most likely to be an extraneous variable in this scenario?
a. the use of a DRO procedure
b. the frequency of items thrown
c. the change from frequency of individual items thrown to frequency of throwing episodes
d. the presence of the principal in the room |
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Definition
d. the presence of the principal in the room
In this scenario, the presence of the principal is most likely to be an extraneous variable. Remember that extraneous variables are events considered unrelated to the independent variable which might have an effect on the dependent variable. The presence of the principal was not part of the DRO procedure. The DRO procedure would be considered the independent variable in this scenario. The independent variable is the condition being manipulated, typically an environmental event or stimulus class. The frequency of items thrown would most likely be the dependent variable in this scenario. The dependent variable is the one being studied to see its effects on another variable that is being manipulated (i.e., independent variable). The DRO procedure was being manipulated (i.e., independent variable) to see the effects it had on frequency of items thrown or frequency of episodes of throwing (i.e., dependent variable). Changing the measurement from frequency of individual items thrown to frequency of episodes of throwing might best be categorized as a threat to internal validity; specifically, instrumentation. Threats to internal validity are anything that compromises the demonstration of empirical control in an experiment. Instrumentation is one of these threats which occurs when changes in behavior may reflect changes in the measurement system rather than effects of the independent variable. It is possible that the data may become skewed once the episodes of throwing are measured, instead of the frequency of individual items thrown. |
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Term
What confound is identified when changes in the dependent variable are attributable to the order of the experimental conditions?
carryover effect
sequence effect
multiple-treatment interference
cyclical variability |
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Definition
sequence effect
Sequence effects, as the name implies, are the product of the order in which experimental conditions are introduced. Carryover effects are illustrated by a continuation of an effect across experimental conditions. Multiple-treatment interference would be the result of alternating treatment, which would interfere with the effects of a treatment in isolation. |
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Term
An uncontrolled variable suspected to exert influence on a dependent variable is known as what?
confound
sequence effect
multiple-treatment interference
cyclical variability |
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Definition
confound
An uncontrolled variable suspected to exert influence on a dependent variable is known as a confound. Sequence effects, carryover effects, and multiple-treatment interference are examples of confounds related to experimental designs. |
|
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Term
Which best describes extraneous variables?
a. events unrelated to the IV that are intentionally manipulated
b. events unrelated to the IV that may affect the DV
c. Additional parameters of the IV that are continually adjusted |
|
Definition
b. events unrelated to the IV that may affect the DV
Extraneous variables would be non-treatment events that could influence the dependent variable (behavior). If unrelated events are intentionally manipulated, their potential effect would be controlled. Adjusting parameters of the independent variable would be part of the intervention and would not be considered extraneous variables. |
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Term
A student frequently throws pencils, paper, and other items at fellow students. The BCBA decides to develop an intervention. After collecting baseline data, a DRO procedure is implemented. On the same day as the DRO procedure is initiated, the principal of the school initiates a week-long observation of the teacher and class, remaining in the room throughout the day and frequently interacting with students and teacher. The teacher is frequently distracted by the principal and begins to record the number of episodes of throwing instead of every instance.
Which of the following is most likely to be an extraneous variable in this scenario?
a. the use of a DRO procedure
b. the frequency of items thrown
c. the change from frequency of individual items thrown to frequency of throwing episodes
d. the presence of the principal in the room |
|
Definition
d. the presence of the principal in the room
In this scenario, the presence of the principal is most likely to be an extraneous variable. Remember that extraneous variables are events considered unrelated to the independent variable which might have an effect on the dependent variable. The presence of the principal was not part of the DRO procedure. The DRO procedure would be considered the independent variable in this scenario. The independent variable is the condition being manipulated, typically an environmental event or stimulus class. The frequency of items thrown would most likely be the dependent variable in this scenario. The dependent variable is the one being studied to see its effects on another variable that is being manipulated (i.e., independent variable). The DRO procedure was being manipulated (i.e., independent variable) to see the effects it had on frequency of items thrown or frequency of episodes of throwing (i.e., dependent variable). Changing the measurement from frequency of individual items thrown to frequency of episodes of throwing might best be categorized as a threat to internal validity; specifically, instrumentation. Threats to internal validity are anything that compromises the demonstration of empirical control in an experiment. Instrumentation is one of these threats which occurs when changes in behavior may reflect changes in the measurement system rather than effects of the independent variable. It is possible that the data may become skewed once the episodes of throwing are measured, instead of the frequency of individual items thrown. |
|
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Term
What confound is identified when changes in the dependent variable are attributable to the order of the experimental conditions?
carryover effect
sequence effect
multiple-treatment interference
cyclical variability |
|
Definition
sequence effect
Sequence effects, as the name implies, are the product of the order in which experimental conditions are introduced. Carryover effects are illustrated by a continuation of an effect across experimental conditions. Multiple-treatment interference would be the result of alternating treatment, which would interfere with the effects of a treatment in isolation. |
|
|
Term
An uncontrolled variable suspected to exert influence on a dependent variable is known as what?
confound
sequence effect
multiple-treatment interference
cyclical variability |
|
Definition
confound
An uncontrolled variable suspected to exert influence on a dependent variable is known as a confound. Sequence effects, carryover effects, and multiple-treatment interference are examples of confounds related to experimental designs. |
|
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Term
Bridget is testing out how different durations of break from task (15 s vs. 30 s) affect the rate of acquisition. Which type of analysis is she likely conducting?
demonstrative
parametric |
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Definition
parametric
A parametric analysis evaluates the effects of different levels of treatment. A demonstrative analysis evaluates the effectiveness of an intervention. Since Bridget is testing different durations of a break, this would correspond to a parametric analysis. |
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Term
Which is an example of a demonstrative analysis?
examing whether or not popcorn serves as a reinforcer
examing how different amounts of popcorn affect performance |
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Definition
examing whether or not popcorn serves as a reinforcer
A parametric analysis evaluates the effects of different levels of treatment. A demonstrative analysis evaluates the effectiveness of an intervention. |
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Term
Which one describes a component analysis?
a. identifying what parts of a multipart IV are necessary to produce change
b. examining the effects of differeng IV values on DV |
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Definition
a. identifying what parts of a multipart IV are necessary to produce change
A component analysis is used to assess the effect of separate components of a multicomponent intervention. A parametric analysis, on the other hand, examines the effects of different levels, or values, of treatment. |
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Term
Which is the best example of a component analysis?
a. evaluating how different lengths of delay to rx affect performance
b. evaluating the use of rx fr replacement behavior, extinction, and prompting vs reinforcement and prompting alone |
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Definition
A component analysis is used to assess the effect of separate components of a multicomponent intervention. Subsequently, the best example in this scenario is evaluating whether differential reinforcement, extinction, prompting versus reinforcement, or prompting alone would have an effect. Evaluating different lengths of delay of reinforcement would be an example of a parametric analysis.
b. evaluating the use of rx fr replacement behavior, extinction, and prompting vs reinforcement and prompting alone |
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Term
Naomi would like to determine the impact self-monitoring will have on decreasing skin-picking behavior. This is an example of which type of analysis?
parametric analysis
component analysis
demonstrative analysis
comparative analysis |
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Definition
demonstrative analysis
Naomi wanting to determine the impact self-monitoring will have on decreasing skin-picking behavior is an example of a demonstrative analysis. Remember that a demonstrative analysis seeks to determine the extent to which an intervention is effective. In other words, the goal of a demonstrative analysis is to demonstrate the extent to which a particular intervention is effective at changing behavior. Naomi was interested in seeing how effective the self-monitoring procedure would be in decreasing behavior, which describes a demonstrative analysis. A parametric analysis looks at the effects of various levels of an independent variable on behavior. In other words, a parametric analysis looks at different degrees or dimensions of an independent variable (IV) to see at which level the IV is effective. If Naomi was interested in testing out different levels of the self-monitoring (e.g., monitoring once a week, two to three times a week, or daily), this example would more closely resemble a parametric analysis. A component analysis is an analysis to identify what part(s) of a multi-part or combined intervention are necessary to produce change. In other words, a component analysis looks at what aspects of a multiple or packaged intervention are critical to producing behavior change. If Naomi had assessed several components of self-monitoring (e.g., data recording, writing behavioral definitions, contriving reinforcers) separately to determine which was most effective, this would more closely resemble a component analysis. A comparative analysis looks at the differential effects between two or more independent variables on the dependent variable. In other words, a comparative analysis looks at (compares) the effects of different interventions or independent variables on a dependent variable. If Naomi compared self-monitoring to one or more other interventions, this would more closely resemble a comparative analysis. |
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Term
The BCBA is interested in improving her RBTs’ proficiency in data collection procedures. The BCBA is experimenting to evaluate if a token economy or a monthly bonus system will be more effective at improving the target behavior. This is an example of which type of analysis?
parametric analysis
component analysis
demonstrative analysis
comparative analysis |
|
Definition
comparative analysis
In this example, the BCBA is comparing the effectiveness of two separate procedures, which describes a comparative analysis. Remember that a comparative analysis looks at the differential effects between two or more independent variables on the dependent variable. In other words, a comparative analysis looks at (compares) the effects of different interventions or independent variables on a dependent variable. The two independent variables being compared in this example are the token economy and the monthly bonus system; the dependent variable being measured is proficiency of data collection procedures. A demonstrative analysis seeks to determine the extent to which an intervention is effective at changing behavior. If the BCBA was interested in seeing how effective just one of these interventions (i.e., token economy or monthly bonus system) would be at increasing data collection behavior, this would more closely describe a demonstrative analysis. A parametric analysis looks at the effects of various levels of an independent variable on behavior. In other words, a parametric analysis looks at different degrees or dimensions of an independent variable (IV) to see at which level the IV is effective. If the BCBA was interested in testing out different levels of one of these interventions (i.e., token economy or monthly bonus system), this example would more closely resemble a parametric analysis. A component analysis is an analysis to identify what part(s) of a multi-part or combined intervention are necessary to produce change. In other words, a component analysis looks at what aspects of a multiple or packaged intervention are critical to producing behavior change. If the BCBA had assessed one of the components of either intervention separately to determine which was most effective, this would more closely resemble a component analysis. |
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Term
Xavier receives a packaged intervention to reduce severe self-injurious behavior. Initially the BCBA focused on teaching a functionally equivalent replacement behavior. To further reduce the self-injurious behavior, a contingent-effort consequence was introduced following each instance of the behavior. Lastly, the BCBA adds a DRO procedure, all the while monitoring the rate of self-injurious behavior. The BCBA then isolates each intervention to determine which is most effective. This is an example of which type of analysis?
parametric analysis
component analysis
demonstrative analysis
comparative analysis |
|
Definition
component analysis
In this example, the BCBA isolates each intervention of the packaged intervention to determine which is most effective. This is an example of a component analysis. Remember that a component analysis is used to identify what part(s) of a multi-part or combined intervention are necessary to produce change. Since the BCBA was interested in isolating aspects of the packaged intervention, they were completing a component analysis.
A demonstrative analysis seeks to determine the extent to which an intervention is effective at changing behavior. If the BCBA was interested in seeing how effective the packaged intervention was overall at decreasing self-injurious behavior, this would more closely describe a demonstrative analysis.
A parametric analysis looks at the effects of various levels of an independent variable on behavior to see at which level it is effective. If the BCBA was interested in testing out different levels of the packaged intervention (e.g., simple to complex replacement behaviors, varying levels of contingent effort, varying schedules of reinforcement), this example would more closely resemble a parametric analysis.
A comparative analysis looks at the differential effects between two or more independent variables on the dependent variable. If the BCBA compared the packaged intervention to one or more other interventions, this would more closely resemble a comparative analysis.
A component analysis is an analysis to identify what part(s) of a multi-part or combined intervention are necessary to produce change. If the BCBA had assessed several components of the intervention separately to determine which was most effective, this would more closely resemble a component analysis. |
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Term
The BCBA is implementing a procedure to maintain Joe’s appropriate behavior of answering teaching questions in class. The BCBA tests which schedule—a VR 2, VR 4 or VR 8—is sufficient to maintain the behavior. This is an example of which type of analysis?
parametric analysis
component analysis
demonstrative analysis
comparative analysis |
|
Definition
parametric analysis
in this example the BCBA tests varying levels or degrees of a schedule of reinforcement (i.e., VR2, VR4, VR8). This describes a parametric analysis. Remember that a parametric analysis looks at the effects of various levels of an independent variable on behavior to see at which level the IV is effective. Testing the schedule of reinforcement at different amounts or levels is considered a parametric analysis. a component analysis is used to identify what part(s) of a multi-part or combined intervention are necessary to produce change. Since the BCBA was interested in isolating aspects of the packaged intervention, they were completing a component analysis. A demonstrative analysis seeks to determine the extent to which an intervention is effective at changing behavior. If the BCBA was interested in seeing how effective the packaged intervention was overall at decreasing self-injurious behavior, this would more closely describe a demonstrative analysis. A component analysis is an analysis to identify what part(s) of a multi-part or combined intervention are necessary to produce change. If the BCBA had assessed several components of the intervention separately to determine which was most effective, this would more closely resemble a component analysis. A comparative analysis looks at the differential effects between two or more independent variables on the dependent variable. If the BCBA compared the packaged intervention to one or more other interventions, this would more closely resemble a comparative analysis. |
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Term
The BCBA is measuring rate of self-injurious behavior for one of his clients who lives in a group home. A response cost procedure is implemented to reduce SIB. Which is the IV?
A. The rate of SIB
B. The response cost procedure
C. The group home |
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Definition
| The response cost procedure |
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Term
Gavin is a BCBA at a vocational program for adults. He implements a token system to increase number of tasks completed per day. Which of the following is the DV?
A. The number of tasks completed per day B. The type of tasks being completed
C. The token system |
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Definition
| The number of tasks completed per day |
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Term
Carl is conducting an experiment looking to decrease vocal stereotypy. He counts the end of a response cycle to be 3 seconds after no vocals have occurred. His assistant counts the end of a response cycle to be 5 seconds with no vocals. Which threat to internal validity does this represent?
A. History
B. Maturation
C. Testing
D. Instrumentation
E. Diffusion of treatment
F. Regression towards the mean
G. Selection bias
H. Attrition |
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Definition
| Instrumentation - they’re counting the behavior differently |
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Term
Johnny’s BCBA has implemented a mand training protocol. At the same time that the protocol begins, Johnny also begins a new medication. Beginning a new medication is which type of threat to internal validity?
A. History
B. Maturation
C. Testing
D. Instrumentation
E. Diffusion of treatment
F. Regression towards the mean
G. Selection bias
H. Attrition |
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Definition
| History – medication coincides with new protocol |
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Term
Elizabeth’s BCBA is eager to implement a procedure to decrease headbanging. She records baseline data during a week when Elizabeth had a cold and headbanging was occurring more frequently than usual. This makes it difficult to determine whether the intervention is having an effect on headbanging.
A. History
B. Maturation
C. Testing
D. Instrumentation
E. Diffusion of treatment
F. Regression towards the mean
G. Selection bias
H. Attrition |
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Definition
| Regression towards the mean – BL data may not be representative of what typically happens |
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Term
An experiment is being conducted to determine whether the rate of appropriate hand raising increases when provided with attention from the teacher. The plan is to begin targeting only one student’s hand raising and add other students later. However, the teacher begins giving attention for other students’ hand raising, which makes it difficult to assess later when they are added to the experiment whether attention is effective. This is an example of ____.
A. History
B. Maturation
C. Testing
D. Instrumentation
E. Diffusion of treatment
F. Regression towards the mean
G. Selection bias
H. Attrition |
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Definition
| Diffusion of treatment -Teacher implements procedure w/ other kids before the planned time |
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Term
The natural developmental events or learning experiences that coincide with the introduction of the independent variable is which threat to internal validity?
A. History
B. Maturation
C. Testing
D. Instrumentation
E. Diffusion of treatment
F. Regression towards the mean
G. Selection bias
H. Attrition |
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Definition
|
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Term
Jane is looking for volunteers for a study involving participation in a parent training class. Which threat to internal validity is most likely to occur?
A. History
B. Maturation
C. Testing
D. Instrumentation
E. Diffusion of treatment
F. Regression towards the mean
G. Selection bias
H. Attrition |
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Definition
| Selection bias – volunteers might not represent the larger populations |
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Term
Which analysis would be used to determine whether a timeout procedure is effective at reducing aggression?
A. Demonstrative analysis
B. Parametric analysis
C. Component analysis
D. Comparative analysis |
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Definition
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Term
A treatment package is implemented that includes FCT, DRO, and extinction. The data show a decrease in the target behavior of screaming. The analyst wants to know if all parts of the package are necessary or if one particular part may be effective. The analyst should conduct a _____ analysis.
A. demonstrative
B. parametric
C. component
D. comparative |
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Definition
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Term
A BCBA wants to thin the schedule of reinforcement for task completion and maintain current levels. The BCBA designs an experiment to evaluate the effects of FR1, FR3, and FR5 schedules of reinforcement on task completion. This is an example of which type of analysis?
A. Demonstrative
B. Parametric
C. Component
D. Comparative |
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Definition
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Term
Angie’s BCBA wants to set up an experiment to determine whether NCR or a token economy is more effective in reducing callouts during class. Which type of analysis is being conducted?
A. Demonstrative analysis
B. Parametric analysis
C. Component analysis
D. Comparative analysis |
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Definition
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Term
Kyle’s reading skills have improved, and he now chooses to read on his free time. The BCBA wants to know if this progress is due to the intervention. Would a reversal design be appropriate?
A. Yes
B. No |
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Definition
| No – reading has become reinforcing and probably can’t be reversed (or we wouldn’t want to reverse it) |
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Term
Susanna engages in vocal outbursts in school. The BCBA implements a DRO procedure and the vocal outbursts decrease compared to baseline. The BCBA wants to know if this decrease is due to the DRO procedure. Would a reversal design be appropriate?
A. Yes
B. No |
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Definition
| Yes – we can remove the Tx to try to reverse the Bx and the Bx isn’t dangerous |
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Term
[image]
What design is represented by this graph?
A. A-B design
B. A-B-A design
C. A-B-A-B design |
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Definition
|
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Term
[image]
What design is represented by this graph?
A. A-B design
B. A-B-A design
C. A-B-A-B design |
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Definition
|
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Term
Jenn started conducting a study with 4 participants. During the study, 2 participants dropped out. Which threat to internal validity is this?
A. History
B. Maturation
C. Testing
D. Instrumentation
E. Diffusion of treatment
F. Regression towards the mean
G. Selection bias
H. Attrition |
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Definition
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Term
William is presented with a task on several occasions. No formal teaching on how to complete the task has taken place yet but he starts to figure it out. Which threat to internal validity is this?
A. History
B. Maturation
C. Testing
D. Instrumentation
E. Diffusion of treatment
F. Regression towards the mean
G. Selection bias
H. Attrition |
|
Definition
|
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Term
A researcher is designing a study that looks to understand how the implementation of FCT can decrease the duration of screaming behaviors for a client. Based on this research question, the implementation of FCT would be considered?
A) DV
B) IV |
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Definition
|
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Term
A researcher is designing a study that looks to understand how the implementation of FCT can decrease the duration of screaming behaviors for a client. Based on this research question, the duration of screaming behaviors would be considered?
A) DV
B) IV |
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Definition
|
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Term
One of the research assistants for a study notices that the study checklist that is used to collect data shows an incorrect definition of behavior. What threat to internal validity would this be considered?
Selection Bias
Attrition
Instrumentation
Regression Towards the Mean |
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Definition
|
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Term
A participant in a study to decrease SIB has decreased their behavior to almost zero rates and parents have decided to pull the participant from the study. What threat to internal validity would this be considered?
Selection Bias
Attrition
Instrumentation
Regression Towards the Mean |
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Definition
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Term
Omar, a BCBA, is wanting to conduct an analysis to determine if the token system, visual schedule, or DRA is the most effective part of the treatment plan in decreasing his client’s aggressive behaviors. What type of analysis would he need to conduct?
Comparative
Component
Parametric
Demonstrative |
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Definition
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Term
I'm testing the effects of a new curriculum, and I test my subjects several times using the same assessment throughout. As the study goes on, the subjects score better on the test. Which threat may apply?
A. History
B. Maturation
C. Instrumentation
D. Testing
E. Diffusion of Treatment |
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Definition
|
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Term
You are making tremendous progress with a research project when suddenly the behavior dramatically changes. After interviews you are informed that the subject’s parents divorced. What is the probable threat to internal validity?
A. History
B. Maturation
C. Instrumentation
D. Testing
E. Diffusion of Treatment |
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Definition
|
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Term
I am going to do a withdrawal design with a four- year-old who receives frequent praise for appropriate replacement behaviors. During the withdrawal phase, his mother continues to give him praise occasionally.
A. History
B. Maturation
C. Instrumentation
D. Testing
E. Diffusion of Treatment |
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Definition
|
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Term
I am running a long-term study on the effects of a language acquisition program. I work with children from the time they are 1 1⁄2 until they are 4 years old. All of my participants increase their language.
A. History
B. Maturation
C. Instrumentation
D. Testing
E. Diffusion of Treatment |
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Definition
|
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Term
I am examining the effects of a new teaching program on receptive identification. Aside from my intervention, one of my participants is also receiving outside therapy on identifying picture cards
A. History
B. Maturation
C. Instrumentation
D. Testing
E. Diffusion of Treatment |
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Definition
|
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Term
Investigating whether there are differences in attending in class under an FI 5’ schedule of token delivery vs. an FI 10’ schedule is an example of a:
A. Demonstrative analysis
B. Parametric analysis
C. Component analysis
D. Comparative analysis |
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Definition
|
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Term
Investigating whether there are differences in attending in class with a token, praise, and response cost in place, vs token and praise only, token and response cost only, and praise only would be an example of a:
A. Demonstrative analysis
B. Parametric analysis
C. Component analysis
D. Comparative analysis |
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Definition
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Term
Katy is evaluating the effects of video modeling on the duration of peer play for a graduate course she is taking. Which of the following is the independent variable?
A) Duration of peer play
B) Video modeling
C) Katy’s grade in her class |
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Definition
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Term
Neil is running a research project which involves teaching the participants their alphabet. When one of the parents of a participant hears that an intervention is in place to teach this skill, they decide to start reading with their child in the afternoons, so they have the best opportunity to succeed in the study. Which threat to internal validity does this exemplify?
A) History
B) Maturation
C) Testing
D) Instrumentation |
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Definition
|
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Term
Marty is running some research which involves teaching the participants how to read. When one of the parents of a participant hears that the intervention is in place to teach this skill with another participant, they decide to start reading with their child in the afternoons even though the intervention hasn’t started yet for their child. Which threat to internal validity does this exemplify?
A) Diffusion of treatment
B) Regression toward the mean
C) Selection bias
D) Attrition |
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Definition
|
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Term
Steve is analyzing whether 5 minutes of video games or 10 minutes of video games is a more effective reinforcer. What is this an example of?
A) Demonstrative analysis
B) Parametric analysis
C) Component analysis
D) Comparative analysis |
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Definition
|
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Term
Nina compares error correction procedure 1 to error correction procedure 2 to see which has a better effect at reducing errors. What is this an example of?
A) Demonstrative analysis
B) Parametric analysis
C) Component analysis
D) Comparative analysis |
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Definition
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Term
Marcie has been using social stories for one of her learners which includes questions/answers and role play. This treatment seems to be effective, but she’d like to know which part of the treatment package is necessary/most effective. What is this an example of?
A) Demonstrativea nalysis
B) Parametric analysis
C) Component analysis
D) Comparative analysis |
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Definition
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Term
Max collected baseline data on Frank’s compliance. In phase 1, he started using reinforcement for compliance which seemed to work a little. He then switched in phase 2 to using direct statements. This increased compliance significantly relative to baseline. He concluded that direct statements increased compliance. Which confound is this an example of?
A) Multiple-treatment interference
B) Sequence effects
C) Carryover effects |
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Definition
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Term
Jenelle used both eye contact and the high-probability sequence as an antecedent intervention to increase compliance. Her client’s compliance improved but she isn’t sure if the eye contact or the high- probability sequence were equally effective alone. Which confound is this an example of?
A) Multiple-treatment interference
B) Sequence effects
C) Carry over effects |
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Definition
| Multiple-treatment interference |
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Term
Tanya started using tokens to increase Nikki’s compliance. Tokens increased compliance to clinically significant levels. Tanya then stopped using tokens (i.e., returned to baseline) but compliance remained high for the first 3 sessions then began to reduce back to baseline levels. Which confound is this an example of?
A) Multiple-treatment interference
B) Sequence effects
C) Carry over effects |
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Definition
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Term
Dennis is arranging a study using a multielement design. He uses different rooms for each condition, each with colored poster boards on the walls. Which procedural consideration is being accounted for?
counterbalancing
discriminability
order of conditions |
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Definition
discriminability
Arranging salient discriminative stimuli for each condition illustrates enhancing discriminability. Counterbalancing is important to make sure certain uncontrolled events are present in all conditions, but in this scenario certain events are made different across conditions. |
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Term
Eric is using a multielement design to identify the function of problem behavior. Which would be an example of counterbalancing his conditions?
ensuring one therapist runs condition A and a different therapist runs condition B
Ensuring both therapists run both conditions |
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Definition
Ensuring both therapists run both conditions
Ensuring one therapist runs condition A and a different therapist runs condition B is an example of discriminability—because these events are made different across conditions. Ensuring both therapists run both conditions is an example of counterbalancing—because these events are made the same across conditions. |
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Term
While conducting a functional analysis with a patient, Sandip noted that problem behavior frequently occurred during the attention condition whenever that condition followed the alone condition. To address this possible sequence effect, Sandip made sure that this sequence did not occur each time the conditions were repeated. Which consideration is the Sandip addressing when using a multielement design?
a. ensuring there are enough baselines\
b. implementing treatment at the appropriate time
c. randomizing the order of contions
d. selecting functionally related but independent baselines |
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Definition
randomizing the order of contions
Following a strict order of conditions does not allow for neutralization of sequence effects, thus, randomization of the order is recommended. Sandip is altering his sequence to ensure that the effect of the alone and attention conditions on problem behavior did not affect the data. Ensuring that you are implementing the treatment at the appropriate time is important to help identify and neutralize multiple treatment interference effects. While ensuring there are enough baselines is important, this does not appear to be a consideration Sandip is addressing as there is no mention of baseline needs. |
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Term
When a treatment designed to increase appropriate communication skills is conducted at home and then later at the school, this is an example of which of the following?
multiple baseline across behaviors
multiple baseline across subjects
multiple baseline across settings |
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Definition
multiple baseline across settings
This scenario describes the introduction of treatment across settings—at home and at school. This scenario does not describe the introduction of treatment across types of behavior—the behavior is the same: appropriate communication—nor across subjects. |
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Term
Treatment is applied to decrease out-of-seat behavior across different students at different times. This is an example of which of the following?
multiple baseline across behaviors
multiple baseline across subjects
multiple baseline across settings |
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Definition
multiple baseline across subjects
This scenario describes the introduction of treatment across subjects—different students. This scenario does not describe the introduction of treatment across types of behavior—the behavior is the same: out of seat—nor across settings. |
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Term
A behavior analyst designs treatment to be used in increasing a technician’s report-writing, graphing, and clean-up tasks. This is an example of which of the following?
multiple baseline across behaviors
multiple baseline across subjects
multiple baseline across settings |
|
Definition
multiple baseline across behaviors
This scenario describes the introduction of treatment across types of behavior—report writing, graphing, and cleaning up. This scenario does not describe the introduction of treatment across settings nor across subjects. |
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Term
Walter is using a multiple-baseline design for a project at a hospital in which workers will be given specific schedules of feedback. He targets each worker who appropriately logs their own reports into the system. Which consideration is Walter addressing when using a multiple-baseline design?
a. enhancing discriminability
b. selecting functionally related by indepdendent baselines
c. counterbouncing conditions
d. using the appropriate number of phases |
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Definition
selecting functionally related by indepdendent baselines
It is important to select functionally related but independent baselines; you are aiming to change functionally-related behaviors that will permit you to use the same sort of intervention for each, but they are free to vary independently. Walter is looking at multiple workers entering their own reports across specific schedules of feedback. There is no mention of different phases in this example; a multiple baseline consists of multiple A-B designs. Enhancing discriminability refers to changing elements of the design to make the conditions obviously different from the others. Walter does not address changing elements of the design. If Walter decided to have certain log-in stations with specific colors to signal specific conditions in place, this might be an example of enhancing discriminability. Counterbalancing conditions across experimental contexts (e.g., time of day, therapist) to neutralize confounding factors is also not mentioned in this example. If Walter was having staff engage in different conditions at different times of the day, this might be an example of counterbalancing conditions. |
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Term
[image]
The graph is an example of which experimental design?
multielement design
multiple prove design
changing criterion design
reversal design |
|
Definition
multielement design
A multielement design is an experimental design in which there is rapid alternation of two or more independent variables or IV values, which you can see in this graph: Escape, play, attention, and automatic are different conditions that are alternated between. A multiple probe design is an experimental design in which two or more independent baselines are established using intermittent measurement of behavior and the independent variable is evaluated through the staggered introduction on each baseline; probes are taken rather than continuous measurements. A changing criterion design is an experimental design in which an initial baseline phase is followed by a treatment phase divided into stepwise subphases, each with a different behavioral criterion, and each subphase is compared to the previous subphase. In a reversal design the control condition is followed by one of the test conditions, back to control condition, then the next test condition, then control, etc. The graph does not contain baseline data, thus, multiple probe, changing criterion, and reversal are not viable options |
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Term
[image]
The graph is an example of which experimental design?
nonconcurrent multiple baseline design
multielement design
multiple baseline design
reversal design |
|
Definition
multiple baseline design
Multiple baseline refers to an experimental design in which two or more independent baselines are established and the independent variable is evaluated through its staggered introduction on each baseline. The graph shows two different baselines. Once stability is demonstrated on the first baseline, a new IV is introduced. In a nonconcurrent multiple baseline two or more independent baselines are established for different individuals at separate points in time and the independent variable is evaluated through the staggered introduction on each baseline. The graph does not indicate more than one participant, so this is not an example of nonconcurrent multiple baseline. A multielement design is an experimental design in which there is rapid alternation of two or more independent variables or IV values. This graph does not demonstrate rapid alternation of IVs. In a reversal design, the control condition is followed by one of the test conditions, back to control condition, then the next test condition, then control, etc. The graph does not indicate returning to baseline or control condition. |
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Term
[image]
The graph is an example of which experimental design?
nonconcurrent multiple baseline design
multiple baseline design
reversal design
changing criterion design |
|
Definition
nonconcurrent multiple baseline design
A nonconcurrent multiple baseline design is one in which two or more independent baselines are established for different individuals at separate points in time and the independent variable is evaluated through the staggered introduction on each baseline. You can see in the graph that participants 1, 2, and 3 each start their baseline at a different time, independently of each other. Multiple baseline refers to an experimental design in which two or more independent baselines are established and the independent variable is evaluated through its staggered introduction on each baseline. This graph shows baseline introduction at different times. In a multiple baseline design, the baseline begins at the same time for each individual and the start of treatment is staggered. A reversal experimental design is made up of a baseline phase, treatment phase, and then a return-to-baseline phase. This graph does not indicate a return to baseline following the treatment phase. Changing criterion is an experimental design in which an initial baseline phase is followed by a treatment phase divided into stepwise subphases, each with a different behavioral criterion. This graph only shows one treatment phase. |
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Term
[image]
The graph is an example of which experimental design?
reversal
multiple baseline
multiple probe
changing criterion |
|
Definition
changing criterion
This graph displays an initial baseline phase followed by a treatment phase divided into stepwise subphases, each with a different behavioral criterion. Thus, it is an example of a changing criterion experimental design. A reversal design would look like multiple repetitions of each condition. A multiple baseline design would show multiple phases of baseline data. A multiple probe design refers to intermittent measures, or probes, that are taken on all the behaviors in the design at the outset of the experiment and is not demonstrated by this graph. Answer Changing criterion was Correct. |
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Term
Danila is helping Terry increase his treadmill speed. After collecting baseline data, Danila sets Terry’s first criterion at 4.5 mph, slightly slower than his baseline average. If Terry can keep up with the criterion for at least three consecutive sessions, Danila increases his criterion by about 0.5 mph to 5.0 mph. To demonstrate experimental control and to make sure that Terry is closely monitoring his criteria, Danila changes the number of consecutive sessions in which Terry needs to meet the criterion level. Which consideration is Danila addressing when using a changing criterion design?
multiple baseline and multielement
multiple baseline and reversal
multielement and changing criterion
varying length of phases |
|
Definition
varying length of phases
Phase length in a changing criterion design should be based on what the data show, based on stability. Danila is only increasing the criterion once Terry can keep up for a minimum of three consecutive sessions. Danila also varies the length of the phases to demonstrate experimental control. If Danila were addressing enhancing discriminability, she would create recognizable differences in each condition. This generally applies to multielement designs. Treatment should be implemented at the appropriate time; if Danila were concerned with this, she would be ensuring that the baseline data demonstrated stability before implementing the treatment phase. Randomizing conditions in a multielement design decreases sequence effects, which is not a concern in the changing criterion design described here. |
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Term
Arum is examining two assessment conditions in a multielement design. Two different therapists will be involved in running sessions. He ensures that each condition is run by both therapists, to reduce the likelihood that the results reflect variables related to a particular therapist. Which consideration is the behavior analyst addressing when using a multielement design?
varying lengths of phases
enhancing discriminability
randomizing order of conditions
counterbalancing conditions |
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Definition
counterbalancing conditions
Remember that the procedural considerations related to the multielement design are enhancing discriminability, counterbalancing conditions, and randomizing the order of conditions. In this scenario we see Arum identify a variable that may impact responding (the therapists) and ensure this variable is present in both conditions. This indicates counterbalancing conditions. If Arum was focused on enhancing discriminability, we would see a description of keeping a signal present for each condition (he may assign one therapist to only run one condition, or use colored shirts during one condition for example). If Arum was focused on randomizing the order of conditions, we would see an indication that he is determining the sequence in which to run the conditions. |
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Term
Yanna is working with companies to improve the supervisors’ rates of feedback delivery. She has 2 participants willing to be included in study but wants to ensure she has at least 2 more to demonstrate the effects of the IV multiple times. Which consideration is the behavior analysts addressing when using a multiple baselines design?
ensuring there are enough baselines
enhancing discriminability
randomizing the order of conditions
implementing treatment at appropriate time |
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Definition
ensuring there are enough baselines
Remember that the procedural considerations related to the multiple baseline design are ensuring there are enough baselines, implementing treatment at the appropriate time, and selecting functionally related but independent baselines. In this scenario Yanna is considering how many participants to include in order to demonstrate experimental control. This indicates that she is ensuring there are enough baselines. If she was focused on implementing treatment at appropriate times, we would see a description of Yanna examining baseline measures to see if they are stable prior to introducing an intervention. And if she was focused on selecting functionally related but independent baselines, we would see a description of Yanna considering if the intervention would affect each performer, and if the effects would spread to the other participants before intervening. |
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Term
Eric is comparing four assessment conditions by rapidly alternating between them. Eric decides to have Mark run the attention condition in one room while wearing a blue shirt. He asks Cami to run the tangible condition in another room while wearing a yellow shirt. And he assigns Ana to run the demand condition in a different room while wearing a red shirt. Frances will run the play condition in a fourth room while wearing a green shirt. Which consideration is the behavior analyst addressing when using a multielement design?
ensuring there are enough baselines
enhancing discriminability
randomizing the order of conditions
implementing treatment at appropriate time |
|
Definition
enhancing discriminability
Remember that the procedural considerations related to the multielement design are enhancing discriminability, counterbalancing conditions, and randomizing the order of conditions. In this scenario we see each condition is assigned only one therapist, each in a different room and wearing a different color shirt. This indicates enhancing discriminability since each variable only aligns with one condition. If the analyst was focusing on counterbalancing conditions, we would see a description of a factor that is included across all conditions, such as each therapist running all conditions. If the analyst was focusing on the order of conditions we would see descriptions of when conditions are run relative to each other. |
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Term
Danila is helping Terry increase his treadmill speed. After collecting baseline data, Danila sets Terry’s first criterion at 4.5 mph, slightly slower than his baseline average. If Terry can keep up with the criterion for at least three consecutive sessions, Danila increases his criterion by about 0.5 mph to 5.0 mph. To demonstrate experimental control and to make sure that Terry is closely monitoring his criteria, Danila changes the number of consecutive sessions in which Terry needs to meet the criterion level. Which consideration is Danila addressing when using a changing criterion design?
multiple baseline and multielement
multiple baseline and reversal
multielement and changing criterion
varying length of phases |
|
Definition
varying length of phases
Phase length in a changing criterion design should be based on what the data show, based on stability. Danila is only increasing the criterion once Terry can keep up for a minimum of three consecutive sessions. Danila also varies the length of the phases to demonstrate experimental control. If Danila were addressing enhancing discriminability, she would create recognizable differences in each condition. This generally applies to multielement designs. Treatment should be implemented at the appropriate time; if Danila were concerned with this, she would be ensuring that the baseline data demonstrated stability before implementing the treatment phase. Randomizing conditions in a multielement design decreases sequence effects, which is not a concern in the changing criterion design described here. |
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Term
Arum is examining two assessment conditions in a multielement design. Two different therapists will be involved in running sessions. He ensures that each condition is run by both therapists, to reduce the likelihood that the results reflect variables related to a particular therapist. Which consideration is the behavior analyst addressing when using a multielement design?
varying lengths of phases
enhancing discriminability
randomizing order of conditions
counterbalancing conditions |
|
Definition
counterbalancing conditions
Remember that the procedural considerations related to the multielement design are enhancing discriminability, counterbalancing conditions, and randomizing the order of conditions. In this scenario we see Arum identify a variable that may impact responding (the therapists) and ensure this variable is present in both conditions. This indicates counterbalancing conditions. If Arum was focused on enhancing discriminability, we would see a description of keeping a signal present for each condition (he may assign one therapist to only run one condition, or use colored shirts during one condition for example). If Arum was focused on randomizing the order of conditions, we would see an indication that he is determining the sequence in which to run the conditions. |
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Term
Yanna is working with companies to improve the supervisors’ rates of feedback delivery. She has 2 participants willing to be included in study but wants to ensure she has at least 2 more to demonstrate the effects of the IV multiple times. Which consideration is the behavior analysts addressing when using a multiple baselines design?
ensuring there are enough baselines
enhancing discriminability
randomizing the order of conditions
implementing treatment at appropriate time |
|
Definition
ensuring there are enough baselines
Remember that the procedural considerations related to the multiple baseline design are ensuring there are enough baselines, implementing treatment at the appropriate time, and selecting functionally related but independent baselines. In this scenario Yanna is considering how many participants to include in order to demonstrate experimental control. This indicates that she is ensuring there are enough baselines. If she was focused on implementing treatment at appropriate times, we would see a description of Yanna examining baseline measures to see if they are stable prior to introducing an intervention. And if she was focused on selecting functionally related but independent baselines, we would see a description of Yanna considering if the intervention would affect each performer, and if the effects would spread to the other participants before intervening. |
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Term
Eric is comparing four assessment conditions by rapidly alternating between them. Eric decides to have Mark run the attention condition in one room while wearing a blue shirt. He asks Cami to run the tangible condition in another room while wearing a yellow shirt. And he assigns Ana to run the demand condition in a different room while wearing a red shirt. Frances will run the play condition in a fourth room while wearing a green shirt. Which consideration is the behavior analyst addressing when using a multielement design?
ensuring there are enough baselines
enhancing discriminability
randomizing the order of conditions
implementing treatment at appropriate time |
|
Definition
enhancing discriminability
Remember that the procedural considerations related to the multielement design are enhancing discriminability, counterbalancing conditions, and randomizing the order of conditions. In this scenario we see each condition is assigned only one therapist, each in a different room and wearing a different color shirt. This indicates enhancing discriminability since each variable only aligns with one condition. If the analyst was focusing on counterbalancing conditions, we would see a description of a factor that is included across all conditions, such as each therapist running all conditions. If the analyst was focusing on the order of conditions we would see descriptions of when conditions are run relative to each other. |
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Term
[image]
Which experimental designs are shown on the graph?
multiple baseline and multielement
multiple baseline and reversal
multielement and changing criterion
changing criterion and reversal
changing |
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Definition
multiple baseline and reversal
This graph displays a multiple baseline experimental design, with three independent baselines and then an independent variable is evaluated through the staggered introduction on each baseline. The graph also displays an ABAB design where following baseline treatment is implemented and then withdrawn, baseline collected again followed by another treatment phase. This graph does not display two or more independent variables being rapidly alternated, which would be a multielement design. This graph does not display a change of criterion at each subphase which would be a changing criterion design. |
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Term
Ness is conducting a functional analysis to assess Taylan’s problem behavior. Ness walks in to begin the first condition. Taylan immediately engages in problem behavior. At the five-minute mark, Ness ends the condition and leaves the room. Ness then walks in to begin the next condition, and Taylan immediately engages in problem behavior. For the third condition—identical to the first—Ness’s research assistant, Diana, enters the room and does not see any problem behavior throughout the condition. Ness is concerned that his presence may be interfering with the data. The results of these data are most likely being influenced by which confound?
multiple treatment interference
carryover effects
histroy
regression to the mean |
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Definition
carryover effects
Despite different independent variables, Taylan engages in problem behavior. Ness notices that, despite the conditions being the same when Diana enters the room, Taylan does not engage in problem behavior. He suspects there may have been carryover effects, where a pattern of behavior was established in a condition and then extended to the next condition. Multiple-treatment interference occurs when subjects are exposed to multiple treatments, meaning that the conclusions about the outcome may be linked only to that specific context. Taylan is not exposed to multiple treatments at the same time. Prolonged exposure to baseline can lead to history effects. Prolonged exposure to the baseline can also result in regression to the mean, allowing for more time to collect data. Ness is not gathering baseline data, so these are not the correct answers. |
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Term
Henderson is conducting a functional analysis with a patient. He has set up the conditions in this order: tangible, alone, attention, escape, and play. Henderson notices that the patient’s problem behavior tends to escalate in the attention condition when preceded by the alone condition. However, if preceded by the play condition where the patient receives a lot of attention, the attention condition often yields much less problem behavior. The results of these data are most likely being influenced by which confound?
regression to the mean
carryover effects
sequence effects
attrition |
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Definition
sequence effects
Sequence effects occur when changes in the dependent variable are attributable to the order of the experimental conditions. In this example Henderson notes that problem behavior escalates only when a certain order of conditions is followed. Regression to the mean refers to the tendency for extremely high or extremely low scores to become more moderate (i.e., closer to the mean) upon retesting over time. Henderson has not noticed scores changing based upon retesting. Carryover effects refer to when patterns of behavior established in one condition extend into a second condition, even if the independent variables are very different. The behavior Henderson is monitoring occurs more frequently when the specific order of condition is run; he does not note a continuance of the problem behavior from condition to condition. Attrition refers to participants dropping out of studies, and there is no mention of this in the example |
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Term
A BCBA is working with an adult in their group home who is interested in learning to make different types of meals. This behavior is not easily reversible, an extended baseline is not an issue, and the dependent variables are separate but related. Which design might be best suited for this?
multielement
reversal
changing criterion
multiple baseline |
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Definition
multiple baseline
A multiple baseline design would be appropriate in this case, because treatment doesn’t have to be removed to reverse an effect on behavior. The extended baselines are not problematic, and the baselines would be functionally related but separate, so they can change at different times. Behavior would need to be reversible to demonstrate control in a multielement design and reversal design. Given that the requirement to produce the reinforcer is not changing, a changing criterion design would not be appropriate for this situation. |
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Term
Several treatment options are being evaluated for high-severity behavior. Prolonged baseline would be an issue, and the team would prefer not to remove an effective treatment. What would likely be the best experimental design?
multielement
reversal
changing criterion
multiple baseline |
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Definition
multielement
When several treatment options need to be evaluated, a multielement design can provide an effective way to do this. If prolonged baselines would be an issue, a multiple baseline design would not be recommended. If removing treatment is not recommended, a reversal or withdrawal design is not advisable. Different treatments would not be evaluated in a changing criterion design. |
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Term
A client has reached out to a BCBA to help increase the duration of their workouts. The response is already in the repertoire and is unlikely to reverse. Which design is likely the best to use?
multielement
reversal
changing criterion
multiple baseline |
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Definition
changing criterion
A changing criterion design could be used in this case to gradually increase the duration of workouts. Evaluating workouts across baselines doesn’t seem to make too much sense. Since responses are unlikely to reverse, a reversal or withdrawal design, or a multielement design, are unlikely to work. |
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Term
Morten is a consultant who needs to assess the efficacy of three feedback forms to increase employee productivity. His employer is pressing him for time, so he will be unable to conduct a lengthy baseline. Since the target behavior is targeted for acceleration, it is unlikely to be reversed. Which experimental design would be most appropriate for Morten to use?
multielement
reversal
changing criterion
multiple baseline |
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Definition
multielement
A multielement design would be the most appropriate choice because multielement designs do not require extended baselines and do not require reversal. Multiple baseline design, withdrawal design, and changing criterion design all require a baseline phase, so they would not be a good choice for Morton’s needs. |
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Term
Ensio is trying to increase the amount of time Nani tolerates waiting for a reinforcer. He first collects baseline and determines that Nani can wait up to about 10 seconds. For her first goal, Ensio suggests that Nani wait at least 7 seconds before receiving her reinforcer. After meeting the goal for at least three consecutive sessions, Ensio increases Nani’s goal to 11 seconds. Repeating this process, Ensio can increase Nani’s waiting time gradually to at least one minute. Which experimental design did Ensio use?
multielement
reversal
changing criterion
multiple baseline |
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Definition
changing criterion
A changing criterion design could be used to gradually increase Nani’s duration of waiting. Waiting behavior is already in her repertoire; Ensio wants to increase the duration. Evaluating waiting across baselines doesn’t seem to make too much sense, as he has already identified her baseline wait time. Reversal or multielement designs are unlikely to be appropriate as Ensio is not comparing different treatments or intervention efficacy. |
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Term
Danielle, a behavior analyst, wants to evaluate the effects of a training program on the feedback delivery of three supervisors. Because of their limited availability, she will be unable to coordinate their schedules and there may be long periods between their sessions. Given that she will be teaching each of the supervisors a skill, reversibility is unlikely. Which experimental design would be most appropriate for Danielle to use?
multielement
reversal
changing criterion
multiple probe |
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Definition
Multiple probe
Multiple probe is an experimental design in which two or more independent baselines are established using intermittent measurement of behavior, and the independent variable is evaluated through the staggered introduction on each baseline. Danielle is working with varied schedules and limited time, so she must stagger the baseline and treatment phases, and intermittent measurement will allow her to collect data more effectively. The main difference between multiple probe and multiple baseline designs is that in a multiple probe design, you use intermittent measurement while in a multiple baseline design, you use continuous measurement. Danielle is not breaking the treatment phase down into stepwise subphases, which would be an example of a changing criterion design. Danielle is not rapidly alternating two or more independent variables, which would be an example of a multielement design. |
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Term
Reagan is working with a child who responds best to one of two antecedent-based interventions: providing frequent choices and high-probability sequences. Reagan knows the child’s caregivers only feel comfortable providing one intervention rather than multiple interventions. To assess which is more effective at reducing the likelihood of problem behavior, Reagan rapidly alternates between the two interventions every trial set. Which experimental design is Reagan using?
multielement
reversal
changing criterion
multiple baseline |
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Definition
multielement
A multielement design is an experimental design in which there is rapid alternation of two or more independent variables or IV values. In this example, Reagan alternates between two interventions, which allows her to evaluate several interventions. Changing criterion would be useful if the behaviors were already in the repertoire. A reversal design is not going to provide the comparative information that Reagan needs. Reagan needs to find the most effective intervention in a timely manner, so the prolonged baseline of multiple baseline design is not advised. |
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Term
Reinier plans to train three managers on the use of an assessment to determine the best intervention to solve a performance problem at their separate organizations. Due to difficulties coordinating their schedules, Reinier collects each of the managers’ baseline at different times. Which experimental design is Reinier using?
nonconcurrent multiple baseline
multielement
changing criterion
multiple probe |
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Definition
nonconcurrent multiple baseline
A nonconcurrent multiple baseline design is an experimental design in which two or more independent baselines are established for different individuals at separate points in time and the independent variable is evaluated through the staggered introduction on each baseline. Reinier collects baseline data independently of each other in time; therefore, this an example of a nonconcurrent multiple baseline design. If the example referred to the treatment phase being broken down into stepwise subphases, this would be an example of a changing criterion design. If the example mentioned rapid alteration of two or more independent variables, this would be an example of multielement design. If the example used intermittent measurement this would be a multiple probe design. |
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Term
[image]
What type of experimental design?
Multiple baseline
Multi-element
Reversal
Combination design |
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Definition
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Term
[image] The study above is what kind of experimental design?
Reversal
Multiple baseline
Alternating treatments
Changing criterion |
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Definition
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Term
[image]
Baselines were not collected at the same time
Independent MBL
Concurrent MBL
Non-concurrent MBL
Alternating |
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Definition
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Term
Use for behaviors that are not reversible
Multielement
Multiple baseline
Multiple probe |
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Definition
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Term
Intermittent measurement
Multielement
Multiple baseline
Multiple probe |
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Definition
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Term
Use to identify a source of reinforcement for problem behavior
Multielement
Multiple baseline
Multiple probe |
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Definition
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Term
Used for behaviors that exist in the repertoire
Changing criterion
Reversal
Multielement
Multiple baseline |
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Definition
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Term
Handles variability well
Changing criterion
Reversal
Multielement
Multiple baseline |
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Definition
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Term
Requires discrimination
Changing criterion
Reversal
Multielement
Multiple baseline |
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Definition
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Term
Sadie implements an NCR treatment to decrease elopement. When she reimplements baseline elopement levels are steadily high for 3 sessions. During the NCR condition, elopement decreases immediately to 0 instances. After a few sessions at 1, Sadie returns to baseline, where elopement increases again. When Sadie returns to NCR again, elopement again returns to 0 levels. However, when she returns to baseline again, elopement stays at 0 levels for a few sessions before returning to initial baseline levels. What confound is most likely leading to these results?
Multiple Treatment Interference
Carryover effects
Sequence effects |
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Definition
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Term
[image]
This is an example of what design?
Multiple probe
Nonconcurrent Multiple Baseline
Multiple Baseline
Changing Criterion |
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Definition
|
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Term
[image]
This is an example of what design?
Multiple probe
Nonconcurrent Multiple Baseline
Multiple Baseline
Changing Criterion |
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Definition
| Nonconcurrent Multiple Baseline |
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Term
Robert implements two different interventions for Cody to decrease thumb sucking. Robert implements the three interventions in ABCABC order (baseline, treatment 1, treatment 2). Robert finds that Cody’s thumb sucking decreases in both treatments. However, when Robert implements treatment 2 after baseline instead of after treatment 1, he finds that thumb sucking does not decrease. What confound is most likely leading to these results?
Multiple Treatment Interference
Carryover effects
Sequence effects |
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Definition
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Term
In a multielement design, control is determined based on:
A) Behavior is different in one condition in relation to other conditions
B) Behavior is different based on the number of baseline sessions needed before treatment
C) Behavior is different based on if the treatment is different from baseline
D) Behavior is different after treatment has been implemented for one subject but not from other subjects still in baseline |
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Definition
| A) Behavior is different in one condition in relation to other conditions |
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Term
Cory is trying to decide what type of design he should use. The treatment cannot be reversed due to the severity of the behavior, the behavior occurs in different environments so he would like to determine if the intervention will help to decrease behaviors in each of the different environments. What design would he most likely use?
A) Reversal
B) Multielement
C) Multiple Baseline
D) Changing Criterion |
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Definition
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Term
[image]
The graph to the right represents which design?
A) Alternating Treatment Design
B) A-B design
C) Multiple Baseline
D) Withdrawal |
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Definition
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Term
[image]
The graph above represents which design?
A. Withdrawal/reversal
B. Multiple Baseline
C. Multi-element/Alternating treatment design
D. Component analysis |
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Definition
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Term
[image]
The graph to the right represents which design?
A. Multi-element design
B. Multiple Baseline across behavior
C. Multiple baseline across subject
D. Changing Criterion |
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Definition
| Multiple Baseline across behavior |
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Term
[image]
The graph above represents which design?
A. Multi-element design
B. Multiple Baseline
C. Component Analysis
D. Changing Criterion |
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Definition
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Term
A behavior analyst wants to evaluate a new curriculum in teaching language and reasoning skills. They have identified three students who are lacking a specific skill the curriculum covers. Which design would be best?
A. Withdrawal
B. Multiple Baseline
C. Multi-element
D. Changing Criterion |
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Definition
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Term
A behavior analyst working in a school setting has developed a behavior plan for a student, who has seen improvement, but the student’s teacher indicates that she doesn’t believe the changes are due to the intervention, Which design would be best?
A. Withdrawal
B. Multiple Baseline
C. Multielement
D. Changing Criterion |
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Definition
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Term
An online instructor is concerned about their lack of exercise. They have read that 30 minutes a day of Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity (MVPA) is recommended, but currently they don’t even walk weekly. Which design would be best?
A. Withdrawal
B. Multiple Baseline
C. Multielement
D. Changing Criterion |
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Definition
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Term
A behavior analyst wants to quickly evaluate whether frequent attention will reduce disruptive behavior in the classroom. They’re considering 30 minute sessions of frequent attention, vs the typical level of attention. Which design would be best?
A. Withdrawal
B. Multiple Baseline
C. Multielement
D. Changing Criterion |
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Definition
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Term
Jane is a BCBA helping her client with quitting smoking. She measures that he is smoking 20 cigarettes a day. As she sets up the design, she divides her second phase into subphases and as she moves from phase to phase she changes up the number of sessions she will conduct in each subphase. When considering the procedural set up of a changing criterion design, which consideration is Jane thinking about here?
A) Number of criterion changes
B) Phase length
C) Degree of change
D) Randomization |
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Definition
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Term
Sandra is a schoolteacher. She is currently using an intervention that uses a token economy, time-out procedure, and a non-contingent escape. The intervention is working well but Sandra would like to know which parts are necessary and which she can get rid of because it is a lot of work to implement in a classroom setting. Which analysis should Sandra use?
A) Parametric analysis
B) Component analysis
C) Demonstrative analysis
D) Comparative analysis |
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Definition
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Term
A BCBA is consulting with a teacher in her classroom. The BCBA suggests using a reward program. The BCBA is unsure if it would be better to give a small daily reward or a larger reward at the end of the week. Which analysis should the BCBA use?
A) Parametric analysis
B) Component analysis
C) Demonstrative analysis
D) Comparative analysis |
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Definition
|
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Term
Max collected baseline data (phase A) on Frank’s compliance. In phase
B, he started using 3-step guided compliance. He then switched to phase C using eye contact. The 2 interventions are never conducted at the same time. Max decides to go back to baseline (phase A) and subsequently runs phase B and phase C again in that order. He concluded that eye contact increased compliance. Later on, when he is using the eye contact, he finds it is not as effective as he found in the research. Which confound is likely interfering with Max’s research?
A) Multiple-treatment interference
B) Sequence effects
C) Carryover effects |
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Definition
|
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Term
Stephanie is a student running a project in a classroom setting. She is having the teacher rapidly alternate between 2 different ways to deliver feedback to assess the effects of various types of feedback on student ”attentiveness” (operationally defined as sitting in chair facing the front of classroom). She sometimes uses the sandwich method and sometimes strictly uses positive feedback. Stephanie graphs the data and is unable to determine which method is more effective. Which confound is likely interfering with Stephanie’s project?
A) Multiple-treatment interference
B) Sequence effects
C) Carryover effects |
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Definition
| Multiple-treatment interference |
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Term
Tanya started using extinction to reduce Marco’s property destruction. Extinction decreased property destruction to clinically significant levels (0% across 3 sessions). Tanya then stopped using the extinction procedure (i.e., returned to baseline) but property destruction remained low for the first 3 sessions then began to increase back to baseline levels. Which confound is likely interfering with Tanya’s research?
A) Multiple-treatmentinterference
B) Sequence effects
C) Carry over effects |
|
Definition
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Term
The BCBA is working with a client on a dog phobia. The BCBA believes that he can help his client no longer fear dogs if he works on getting him closer and closer to the dog in small steps. E.g., first day 100 feet away from the dog, next day 90 feet etc. until he touches the dog. Which experimental design would be the most appropriate to use?
A) Multiplebaseline
B) Multielement
C) Changing Criterion
D) Reversal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Mario has a client that should be wearing prescription glasses but refuses. He creates an intervention and wants to test it systematically using an experimental design. He also will need another participant. Right now, there are no other clients at the center that could use this intervention. However, in 2 weeks a new client will be starting and just so happens to need this intervention for glasses wearing as well. Which experimental design would be the most appropriate?
A) Multiple baseline
B) Nonconcurrent multiple baseline
C) Changing Criterion
D) Reversal |
|
Definition
| Nonconcurrent multiple baseline |
|
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Term
The BCBA need to quickly assess which type of error correction procedure is most effective for his client. The BCBA will compare a “no no prompt” to the turn away method. Which experimental design would be the most appropriate?
A) Multielement
B) Multiple baseline
C) Changing Criterion
D) Reversal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The BCBA has a client that is afraid of going to the dentist. The BCBA wants to gradually expose him to common dental tools and dental procedures. He will collect baseline on sitting in the dentist chair, allowing the mirror in mouth, and taking an x-ray of his teeth. He will introduce the intervention for only 1 of the responses at a time while continuing to collect baseline for the other and continue to introduce the intervention in a staggered fashion. What is the best design combination?
A)Multiple baseline with embedded changing criterion
B) Multiple probe with embedded changing criterion
C) Reversal design only
D)Nonconurrent multiple baseline with an embedded multielement |
|
Definition
| Multiple probe with embedded changing criterion |
|
|
Term
Mario has a client that should be wearing prescription glasses but refuses. He creates an intervention and wants to test it systematically using an experimental design. He also will need another participant. Right now, there are no other clients at the center that could use this intervention. However, in 2 weeks a new client will be starting and just so happens to need this intervention for glasses wearing as well. Which experimental design would be the most appropriate?
A) Multiple baseline
B) Nonconcurrent multiple baseline
C) Changing Criterion
D) Reversal |
|
Definition
| Nonconcurrent multiple baseline |
|
|
Term
The BCBA need to quickly assess which type of error correction procedure is most effective for his client. The BCBA will compare a “no no prompt” to the turn away method. Which experimental design would be the most appropriate?
A) Multielement
B) Multiple baseline
C) Changing Criterion
D) Reversal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The BCBA has a client that is afraid of going to the dentist. The BCBA wants to gradually expose him to common dental tools and dental procedures. He will collect baseline on sitting in the dentist chair, allowing the mirror in mouth, and taking an x-ray of his teeth. He will introduce the intervention for only 1 of the responses at a time while continuing to collect baseline for the other and continue to introduce the intervention in a staggered fashion. What is the best design combination?
A)Multiple baseline with embedded changing criterion
B) Multiple probe with embedded changing criterion
C) Reversal design only
D)Nonconurrent multiple baseline with an embedded multielement |
|
Definition
| Multiple probe with embedded changing criterion |
|
|
Term
[image]
Which design types are represented in this graph?
A. Multiple BL + Multielement
B. Changing Criterion + Reversal
C. Reversal + Multielement
D. Multiple BL + Reversal |
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Definition
|
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Term
Greg has implemented a treatment package to reduce his client’s verbal threats, including DRO, token economy for appropriate peer interactions, and extinction for verbal threats. He is looking to fade procedures as much as possible while continuing to keep the behavior at low rates. Greg should conduct which of the following analyses?
A. Component Analysis
B. Parametric Analysis
C. Multiple Baseline Across Behaviors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Brenda has implemented a timeout procedure that reduced her client’s physical aggression. She would like know if a shorter timeout could be effective. She should conduct which of the following analyses?
A. Component Analysis
B. Parametric Analysis
C. Multiple Baseline Across Behaviors
D. Dmonstrative analysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Josie engages is cursing. The BCBA believes it is maintained by access to tangibles and wants to conduct an experiment that compares baseline to an intervention involving FCT. Which design would be appropriate?
A. Reversal
B. Multielement
C. Multiple baseline
D. Changing criterion |
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Definition
Reversal
-Behavior is reversible
-Behavior is not dangerous so returning to baseline is probably ok
-Only 1 intervention, 1 behavior, 1 setting, 1 person |
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Term
A BCBA wants to compare interventions for his client’s aggression at school. The aggression has caused injuries, so he does not want to implement an extended baseline. He is comparing NCR, DRO, and response cost.
A. Reversal
B. Multielement
C. Multiple baseline
D. Changing criterion |
|
Definition
Multielement
-1 behavior, 1 setting, 1 person
-Multiple interventions
-An extended BL is not preferable due to the severity of the Bx |
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Term
Jean wants to implement a procedure to increase her client’s social interactions at his group home, at work, and in the community. Which design would she use to make sure that her intervention is the reason for an increase in the target behavior?
A. Reversal
B. Multielement
C. Multiple baseline
D. Changing criterion |
|
Definition
Multiple baseline
-1 behavior, 1 person, multiple settings,
-Extended baseline is ok
-Behavior may or may not be reversible (we don’t really know) |
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Term
Alex eats vegetables, just not very often. He wants to set up an experiment for himself to gradually increase the number of meals each week in which he eats vegetables. Which design should he choose?
A. Reversal
B. Multielement
C. Multiple baseline
D. Changing criterion |
|
Definition
Changing criterion
-1 person, 1 behavior, 1 setting
-Behavior is already in his repertoire |
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Term
[image]
What two designs are utilized here?
a. Multiple Baseline and AB
b. Multiple Baseline and Multiple Probe
c. Multiple Baseline and Multielement
d. Multiple Baseline and Changing Criterion Design |
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Definition
| Multiple Baseline and Multielement |
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Term
Elsa is working with a parent on using a reward program for their son. Elsa is unsure if it would be better for her client to earn rewards daily, weekly or monthly. Which analysis should the
Elsa use?
a. Parametric analysis
b. Component analysis
c. Demonstrative analysis
d. Comparative analysis |
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Definition
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Term
Pepa used both eye contact and the high-probability sequence as an antecedent
intervention to increase compliance. Her client’s compliance improved but she isn’t sure if the eye contact or the high-probability sequence were equally effective alone.
Which confound is this an example of?
a. Multiple-treatment interference
b. Sequence effects
c. Carry over effects |
|
Definition
| Multiple-treatment interference |
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Term
Antonio is training 3 dolphins to do a new flip. He wants to look at the impact of his training technique across the three. Which of the following would be appropriate?
a. Reversal
b. Multielement
c. Multiple baseline
d. Changing criterion design |
|
Definition
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Term
One of Isabella’s other clients engages in very little physical activity and would like to
increase the amount of time they spend engaging in moderate to vigorous physical activity. The client is okay with this taking a bit of time and would like to make long term, steady progress. Which of the following would be appropriate?
a. Reversal
b. Multielement
c. Multiple baseline
d. Changing criterion design |
|
Definition
| Changing criterion design |
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Term
Luisa is coaching a weightlifting athlete and wants to evaluate a tag teach procedure on the quality of their complex lifts. She identifies several lifts that could be improved and feels that these are independent enough that they may be individually improved. Once taught, the athlete’s skill is unlikely to deteriorate even if the procedure is removed. Which of the following would be appropriate?
a. Reversal
b. Multielement
c. Multiple baseline
d. Changing criterion design |
|
Definition
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Term
Camilo collected baseline data on Felix’s compliance. In phase 1, he started using reinforcement for compliance which seemed to work a little. He then switched in phase 2 to using direct statements. This increased compliance significantly relative to baseline. He concluded that direct statements increased compliance. Which confound is this an example of?
a. Multiple-treatment interference
b. Sequence effects
c. Carry over effects |
|
Definition
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Term
Dolores started using tokens to increase Julieta’s compliance. Tokens increased compliance to clinically significant levels. Dolores then stopped using tokens (i.e., returned to baseline) but compliance remained high for the first 3 sessions then began to reduce back to baseline levels. Which confound is this an example of?
A. Multiple-treatment interference
B. Sequence effects
C. Carry over effects |
|
Definition
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Term
Mariano drank 8 sodas a day. He wants to systematically decrease his daily intake to 1 soda per day. Which of the following would be the most appropriate?
a. Reversal
b. Multielement
c. Multiple baseline
d. Changing criterion design |
|
Definition
| Changing criterion design |
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Term
When utilizing multielement design Mariah has her therapists wear a different color headband to signal different conditions. What procedural consideration is this?
a. Counterbalancing
b. Order of Conditions
c. Enhancing Discriminability |
|
Definition
| Enhancing Discriminability |
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Term
Amber sets up a treatment evaluation protocol the goes baseline, treatment 1, treatment 2, baseline, treatment 1 and then treatment 2 again. Treatment 2 data shows it is the most effective. Later on when implementing treatment 2 first, they learn it is not as effective as they once thought. Which confound is at play here?
Carryover effects
Regression to mean
Sequence effects
Multiple—treatment interference |
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Definition
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Term
Marco is a personal trainer and working with 3 individuals to increase the amount of calories they burn a day through his exercise program. To collect data he uses their smart watches. He collects data before the intervention on all three and starts each one on his intervention at different times. What experimental design is this?
Multiple Baseline
Changing Criterion Design
Multiple Probe
Multielement |
|
Definition
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Term
A behavior analyst wants to quickly evaluate whether frequent attention will reduce disruptive behavior in the classroom. They’re considering 30 minute sessions of frequent attention, vs the typical level of attention. Which design would be best?
A. Withdrawal
B. Multiple Baseline
C. Multielement
D. Changing Criterion |
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Definition
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Term
Lamar is examining data on the effects of time-out on biting peers. Which would be a Type 2 error.
a. he concludes time-out was effective, though effects were due to another variable
b. he concludes time-out was effects, and effects were seen
c. he concludes time-out was not effective, though effects were shown
d. he concludes time-out was not effective, and no effects were shown |
|
Definition
c. he concludes time-out was not effective, though effects were shown
A Type II error (also known as a “false negative”) would be to conclude that the independent variable (IV) is not responsible for a change observed in behavior when, in fact, it was responsible for an effect. This would be illustrated if one concludes time-out was not effective, though effects were shown. Concluding that time-out was effective, though effects were due to another variable would illustrate a Type I error (also known as a “false positive”). Concluding time-out was effective and effects are seen would be a good conclusion and not an error. Concluding time-out was not effective and effects were not seen would be a good conclusion and not an error. |
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Term
Bethany reviewed data on the use of social stories to increase compliance and determined the use was effective. However, the increase in compliance also coincided with increased reinforcer delivery. This is potentially which type of error?
type 1
type 2 |
|
Definition
type 1
Concluding that the independent variable (IV) is effective when this is not the case would be considered a Type I error, which is the case in this scenario. A Type II error would be concluding that the independent variable (IV) is not effective when this is not the case—this would be a different scenario. |
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Term
Which error type is more likely in statistical analysis (as compared to visual analysis)?
type 1
type 2 |
|
Definition
type 1
A statistical analysis is more likely to detect small changes in behavior and, therefore, lead to the conclusion that treatment is effective when this is not the case. Visual analysis is used to detect large changes in behavior, which would avoid this issue—but might lead to Type II errors, since interventions producing small changes would be rejected. Though, this might not be a bad thing after all, since only interventions producing large effects would be identified. |
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Term
Kaylie is the behavior analyst for a classroom where most of the students are scoring low in their math proficiency skills. She implements a precision teaching strategy where she measures the current ratio of correct and incorrect answers while recording total duration data. Kaylie provides reinforcement to students who meet their daily goals and allots additional practice for students below the goal line. After a few weeks, Kaylie reviews the data which indicate that most of the students were able to make improvements in both the speed and accuracy of completed math questions. However, the teacher states that scores are still below the national average and improvement is still needed. Kaylie concludes that her intervention was a failure because scores did not improve above the average standard. Which of the following is true of the conclusion Kaylie made?
a. the conclusion is most likely incorrect; a type 1 error was made
b. the conclusion is most likely incorrect; a type 2 error was made
c. the conclusion is most likely correct; the intervention was successful
d. the conclusion is most likely incorrect; the intervention was unsuccessful |
|
Definition
b. the conclusion is most likely incorrect; a type 2 error was made
In this scenario, the conclusion is most likely incorrect, because a Type II error was made. Remember, in order to conclude that an intervention was effective, changes in a dependent variable (i.e., DV; e.g., behavior) must occur only when an independent variable (i.e., IV; e.g., the intervention) is introduced. This means that all other variables should be removed or controlled for as much as possible and any changes in the DV occur only when the IV is introduced. When conducting a visual analysis of graphical data to make conclusions, there are two possible errors that can occur. A Type II error occurs when the practitioner fails to detect that the IV produced an effect on the DV. Kaylie’s intervention produced some slight improvements, but she concluded that it was unsuccessful because improvements were small—this is a Type II error. A Type I error occurs when the practitioner incorrectly determines that the IV alone produced an effect. If another environmental condition had started around the same time that Kaylie implemented the intervention and the students made improvements, this would likely be considered an instance of a Type I error. It would not be appropriate to conclude that the intervention was unsuccessful due to the changes produced by the intervention. Stating that the conclusion is correct, and the intervention was successful contradicts Kaylie’s conclusion that it was unsuccessful. |
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Term
Lamar is examining data on the effects of time-out on biting peers. Which would be a Type 2 error.
a. he concludes time-out was effective, though effects were due to another variable
b. he concludes time-out was effects, and effects were seen
c. he concludes time-out was not effective, though effects were shown
d. he concludes time-out was not effective, and no effects were shown |
|
Definition
c. he concludes time-out was not effective, though effects were shown
A Type II error (also known as a “false negative”) would be to conclude that the independent variable (IV) is not responsible for a change observed in behavior when, in fact, it was responsible for an effect. This would be illustrated if one concludes time-out was not effective, though effects were shown. Concluding that time-out was effective, though effects were due to another variable would illustrate a Type I error (also known as a “false positive”). Concluding time-out was effective and effects are seen would be a good conclusion and not an error. Concluding time-out was not effective and effects were not seen would be a good conclusion and not an error. |
|
|
Term
Bethany reviewed data on the use of social stories to increase compliance and determined the use was effective. However, the increase in compliance also coincided with increased reinforcer delivery. This is potentially which type of error?
type 1
type 2 |
|
Definition
type 1
Concluding that the independent variable (IV) is effective when this is not the case would be considered a Type I error, which is the case in this scenario. A Type II error would be concluding that the independent variable (IV) is not effective when this is not the case—this would be a different scenario. |
|
|
Term
Which error type is more likely in statistical analysis (as compared to visual analysis)?
type 1
type 2 |
|
Definition
type 1
A statistical analysis is more likely to detect small changes in behavior and, therefore, lead to the conclusion that treatment is effective when this is not the case. Visual analysis is used to detect large changes in behavior, which would avoid this issue—but might lead to Type II errors, since interventions producing small changes would be rejected. Though, this might not be a bad thing after all, since only interventions producing large effects would be identified. |
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Term
Quincy is implementing a feedback intervention to increase employees’ use of personal protective equipment (PPE) on the factory floor. Quincy records data on PPE use every 15 minutes during shifts; when shifts end, he reviews the graphed data with each employee and provides feedback on PPE use. After one month, the data indicate a significant increase in PPE use. When Quincy started his intervention, an employee started a safety awareness group inviting all factory employees for coffee and donuts before their shift while the employee discussed the importance of safety. Quincy concludes that his intervention was a success because of the improvements demonstrated in the data. Which of the following is true of his conclusion?
a. the conclusion is most likely incorrect; a type 1 error was made
b. the conclusion is most likely correct; a type 2 error was made
c. the conclusion is most likely correct; the intervention was successful
d. the conclusion is most likely incorrect; the intervention was unsuccessful |
|
Definition
a. the conclusion is most likely incorrect; a type 1 error was made
In this scenario, the conclusion is most likely incorrect because a Type I error was made. In order to conclude that an intervention was effective, changes in a dependent variable (i.e., DV; e.g., behavior) must occur only when an independent variable (i.e., IV; e.g., the intervention) is introduced. This means that all other variables should be removed or controlled for as much as possible and any changes in the DV occur only when the IV is introduced. When conducting a visual analysis of graphical data to make conclusions, there are two possible errors that can occur. A Type I error occurs when the practitioner incorrectly determines that the IV alone produced an effect. In this example, the safety awareness group that started around the same time that Quincy implemented the feedback intervention would likely be considered an extraneous or uncontrolled variable that may have affected the outcome. A Type II error occurs when the practitioner fails to detect that the IV produced an effect on the DV. If Quincy had started the intervention at a different time from the safety group and it produced some slight improvements, but Quincy concluded that it was unsuccessful because improvements were small, this would likely indicate that a Type II error occurred. It would not be appropriate to conclude that the intervention was successful or unsuccessful due to the extraneous variable of the safety awareness group. If the safety group had not been started and the intervention alone produced improvements, it would be appropriate to conclude that the intervention was successful. If the safety group had not been started but the intervention alone did not produce improvements, it would be appropriate to conclude that the intervention was unsuccessful. |
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Term
Kaylie is the behavior analyst for a classroom where most of the students are scoring low in their math proficiency skills. She implements a precision teaching strategy where she measures the current ratio of correct and incorrect answers while recording total duration data. Kaylie provides reinforcement to students who meet their daily goals and allots additional practice for students below the goal line. After a few weeks, Kaylie reviews the data which indicate that most of the students were able to make improvements in both the speed and accuracy of completed math questions. However, the teacher states that scores are still below the national average and improvement is still needed. Kaylie concludes that her intervention was a failure because scores did not improve above the average standard. Which of the following is true of the conclusion Kaylie made?
a. the conclusion is most likely incorrect; a type 1 error was made
b. the conclusion is most likely incorrect; a type 2 error was made
c. the conclusion is most likely correct; the intervention was successful
d. the conclusion is most likely incorrect; the intervention was unsuccessful |
|
Definition
b. the conclusion is most likely incorrect; a type 2 error was made
In this scenario, the conclusion is most likely incorrect, because a Type II error was made. Remember, in order to conclude that an intervention was effective, changes in a dependent variable (i.e., DV; e.g., behavior) must occur only when an independent variable (i.e., IV; e.g., the intervention) is introduced. This means that all other variables should be removed or controlled for as much as possible and any changes in the DV occur only when the IV is introduced. When conducting a visual analysis of graphical data to make conclusions, there are two possible errors that can occur. A Type II error occurs when the practitioner fails to detect that the IV produced an effect on the DV. Kaylie’s intervention produced some slight improvements, but she concluded that it was unsuccessful because improvements were small—this is a Type II error. A Type I error occurs when the practitioner incorrectly determines that the IV alone produced an effect. If another environmental condition had started around the same time that Kaylie implemented the intervention and the students made improvements, this would likely be considered an instance of a Type I error. It would not be appropriate to conclude that the intervention was unsuccessful due to the changes produced by the intervention. Stating that the conclusion is correct, and the intervention was successful contradicts Kaylie’s conclusion that it was unsuccessful. |
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Term
Paulette is looking over her graphs and is examining how quickly the rate of mands has increased during the initial mand training phase. Which type of analysis is she conducting?
formative visual analysis across phase
formative visual analysis within-phase
Summative visual analysis |
|
Definition
formative analysis within-phase
Paulette is conducting visual analysis while an evaluation is still being carried out. Therefore, this would be a formative visual analysis rather than summative (which is done once the evaluation is completed). Since Paulette is looking at changes in behavior during the “mand training phase,” this would be within-phase, not across-phase. |
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Term
Ansley is examining graphs to determine if the behavior she is measuring changes when and only when the intervention is changed. Which type of analysis is she doing?
formative visual analysis across phase
formative visual analysis within-phase
Summative visual analysis |
|
Definition
Summative visual analysis
Ansley is conducting a visual analysis once an evaluation has been completed. Therefore, this is a summative visual analysis. Formative visual analysis would be conducted while the evaluation is still being done. |
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Term
[image]
Given these data, which line should be used?
mean level line
median level line
increasing trend line
decreasing trend line |
|
Definition
mean level line
Given the data, the mean level line should be used in this example. Remember that the level can be the mean or median value of a data set, usually across an entire condition or phase. The most used level is the mean level line and is typically used when there are no clear outliers in a data set. This example did not have any major outliers in baseline as the range of rate per session was between 19 and 21, which is only a difference of three and indicates low variability. Similarly, the range of rate per session during treatment was between 1 and 4, which indicates low variability. The median level is typically used when there is variability or outliers in the data set of any condition or phase. This example did not demonstrate a high amount of variability, or outliers, and would not require the median level line to be used. Increasing and decreasing trend lines are most appropriate when the data path is itself increasing or decreasing, respectively. This data path remained stable and did not appear to demonstrate significant increases or decreases within each phase. |
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Term
[image]
Given these data, which line should be used?
mean level line
median level line
increasing trend line
decreasing trend line |
|
Definition
median level line
Given the data, the median level line should be used in this example. Remember that the level can be the mean or median value of a data set, usually across an entire condition or phase. The median level is typically used when there is variability or outliers in the data set of any condition or phase. This example had at least one outlier for each phase and would therefore be best suited for a medial level line. The mean level line is more common and used when there are no clear outliers in a data set. This example had outliers in the baseline phase during the fourth and tenth trials; no other data points in the baseline phase are close in value to the data gathered during those trials. Increasing and decreasing trend lines are most appropriate when the data path is itself increasing or decreasing, respectively. This data path remained relatively stable, apart from the outliers, and did not appear to demonstrate significant increases or decreases within each phase. |
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Term
[image]
Which type of trend is shown in the graph?
no trend
increasing then decreasing
zero trend
level trend |
|
Definition
no trend
When looking at the trend in a phase or condition, one considers the entire set of data. Therefore, one would not describe the trend as first increasing and then decreasing. The graph doesn’t show a particular direction in which the data are changing. Subsequently, we would describe this type of data as having “no trend”—while zero trend would show a direction of maintaining over time (neither increasing nor decreasing). |
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Term
[image]
Which type of trend is shown in the graph?
no trend
increasing then decreasing
zero trend
level trend |
|
Definition
zero trend
The data show a clear direction, so we can describe this trend. Therefore, “no trend” would be incorrect. Level trend is not a type of trend. Since the data is maintaining over time, we describe this as “zero trend.” |
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Term
[image]
Does this graph show a clear effect from phase A to phase B?
yes
no, latency to change was too long
no, variability was too great
no, there is too much overlap |
|
Definition
no, latency to change was too long
This graph doesn’t show a clear effect because the latency to change was too long. Therefore, one cannot be certain if the eventual decrease in behavior is the result of treatment, if there was a carryover effect, or if an extraneous variable was at play. |
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Term
[image]
Does this graph show a clear effect from phase A to phase B?
yes
no, latency to change was too long
no, variability was too great
no, there is too much overlap |
|
Definition
yes
This graph shows a clear effect because behavior increases each time treatment is introduced and behavior decreases when treatment is removed. The latency to change was good across phases, the data was stable across phases, and there was no overlap across phases. |
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Term
Julie is using visual analysis to evaluate the effects of a lottery system implemented to increase timely submission of daily performance reports. When reviewing the graph, she makes sure that her aid includes all the appropriate graphing conventions like labeling and scaling. She then looks at what the expected pattern of change is for the intervention and makes sure that there are enough data points collected to identify a possible trend. What is the very next step that Julie should take when conducting the visual analysis?
analyze consistency of change
examine the research question
analyze across-condition variables
analyze within-condition variables |
|
Definition
analyze within-condition variables
In this scenario, Julie has already completed the first three steps recommended by Ledford and Gast (2018) and the very next step is to analyze the within-condition variables. Remember that the six steps in conducting a visual analysis are: 1) review graph for graphing standards; 2) examine the research question; 3) determine if there are sufficient data; 4) analyze within-condition variables; 5) analyze across-conditions variables; 6) analyze consistency of change; 7) make a summative conclusion. Julie already checked the graph to make sure graphing standards were followed (step 1), she reviewed the goal of the research question (step 2), and she made sure there was sufficient data to identify a trend (step 3); the very next step is to analyze within-condition variables (step 4). Analyzing consistency of change is step 6 and would not occur immediately after step 3 (sufficient data). Analyzing across-condition variables is step 5 and would not occur immediately after step 3. Examining the research question is step 2 and already occurred when Julie looked at the expected pattern of change for the behavior goal. |
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Term
Terrence is using visual analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of a packaged feedback intervention for completion of closing-shift tasks in a private restaurant. He is currently looking at the pattern of behavior produced in the replications when the intervention was introduced, removed, and then introduced again. What should Terrence have already done as part of conducting a visual analysis immediately prior to analyzing consistency of change?
analyze consistency of change
examine the research question
analyze across-condition variables
analyze within-condition variables |
|
Definition
analyze across-condition variables
In this scenario, Terrence has just completed the sixth step of the steps recommended by Ledford and Gast (2018) and immediately prior step is to analyze the across-condition variables. Remember that the six steps in conducting a visual analysis are: 1) review graph for graphing standards; 2) examine the research question; 3) determine if there are sufficient data; 4) analyze within-condition variables; 5) analyze across-conditions variables; 6) analyze consistency of change; 7) make a summative conclusion. The step immediately prior to step 6 is step 5: Analyze across-condition variables. Analyzing within-condition variables is step 4 and would not be conducted immediately prior to step 6. Making a summative conclusion is step 7 and would be conducted after step 6, not before. Determining if there are sufficient data is step 3 and would not be conducted immediately prior to step 6. |
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Term
Jordyn is implementing a changing criterion reinforcement protocol to increase the amount of exercise for members of a group community home. During the intervention, she looks at the level of responding for one participant when the exercise goal was set for 10 minutes and when the goal was set for 15 minutes. Which type of analysis is Jordyn conducting?
within-phase formative visual analysis
across-phase formative visusal analysis
summative visual analysis
statistical analysis |
|
Definition
across-phase formative visusal analysis
In this scenario, Jordyn is using an across-phase formative analysis to look at the level of exercise during two separate phases for one individual. Remember that there are two general types of visual analysis which are the formative visual analysis and the summative visual analysis. The key distinction between a formative visual analysis and a summative visual analysis is that the formative visual analysis is conducted as the investigation is ongoing whereas the summative visual analysis is conducted after the completion of an investigation. A formative visual analysis can be either within-phase or across-phase but is typically conducted while the investigation is ongoing. The across-phase formative visual analysis looks at data across more than one phase, which is what Jordyn did when looking at the levels in the 10-minute phase and the 15-minute phase, while the intervention was ongoing. The within-phase formative analysis looks at the data in individual phases. If Jordyn was looking at the level of exercise for just one phase (just 10 minutes), this example would more closely resemble a within-phase formative analysis. A summative visual analysis is completed following an investigation to determine the effects of a treatment condition. If Jordyn were reviewing data once the intervention was completed, and not when it was ongoing, this would more closely resemble a summative visual analysis. Statistical analysis is not as common in behavior analysis but is often used with large group designs. Statistical analysis is a method of identifying whether there are statistically significant changes in data across conditions or phases. If the scenario presented an analysis of the data of several phases or individuals in such a way as to identify a statistically-significant difference, then statistical analysis would more closely apply. |
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Term
Stephanie has already implemented a teaching procedure to improve appropriate greetings to peers for her learner, Jayden. She set up a training opportunity during playground activities. After reviewing the graphed data, she notices that there was greater success when peers were playing games compared to when peers were independently playing. Which type of analysis was Stephanie conducting?
within-phase formative visual analysis
across-phase formative visusal analysis
summative visual analysis
statistical analysis |
|
Definition
summative visual analysis
Based on the scenario, Stephanie used a summative visual analysis. Remember that a summative visual analysis is completed following an investigation to determine the effects of a treatment condition, referred to as the independent variable. In this example, Stephanie had already completed the investigation and was determining the effects of the independent variable. A formative visual analysis can be either within-phase or across-phase but is typically conducted while the investigation is ongoing. The key distinction between a formative visual analysis and a summative visual analysis is that the formative visual analysis is conducted as the investigation is ongoing whereas the summative visual analysis is conducted after the completion of an investigation. Statistical analysis is not as common in behavior analysis but is often used with large group designs. Statistical analysis is a method of identifying whether there are statistically-significant changes in data across conditions or phases. If the scenario presented an analysis of the data of more than one individual in such a way as to identify a statistically significant difference, then statistical analysis would more closely apply. |
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Term
Duran is using a reversal design to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention to reduce smoking indoors at a group community home. As Duran collects data for the intervention, he reviews the level and variability of responding during the first baseline session. Which type of analysis is Duran conducting?
within-phase formative visual analysis
across-phase formative visusal analysis
summative visual analysis
statistical analysis |
|
Definition
within-phase formative visual analysis
In this scenario, Duran is using a within-phase formative visual analysis when looking at the level and variability in the first baseline session. Remember that there are two general types of visual analysis which are the formative visual analysis and the summative visual analysis. The key distinction between a formative visual analysis and a summative visual analysis is that the formative visual analysis is conducted as the investigation is ongoing, whereas the summative visual analysis is conducted after the completion of an investigation. A formative visual analysis can be either within-phase or across-phase but is typically conducted while the investigation is ongoing. The within-phase formative analysis looks at the data in individual phases which is what Duran did when looking at just the first baseline phase while the intervention was ongoing. The across-phase formative visual analysis looks at data across more than one phase. If Duran was looking at the level and variability across more than just one phase, this example would more closely resemble an across-phase formative analysis. A summative visual analysis is completed following an investigation to determine the effects of a treatment condition. If Duran were reviewing data once the intervention was completed, and not when it was ongoing, this would more closely resemble a summative visual analysis. Statistical analysis is not as common in behavior analysis but is often used with large group designs. Statistical analysis is a method of identifying whether there are statistically significant changes in data across conditions or phases. If the scenario presented an analysis of the data of several phases or individuals, in such a way as to identify a statistically significant difference, then statistical analysis would more closely apply. |
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Term
[image]
Does the change in DV seem to be a result of a change in the IV?
yes
no, latency to change is too long
no, trend does not change across phases
no, behavior does not change in the desired direction |
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Definition
| no, trend does not change across phases This graph doesn’t show experimental control because the trend is the same across phases. Looking at data patterns, behavior continues the same way independent of treatment manipulations. |
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Term
[image]
Does this graph demonstrate experimental control? If not, why?
yes
no, latency to change was too long
no, effect is not repeated
no, behavior doe not change in the desired direction |
|
Definition
yes
This graph does show experimental control. While there was a long latency to change, the same pattern of latency to change was replicated in the treatment phases. If there weren’t additional replications, then we could say the latency to change was too long. Replication does not guarantee an exact duplication of a data pattern. |
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Term
[image]
Which graph shows experimental control?
Graph A
Graph B |
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Definition
Graph A
Graph A shows experimental control because the difference between conditions indicates an effect. Graph B doesn’t show experimental control because there is no clear difference between conditions and no effect is evident. |
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Term
[image]
Does the change in DV seem to be a result of a change in the IV?
yes
no, the change is not shown across all tiers
no, the DV change does not coincide with IV change
no, no change is shown |
|
Definition
no, the DV change does not coincide with IV change
Changes across baselines occur at the same time. This would obscure a demonstration of control in a multiple baseline design. One wouldn’t be able to rule out the effects of an extraneous variable that coincided with the implementation of treatment in the first baseline. Subsequent implementations of treatment conditions show no effect. |
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Term
[image]
Does the change in DV seem to be a result of a change in the IV?
yes
no, the change is not shown across all tiers
no, the DV change does not coincide with IV change
no, no change is shown |
|
Definition
no, the change is not shown across all tiers
Although the dependent variable changed when treatment was implemented in the first two baselines, it didn’t change when treatment was implemented in the third baseline. This weakens a demonstration of experimental control. |
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Term
Candace is conducting visual analysis on her graph to examine if a time out procedure was effective in decreasing maladaptive behaviors during play time. She reviews trend, level, and variability. She then reviews her research question. Her data shows at least 12 points of data for each of four conditions (baseline, treatment, baseline, treatment), which she determines to be sufficient. She determines that the data within each condition is stable and across data shows appropriate latency to change. She also determines that the changes are consistent for each of the four conditions. What has Candace missed in her visual analysis?
A) Examine the research question
B) Determine if there are sufficient data
C) Analyze consistency of change
D) Make a summative conclusion |
|
Definition
| D) Make a summative conclusion |
|
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Term
[image]
Based on the graph, what would be the calculated level shift across the two conditions?
10
5
2
7 |
|
Definition
|
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Term
Calculate the PND for the following data set:
A) 12, 13, 15, 13, 14, 17
B) 20, 12, 18, 21, 22, 24
A) 75%
B) 60.5%
C) 83.3%
D) 50% |
|
Definition
C) 83.3%
1 overlap (12)
6 data points in each set
5 non-overlapping
5/6 x 100 = 83.3% |
|
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Term
[image]
Does the following graph follow expectations for changes in trend for a skill acquisition treatment?
1. Yes, changes are in the intended direction and are repeated
2. No, changes are not in the intended direction
3. No, changes are not repeated |
|
Definition
| Yes, changes are in the intended direction and are repeated |
|
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Term
You have collected data to determine the effects of errorless teaching on skill acquisition. The data you collected in treatment shows that 5, 6, 5, 7, 8 targets were mastered based on the use of this teaching procedure. You calculate the mean to be 6.2 for your level line with a standard deviation of 4.1. You draw your level and trend line on the graph. In using the CDC method, you need to adjust your lines based on your standard deviation. What would be the standard deviation for this graph after adjustments were made?
A) 0.25
B) 1.025
C) 2.5
D) None of these |
|
Definition
B) 1.025
Adjust standard deviation (4.1) by 0.25
4.1 x. 0.25 =1.025 |
|
|
Term
Process of extracting useful information from data to make decisions.
A) Baseline
B) Visual Analysis
C) Data Analysis
D) Component Analysis |
|
Definition
|
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Term
Francisco, a BCaBA, implemented a level system targeting on task behavior for his client, a student in a mainstream classroom. At the same time, the new teacher resigned and was replaced by a veteran instructor. On-task behavior increased, and Francisco attributed this to his intervention. Francisco may have committed a:
A. Type I error (false positive)
B. Type II error (false negative) |
|
Definition
| A. Type I error (false positive) |
|
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Term
The veteran teacher continued implementing the level system but attributed the increase in on-task behavior to her teaching style, and not to the level system. However, when Francisco agreed to discontinue the level system, on task behavior throughout the day immediately decreased. This would indicate that Francisco and the teacher may have committed a:
A. Type I error (false positive)
B. Type II error (false negative) |
|
Definition
| B. Type II error (false negative) |
|
|
Term
[image]
Should we intervene at this time?
A. yes
B. no, because the trend is in the direction of therapeutic change
C. No,because variability is too great
D. No, because there seem to be cyclical patterns |
|
Definition
| D. No, because there seem to be cyclical patterns |
|
|
Term
[image]
Should we intervene at this time?
A. yes
B. no, because the trend is in the direction of therapeutic change
C. No,because variability is too great
D. No, because there seem to be cyclical patterns |
|
Definition
| C. No,because variability is too great |
|
|
Term
Joan is looking at the level, trend, and variability of data in baseline to determine if it is appropriate to start treatment. Joan is conducting which type of analysis?
A. Formative analysis across phase
B. Formative analysis within phase
C. Statistical Analysis
D. Summative analysis |
|
Definition
| Formative analysis within phase |
|
|
Term
Joan is comparing the data in baseline to the data in treatment to determine if significant change occurred, prior to a planned withdrawal phase. Joan is conducting which type of analysis?
A. Formative analysis across phase
B. Formative analysis within phase
C. Statistical Analysis
D. Summative analysis |
|
Definition
| A. Formative analysis across phase |
|
|
Term
[image]
These data show
A. A change in level and in trend
B. A change in trend but overlap
C. A change in trend and variability
D. Changes in level and trend and
consistencies of patterns |
|
Definition
| A change in trend but overlap |
|
|
Term
[image]
These data show
A. No change in level across conditions
B. No change in trend across conditions
C. Immediacy of change but no consistency of patterns
D. No immediacy of change but consistency of patterns |
|
Definition
| No immediacy of change but consistency of patterns |
|
|
Term
Joan is comparing the data in baseline and return to baseline phases to the data in treatment phases to determine whether the intervention was the cause of the changes in behavior. Joan is conducting which type of analysis?
A. Formative analysis across phase
B. Formative analysis within phase
C. Statistical Analysis
D. Summative analysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Shayna just reviewed a graph for graphing standards including both general characteristics and specific data inspection. What should she do next?
A) Determine if there was sufficient data
B) Examine the research question
C) Make a summative conclusion
D) Examine within-condition variables |
|
Definition
| B) Examine the research question |
|
|
Term
[image]
What can we say about the data in this graph?
A) There is immediacy of change and the pattern is consistent
B) There is a consistent pattern but no immediacy of change
C) Pattern is not consistent and there is no immediacy in change |
|
Definition
| There is a consistent pattern but no immediacy of change |
|
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Term
A behavior analyst is looking at the effects of tokens on increasing compliance. The behavior analyst compares changes in the level from baseline to the token phase and calculates the percentage of non- overlapping data points during the tokens phase relative to baseline. What type of visual analysis?
A) Formative analysis within-phase
B) Formative analysis across-phase
C) Summative analysis |
|
Definition
| Formative analysis across-phase |
|
|
Term
A behavior analyst has just completed a study comparing the effects of video modeling to a live model on teaching tact actions. After carefully reviewing her graphed data, she concludes that video modeling is a more efficient and effective way to teach tact actions than a live model. What type of analysis?
A) Formative analysis within-phase
B) Formative analysis across-phase
C) Summative analysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A behavior analyst is reviewing a graph and examining how quickly compliance increased during the phase when tokens were being used. What type of visual analysis?
A) Formative analysis within-phase
B) Formative analysis across-phase
C) Summative analysis |
|
Definition
| A) Formative analysis within-phase |
|
|
Term
[image]
The data in the graph indicate:
A) A change in variability and a change in trend
B) A change in variability and no change in level
C) No change in variability and a change in trend
D) A change in trend and no change in level |
|
Definition
| No change in variability and a change in trend |
|
|
Term
[image]
What conclusion can we make?
A) Confident in the effects of the IV
because of bidirectional change
B) Not confident in the effects of the IV because the behavior changed before IV was introduced
C) Confident in the effects of the IV because the data points match the criteria
D) Not confident in the effects of the IV because there are no replications of the effect |
|
Definition
| C) Confident in the effects of the IV because the data points match the criteria |
|
|
Term
George engages in aggression toward a particular peer at school. The BCBA implements a program to decrease aggression. In the first week of implementation, rates of aggression decrease and the BCBA attributes this change to the program. Come to find out, the peer was absent from school when the program was implemented. It is likely that George’s BCBA has made which type of error?
A. Type I error
B. Type II error |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
[image]
Calculate PND
A. 30% B. 40% C. 50% D. 60% E. 70% F. 80% |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
[image]
Which best describes this graph?
A. Change in level, no change in trend
B. Change in level, change in trend
C. No change in level, no change in trend |
|
Definition
| Change in level, change in trend |
|
|
Term
[image]
Which best describes this graph?
A. Change in level, no consistency of patterns
B. No overlap of data, immediacy of change
C. No overlap of data, no consistency of |
|
Definition
| No overlap of data, immediacy of change |
|
|
Term
[image]
Which best describes this graph?
A. No overlap in data, consistency of patterns
B. Overlap of data, immediacy of change
C. No immediacy of change, consistency of patterns |
|
Definition
| No immediacy of change, consistency of patterns |
|
|
Term
After conducting baseline, Jeanette implements treatment. She then withdraws treatment to return to baseline and then implements treatment again. She compares baseline and treatment phases to determine whether there was an effect from treatment. She is conducting which type of analysis?
A. Formative analysis within phase
B. Formative analysis across phases
C. Summative analysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Jeanette is analyzing the trend, level, and variability of baseline data to determine whether it is appropriate to implement treatment. She is conducting which type of analysis?
A. Formative analysis within phase
B. Formative analysis across phases
C. Summative analysis |
|
Definition
| A. Formative analysis within phase |
|
|
Term
A BCBA is comparing the change in level from baseline to treatment phase. What type of analysis is this?
A. Formative analysis within phase
B. Formative analysis across phases
C. Summative analysis |
|
Definition
| Formative analysis across phases |
|
|
Term
A behavior analyst has implemented a program with his young client to decrease
instances of hitting others in the home. At the same time the program is implemented, the client's older brother starts attending first grade at the local
school. The graph shows instances of hitting per day are cut more than half the baseline rate. The behavior analyst concludes the intervention is working. Which type of error in visual inspection was made?
a. Type I error
b. Type II error
c. Neither of these |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
David is evaluating level, trend, and variability of data in baseline to determine if
it is appropriate to start treatment. Which type of analysis is this?
a. Formative analysis across phase
b. Formative analysis within phase
c. Statistical Analysis
d. Summative analysis |
|
Definition
| b. Formative analysis within phase |
|
|
Term
Calculate the PND for the following data
A: 10, 11, 15, 16, 17, 20
B: 5, 11, 12, 13, 19, 21
a. 75%
b. 60.5%
c. 33.3%
d. 50% |
|
Definition
c. 33.3%
Set A has the range of 10-20 and Set B has 4 numbers (numbers 11, 12, 13 and 19) that fall within the 10-20 range of that data set. There are a total of 6 numbers and 2 out the 6 are non-overlapping so we divide 2/6 and get 33.3% non-overlapping. |
|
|
Term
Will is examining his baseline and treatment data before conducting a reversal. Which type of analysis is this?
a. Formative analysis across phases
b. Formative analysis within phase
c. Statistical Analysis
d. Summative analysis |
|
Definition
| Formative analysis across phases |
|
|
Term
[image]
Based on these data, what conclusion could be drawn?
Not confident in the effects of the IV due to changes in the DV prior to introduction of the IV
Confident in the effects of the IV due to the difference of results in treatment phase from baseline phase
Confident in the effects of the IV due to the correspondence with criteria in each phase
Not confident in the effects of the IV due to no replication of effects |
|
Definition
| Confident in the effects of the IV due to the difference of results in treatment phase from baseline phase |
|
|
Term
[image]
Based on the data what conclusion can be drawn?
Confident in the effects of the IV due to replication of effects
Not confident in the effects of the IV due to lack of separation between conditions
Not confident in the effects of the IV due to changes in the DV prior to introduction of the IV
Confident in the effects of the IV due to the correspondence with criteria in each phase |
|
Definition
| Confident in the effects of the IV due to replication of effects |
|
|
Term
[image]
This graph indicates
A change in trend and a change in level
A change in trend but no change in level
No change in trend and a change in variability
No change in trend and no change in variability |
|
Definition
| A change in trend but no change in level |
|
|
Term
[image]
This graph indicates
A change in trend and a change in level
A change in trend but no change in level
No change in trend and a change in variability
No change in trend and no change in variability |
|
Definition
| A change in trend but no change in level |
|
|
Term
[image]
Based on the graph, what conclusion could be drawn?
Confident in the effects of the IV due to the correspondence with criteria in each phase
Confident in the effects of the IV due to separation with at least one condition
Not confident in the effects of the IV due to changes in the DV prior to introduction of the IV
Not confident in the effects of the IV due to no replication of effects |
|
Definition
| Confident in the effects of the IV due to the correspondence with criteria in each phase |
|
|
Term
Evan has completed collecting data on his client and is evaluating if the treatment was the cause of his clients behavior change. Which type of analysis is this?
a. Formative analysis across phase
b. Formative analysis within phase
c. Statistical Analysis
d. Summative analysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Francisco, a BCaBA, implemented a level system targeting on task behavior for his client, a student in a mainstream classroom. At the same time, the new teacher resigned and was replaced by a veteran instructor. On-task behavior increased, and Francisco attributed this to his intervention. Francisco may have committed a:
Type I error (false positive)
Type II error (false negative) |
|
Definition
| A. Type I error (false positive) |
|
|
Term
[image]
Should we intervene at this time?
A. Yes!
B. No, because the trend is in the direction of therapeutic change
C. No, because variability is too great 0
D. No, because there seem to be cyclical patterns |
|
Definition
| No, because there seem to be cyclical patterns |
|
|
Term
[image] Should we intervene at this time?
A. Yes!
B. No, because the trend is in the direction of therapeutic change
C. No, because variability is too great
D. No, because there seem to be cyclical patterns |
|
Definition
| No, because variability is too great |
|
|
Term
[image]
These data show
A. A change in level and in trend
B. A change in trend but overlap
C. A change in trend and variability
D. Changes in level and trend and
consistencies of patterns |
|
Definition
| A change in trend but overlap |
|
|
Term
[image]
These data show
A. No change in level across conditions
B. no change in trend across conditions
C. immediacy of change but no consistency of patterns
D. no immediacy of change but consistency of patterns |
|
Definition
| No immediacy of change but consistency of patterns |
|
|
Term
Dr. Scott Hall has presented at behavior conferences where behavior analysts miss identifying the function using standard visual inspection, a
type 1 error
type 2 error |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
If you are visually inspecting a graph that has only 2 baseline data points, your primary concern is
accuracy
variability
insufficient data
trend |
|
Definition
insufficient data
we want 3-5 data points |
|
|
Term
Cyclical patterns
Rise and fall of data within phase
Changes in median between phases
Predictable change in behavior
The bounce of data from the trend line |
|
Definition
| Rise and fall of data within phase |
|
|
Term
The conservative dual criteria serves to
Reduce the likelihood of Type I errors
Replace the dual criteria method
Reduces the likelihood of Type II errors
Increases time taken to master the analysis |
|
Definition
| Reduce the likelihood of Type I errors |
|
|
Term
Functional relations are identified during
Baselines
Treatment conditions
Formative analysis
Summative analysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tamal is using a procedure that has been identified to be effective with rats in operant chambers. He is attempting to replicate these findings when applied to feeding programs with toddlers. He is engaged in:
aba research
aba practice |
|
Definition
aba research
ABA research develops and validates procedures based on the principles discovered in the experimental analysis of behavior. ABA practice, on the other hand, takes those procedures already developed and validated by research and implements them in the delivery of services to improve people’s quality of life.
In this scenario, Tamal is evaluating whether a procedure developed in the laboratory could be used in applied settings with socially significant behavior. Therefore, this illustrates ABA research. |
|
|
Term
Stacy has identified a validated behavior reduction procedure and wants to evaluate how well it works for her client in the classroom. She is engaged in:
aba research
aba practice |
|
Definition
aba practice
ABA research develops and validates procedures based on the principles discovered in the experimental analysis of behavior. ABA practice, on the other hand, takes those procedures already developed and validated by research and implements them in the delivery of services to improve people’s quality of life.
In this scenario, Stacy is using a procedure that has already been validated to improve the performance of students in the classroom. As a result, this is an example of ABA practice. |
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Term
Which of the following is an example of a behavior analyst engaging in ABA research?
Yvonne is running a social skills group at a clinic for children with autism
Mateo is conducting a study on the use of multiple scheudles to reduce the severe problem behavior of three individuals
Shadya is assesing the effects of different stimulus arrangements on the key-pressing of 15 participants
Vladimir is writing a blog post about creating experimental questions |
|
Definition
Mateo is conducting a study on the use of multiple scheudles to reduce the severe problem behavior of three individuals
ABA research is defined as development and experimental validation of procedures to address problems of social significance. Mateo’s scenario gives the most accurate depiction of ABA research. He is conducting an experimental study with a specific intervention in order to decrease severe behavior, which would be socially significant and allow the individual to access reinforcers in their environment more easily. In Yvonne’s case, running a social group may help to provide socially-significant skills to individuals; however, she is simply running the group and not conducting a study to validate specific procedures. In Shadya’s example, assessing effects of stimulus arrangements may be using experimental validation of procedures, but the problem is not of social significance as Shadya is examining key-pressing (not humans). I n Vladimir’s example, a blog post about creating experimental questions might be a helpful resource but does not focus on experimental validation or socially-significant problems. |
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|
Term
Which of the following is an example of a behavior analyst engaging in ABA practice?
Ingo asesses the feedback preferences of five participants completing a simulated work task
Cristina is a guest on a podcast where she speaks about the benefits of behavior-analytic services
Gustav evaluates the effects of different variable interval schedules on the choices of three young children
Lilian uses a changing criterion design to gradually increase the number of wieghtlifting sets that her client completes |
|
Definition
Lilian uses a changing criterion design to gradually increase the number of wieghtlifting sets that her client completes
ABA practice is defined as the implementation and evaluation of validated procedures within an individual consumer. Lilian’s scenario is the best example of this as she is using a validated experimental design to increase a behavior within her client. In Ingo’s example, assessing feedback preferences might be a good thing to do to help provide more effective feedback, but Ingo is not implementing any particular procedure yet and the focus is on five different consumers. In the example with Cristina, speaking about the benefits of behavior-analytic services might be a worthy cause; however, no implementation or evaluation of procedures is being used with a client in this case. Gustav is evaluating the effects of variable interval schedules, which would be more of a focus on experimental validation itself and not the implementation of a validated procedure. |
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Term
Which dimension of ABA requires that a practitioner ensures a high degree of certainty that the IV affects the DV?
technological
effective
analytic
conceptually systematic |
|
Definition
analytic
The only way to ensure the independent variable (IV) has an effect on the dependent variable (DV) is by experimentally demonstrating functional relations. This illustrates the analytic dimension of ABA. |
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Term
Sandra is deciding between using withdrawal or multielement designs to evaluate treatment effects. She is demonstrating which characteristic of the scientist-practitioner model?
empirical, scientific worldview
analytic approach to problems
fundamental research design
literature review skills |
|
Definition
fundamental research design
Making decisions about which experimental design to use is related to fundamental research design. The empirical, scientific worldview would be related to focusing on observable or measurable events. An analytic approach to problems involves making decisions to demonstrate functional relations. The literature review skills characteristic is about extrapolating published information to problems encountered in practice. |
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Term
Singh reviews publications on applying incentive programs with staff before rolling one out. Singh is demonstrating which characteristic of the scientist-practitioner model?
empirical, scientific worldview
analytic approach to problems
fundamental research design
literature review skills |
|
Definition
literature review skills
Extrapolating published information to problems encountered in practice would illustrate literature review skills. Fundamental research design would include making decisions about which experimental design to use. An empirical, scientific worldview would be related to focusing on observable or measurable events. An analytic approach to problems involves making decisions to demonstrate functional relations. |
|
|
Term
Which demonstrates a scientist-practitioner approaching problems analytically?
1. modifying a program due to insight from a recent JABA publication
2. alternating a program due to unexpected data
3. combining experimental designs for use in a unique context
4. advocating for objective data collection to address a student's "oppositional defiance" |
|
Definition
2. alternating a program due to unexpected data
An analytic approach to problems involves making decisions to demonstrate functional relations based on data. Modifying a program due to insight from a recent JABA publication would illustrate literature review skills. Combining experimental designs to use in a unique context would illustrate the fundamental research design characteristic. Advocating for objective data collection to address a student’s oppositional defiance would illustrate an empirical, scientific worldview. |
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Term
Phyllis develops an intervention package consisting of task aids, behavioral skills training, a lottery system, and written feedback to increase the productivity of her employees. However, she plans on introducing each component gradually rather than all at once. After introducing task aids, she notices that the data demonstrate that every employee’s performance begins to trend upwards. She decides to withhold introducing the more complex components of the intervention package. In this scenario, Phyllis is adhering to which characteristic of the scientist-practitioner model?
1. using a fundamental research design
2. implementing literature review skills
3. demonstating an analytic approach to problems
4. taking an empirical scientific worldview |
|
Definition
3. demonstating an analytic approach to problems
The four characteristics of the scientist-practitioner model are demonstrating an analytic approach to problems, using a fundamental research design, implementing literature review skills, and taking an empirical scientific worldview. Demonstrating an analytic approach to problems is a focus on conceptualizing a problem and breaking down the components of the problem algorithmically. In the example with Phyllis, she has taken a problem (low productivity) and has implemented a specific intervention package. She breaks down the package and introduces the package gradually while monitoring each of the components. Her analysis leads her to stop incorporating more complex components. This would be an example of demonstrating an analytic approach to problems. In this case she does not use a fundamental research design as she is just gradually introducing the intervention to all staff at once. She may have used her literature review skills before deciding on her intervention; however, the scenario does not provide that information. Taking an empirical scientific worldview emphasizes a way of framing problems and causes of behaviors, which was not discussed in this scenario. |
|
|
Term
Lucia is having difficulty finding articles that address the concepts she is concerned with. She can find abstracts by using a standard web search but can’t seem to find full articles. Which barrier is likely keeping Lucia from access the literature?
time constraints
response effort
workplace support
inadequate search skills |
|
Definition
inadequate search skills
The most likely barrier is inadequate search skills—a skill deficit. There is no indication that: there is lack of time to search for articles, it will require a lot of effort, or there is a lack of workplace support. |
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Term
Which of the following is an example of a good research question for a behavior analysis scientist-practitioner to examine?
1. what impact will a behavior-skills training package have on the rate of feedback statements of managers at a construction site?
2. What are the effects of combining antihistamines and caffeine to treat allergy symptoms
3. Which differential reinforcement procedure will improve the rate of aggression in a young child?
4. Will a paired-choice assessment result in a preference hiearchy for an adult at a group home |
|
Definition
1. what impact will a behavior-skills training package have on the rate of feedback statements of managers at a construction site?
When developing a good research question, the researcher should identify the most relevant aspects of the problem, emphasize functional relations between variables (what is the X on Y in Z circumstances?), and use technical terms. The question, “What impact will a behavior-skills training package have on the rate of feedback statements of managers at a construction site?” includes all three of these components. The most relevant aspects are provided (training package, rate of feedback, managers, construction site), emphasizes functional relations (effect of BST on rate of feedback for managers), and uses technical terms (no jargon or assumptions). The research question, “What are the effects of combining antihistamines and caffeine to treat allergy symptoms?” uses technical terms and relevant aspects, but it does not address variables and their functional relations. The research question, “Which differential reinforcement procedure will improve the rate of aggression in a young child?” does not provide sufficient information of the most relevant aspects of the question (i.e., which differential reinforcement procedures will be used?) and it does not provide a clear emphasis on the functional relation (i.e., what is the X on Y in Z circumstances?). The research question, “Will a paired-choice assessment result in a preference hierarchy for an adult at a group home?” provides the most relevant aspects and uses technical terms, however, the functional relationship is not clearly established. |
|
|
Term
Jay wants to find articles that use either DRO or DRA procedures to reduce aggression. What would be the best search?
(DRO AND DRA) AND aggression
"DRO OR DRA" AND aggression
*DR (O AND A) AND "aggression"
(DRO OR DRA) AND aggression |
|
Definition
(DRO OR DRA) AND aggression
The search—(DRO or DRA) AND aggression—will produce results containing DRO and aggression, DRA and aggression, and DRO and DRA and aggression. The search—“DRO or DRA” and aggression—will produce results that only include the exact phrase “DRO or DRA” and aggression. The search—DR* (O and A) and “aggression”—will produce results that contain any word with the root DR, O and A, and aggression. The search—(DRO and DRA) and aggression—will produce results that contain DRO and DRA and aggression. |
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|
Term
Lesa searched the following: (“antecedent manipulations” OR noncontingent) AND escape
What results should she expect in the results?
1. Both antecedent manipulations and nonontingent treatments
2. All articles related to escape, plus articles that either include "antecedent manipulations" or noncontingent treatments
3. Articles that address escape if they also include "antecedent manipulations" or noncontingent treatment |
|
Definition
3. Articles that address escape if they also include "antecedent manipulations" or noncontingent treatment
This search will produce results that contain antecedent manipulations and escape, noncontingent and escape, and antecedent manipulations and noncontingent and escape. Both antecedent manipulations and noncontingent treatments would be produced by the search: “antecedent manipulations” AND noncontingent. All articles related to escape, plus articles that either include “antecedent manipulations” or noncontingent treatments will be produced by the search: escape OR “antecedent manipulations” OR noncontingent. |
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|
Term
Ciro entered a search for: classroom AND escape-maintained. This resulted in thousands of articles. How might he refine his search if looking for interventions to help reduce escape-maintained behavior in an ASD classroom?
1. use the AND operator and include the topography of behavior
2. identify a specific procedure and include it in the search using the OR operator
3. Include both the diagnosis and topography within parentheses |
|
Definition
1. use the AND operator and include the topography of behavior
To narrow this search, one would use the AND operator and include the topography of behavior. Adding a specific procedure will broaden the search even more by including additional results containing the new term. Including the diagnosis and topography within parentheses will exclude forms of escape-maintained behavior that do not include the diagnosis or topography. |
|
|
Term
Isaac is looking for details about the setting of a study. Where should he look?
abstract
introduction
methods
results |
|
Definition
methods
Detailed information about the procedures, participants, setting, etc. can be found in the methods section of the study. The abstract would provide more general information. The introduction would provide information about relevant background and describe the purpose of the study. |
|
|
Term
Lana identified that the IV and DV noted in a study are relevant to an intervention she is trying to put in place. She is curious about previous related research. Where should she look?
abstract
introduction
results
methods |
|
Definition
introduction
Information about previous research can be found in the introduction. The abstract provides general information. The methods section provides detailed information about procedures, participants, experimental designs, etc. |
|
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Term
Wendy is looking for a description of the procedure used during a study. Where should she look?
abstract
introduction
results
methods |
|
Definition
methods
Detailed information about the procedures used can be found in the methods section. The abstract provides an overview. The introduction provides background information and defines the purpose of the study. The results section discusses the data, graphs, statistics, etc. |
|
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Term
Harry is looking for the charts that display the outcomes of a study. Where should he look?
abstract
introduction
results
methods |
|
Definition
results
Charts showing the outcomes of the study will appear in the results section. The abstract will provide a general overview. The introduction will describe background information and define the purpose of the study. The methods section describes details about procedures, participants, settings, etc. |
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Term
Lucy wants to see how previous research is related to the current study. Where should she look?
abstract
introduction
results
methods |
|
Definition
introduction
To check background information related to the current study, one should look in the introduction. The methods section provides information about procedures, participants, settings, etc. The results section provides information about data, graphs, statistical analyses, etc. The references section provides information about supporting literature. |
|
|
Term
Anik wants to look up an article that was cited within a study. Where should she look?
abstract
introduction
results
methods
references |
|
Definition
references
To find information about supporting literature, one should look in the references. The introduction provides background information and defines the purpose of the study. The methods section provides detailed information about procedures, participants, settings, etc. The results section provides detailed information about data, graphs, statistical analyses, etc. |
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Term
Celeste is conducting a literature review for her dissertation on using environmental variables to reduce the rate of alcohol use in adults. She has found a study where the IV and DV closely match the focus of her dissertation, but she is curious about previous research that informed the authors’ choice of their IV and DV. In which part of the article can Celeste find this information?
abstract
introduction
results
methods
references |
|
Definition
introduction
The introduction of a research article provides relevant background information about previous research in the field along with the purpose of the current study. The introduction section of the articles will provide Celeste with information on previous research. The references section would only provide the author, titles, and locations of additional articles that she could search, but would not provide additional background on findings of those studies. The discussion section would provide the findings of the current study in relation to previous literature, but it would not provide a complete background of the study and how it relates to previous studies. The methods section would only provide Celeste with information on how the current study was conducted and would not provide any background information or findings from other studies. |
|
|
Term
Audrey is conducting a literature review and wants to find journal articles that compare using assessment-indicated interventions vs. non-indicated interventions in organizations. At which part of each research article should Audrey look to determine whether the study meets her criteria?
abstract
introduction
results
methods
references |
|
Definition
abstract
The purpose of an abstract is to provide an overview of the study that includes information on characteristics of the participants and setting of the study, the independent variable (IV), dependent variable (DV), experimental design, and summary of the results. This brief summary provides enough information about the study to determine whether the article would be relevant to a research question instead of reading complete articles before realizing that it is not relevant. Audrey can read through abstracts in order to find journal articles for her research question. She could then read those that seem to be relevant more closely to find a true match to her needs. |
|
|
Term
Mira’s professor wants her to review some published studies to practice her visual analysis skills on the studies’ graphs as well as note the ways in which the researchers reported their statistics. In which part of the research articles should Mira look to find this information?
abstract
introduction
results
methods
references |
|
Definition
results
The main components of a research article are a title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, and references. The abstract is a brief summary of each component of the article. The introduction provides the relevant background information and a review of the current literature on the topic. The methods section provides detailed information about the participants and setting, dependent variables (DV), independent variables (IV), and baseline procedures. The results section provides a display and discussion of the data and findings of the study. The discussion describes how the researchers met the goals of the study and discusses limitations, implications, and future research. Mira should look at results section of each article, as this is where each study’s data is reported as written text, in tables, and in graphs. |
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|
Term
Leopold is writing his thesis proposal and finds an article that ties in closely with his chosen topic. He wants to see what the researchers targeted as their dependent variable and how they defined their response definitions. Which part of the research article is the best place for Leopold to find this information?
abstract
introduction
results
methods
references |
|
Definition
methods
The main components of a research article are a title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, and references. The abstract is a brief summary of each component of the article. The introduction provides the relevant background information and a review of the current literature on the topic. The methods section provides detailed information about the participants and setting, dependent variables (DV), independent variables (IV), and baseline procedures. The results section provides a display and discussion of the data and findings of the study. The discussion describes how the researchers met the goals of the study and discusses limitations, implications, and future research. In this example, Leopold wants to examine the DV and definitions, so he would need to look at the methods section. |
|
|
Term
Marceline is interested in replicating a study she read. She is also interested in adding to the literature on that research topic by addressing the limitations noted in the study. Which part of the research article is the best place for Marceline to find this information?
discussion
introduction
results
methods
references |
|
Definition
discussion
The main components of a research article are a title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, and references. The abstract is a brief summary of each component of the article. The introduction provides the relevant background information and a review of the current literature on the topic. The methods section provides detailed information about the participants and setting, dependent variables (DV), independent variables (IV), and baseline procedures. The results section provides a display and discussion of the data and findings of the study. The discussion describes how the researchers met the goals of the study and discusses limitations, implications, and future research. If Marceline wants to understand the limitations of a study to determine what direction future research should take, the best place for her to look would be in the discussion section. |
|
|
Term
Janae recently learned about the use of guided notes in instructional design and is interested in learning more about the topic, including reading other articles that discuss the use of guided notes as well as any landmark articles she could cite as part of her literature review. Which part of the research article is the best place for Janae to find this information?
discussion
introduction
results
methods
references |
|
Definition
references
The main components of a research article include a title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, and references. The references section provides citations for the studies that were referenced in the article. If Janae needs to find a list of the articles used quickly, she will view the reference section of the study. The abstract is a brief summary of each component of the article and would not provide the sources that were cited. The introduction is the review of the current literature on the topic and provides the relevant background information; however, it does not provide a quick way to assess the sources that were used. The discussion section describes how the researchers met the goals of the study and discusses limitations, implications, and future research. |
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|
Term
Emma is looking to apply an intervention to increase the number of social initiations in different settings. She projects that once the initiations result in natural reinforcement, the number will far exceed her artificial reinforcement criteria. What design would NOT be well suited for this study?
alternating treatments
multiple baseline
changing criterion |
|
Definition
changing criterion
A changing criterion design would provide a stronger demonstration of control when results match the reinforcement criteria. If this is not the case, a changing criterion design might not be the best choice and another design should be considered. A multiple baseline design across settings could work in this scenario. An alternating treatments design could also be used by rapidly alternating treatment and control conditions. |
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|
Term
Jaya is designing a study to help reduce dangerous aggressive behavior. She is most concerned with leaving this behavior untreated for a prolonged period of time. Which design would NOT be well suited for this study?
alternating treatments
multiple baseline
changing criterion |
|
Definition
multiple baseline
When immediate treatment is needed, a multiple baseline design wouldn’t be recommended because some of the baselines do not receive treatment for extended periods of time. Alternating treatments could be implemented to check which intervention would be more effective. A reversal design can also be implemented to show the effect of an intervention across phases. |
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|
Term
Viktor is reading a study that used a multiple baseline across settings to demonstrate the effects of prompts on algebra performance at home, in school, and during math competitions. What might be Viktor’s biggest concern regarding the use of this design?
no concerns
will discriminability of conditions be an issue?
is this behavior reversible?
Is this behavior likely to generalize across conditions |
|
Definition
Is this behavior likely to generalize across conditions
An important requirement of using multiple baseline design is the independence of baselines. If they were to change at the same time, the effect of an extraneous variable would not be ruled out. Discriminability of conditions would not be an issue, since the same intervention is introduced across baselines (there are no different interventions one would need to discriminate). Reversibility of behavior is not a requirement because the intervention is introduced at different times across baselines, but the intervention doesn’t have to be removed. |
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Term
Yoshi wants to identify if cursing is maintained more by removal of task demands when cursing happens or by adding attention when cursing occurs. He plans on using an alternating treatments design with signals to increase discriminability. Is this an appropriate design, if not why?
yes
no, behavior may be dangerous if left untreated
no, behavior may be dangerous if left untreated
no, behavior is not likely to undergo stepwise changes |
|
Definition
yes
An alternating treatment design could be appropriate in this case because cursing is not dangerous, stepwise changes are not needed with this design, and this design can be completed relatively quickly in comparison with other designs. |
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|
Term
Where in an article should a behavior analyst go if they want more specific information on IOA?
discussion
introduction
results
methods
references |
|
Definition
| methods The methods section provides detailed information about procedures, which includes measures of IOA. The abstract provides more general information about the study and specific details are not provided. The introduction would provide background information and define the purpose of the study. The discussion section would provide context to the relevance of the study. |
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|
Term
Amelia is wanting to contact the literature and review the relevant articles on incorporating an FCT procedure with her client. She starts by gaining access to databases to ensure contact with relevant and reliable sources. She then writes a list of the topics and terms that she wants to search and refines the search as she tries different synonyms and terms in the database. She finds the most relevant article (the one at the top of the list) and summarizes the article to use in her protocol. What step of literature review did Amelia leave out?
A) Identifying topics/terms to search
B) Identify and access relevant and reliable sources
C) Summarize results
D) Evaluate the results |
|
Definition
D) Evaluate the results
The steps in conducting a literature review are:
(1) Identify and access relevant and reliable sources;
(2) Identify the topic/terms to search;
(3) Refine the topic/terms to narrow search results;
(4) Evaluate the results;
(5) Summarize the results. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is a suggested way to overcome barriers when accessing databases?
A) Paying for each individual article
B) Paying for an expensive database subscription
C) Using the BACB web portal
D) Downloading from a bootleg website |
|
Definition
| C) Using the BACB web portal |
|
|
Term
What is wrong with the following research question?
Why does a time out procedure decrease attention-maintained aggression?
a. Includes the name of the procedure
b. Includes the assumption of a function
c. Is looking to decrease behaviors
d. Doesn’t include the client’s age |
|
Definition
| b. Includes the assumption of a function |
|
|
Term
Part of the study that provides information on the most recent literature related to the study.
Abstract
Introduction
Results
References |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Part of the study article that provides an overview of the findings of the study and the relation to the recent literature.
Abstract
Introduction
Results
Discussion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_____ is the extent to which IV was planned and implemented in a manner that produces convincing outcomes
Validity
Rigor
Reliability
Bias |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Kaycee wants to know if using a TAG (Teaching with Acoustical Guidance) approach would be effective in decreasing toe-walking in children with Autism. This is an example of:
A. ABA Research
B. ABA Practice |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Emily read a research article which evaluated a trial-based approach to functional analysis in a school setting. She thinks this may be an effective way to analyze the function of behavior for one of her students. This is an example of:
A. ABA Research
B. ABA Practice |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Yusef has a new student he has been assigned to work with, who the teacher says has “Pathological Demand Avoidance”. Yusef works with his supervisor to assess the function of the child’s disruptive behavior to determine which specific environmental variables may affect the student’s behavior. This demonstrates which characteristic of the scientist-practitioner model?
A. Taking an empirical, scientific worldview
B. Demonstrating an analytic approach
C. Applying fundamental research design D. Implementing literature review skills |
|
Definition
| A. Taking an empirical, scientific worldview |
|
|
Term
Yusef’s supervisor directs him to find three articles on this topic and be prepared to discuss them in their next supervision meeting. Yusef’s supervisor is cultivating which characteristic of the scientist-practitioner model?
A. Taking an empirical, scientific worldview
B. Demonstrating an analytic approach
C. Applying fundamental research design D. Implementing literature review skills |
|
Definition
| D. Implementing literature review skills |
|
|
Term
[image]
Yusef collects the following baseline data. When asked by his supervisor what his next steps will be, Yusef suggest collecting more data before beginning an intervention. This demonstrates which characteristic of the scientist-practitioner model?
a. Taking an empirical, scientific worldview
b. Demonstrating an analytic approach
c. Applying fundamental research design d. Implementing literature review skills |
|
Definition
| Demonstrating an analytic approach |
|
|
Term
Which of these would be an arranged contingency to support contacting the literature on a regular basis?
A. Join a book club
B. Subscribe to every relevant journal
C. An email subscription to the Table of Contents of newly released issues of relevant journals
D. Calling the BACB on a monthly basis |
|
Definition
| C. An email subscription to the Table of Contents of newly released issues of relevant journals |
|
|
Term
Which is the best example of a good research question for a behavior analytic practitioner?
A. Will reinforcement increase the behavior of a student?
B. What effect will video-modeling have on playground interactions of a child with autism?
C. Is BST better than social stories?
D. What is the best intervention for teenagers with autism? |
|
Definition
| What effect will video-modeling have on playground interactions of a child with autism? |
|
|
Term
In this section of an article, the authors review limitations of their study and propose implications for future research:
A. Abstract
B. Introduction
C. Methods
D. Results
E. Discussion
F. References |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Looking at the graphs might minimize your time spent with this section:
A. Abstract
B. Introduction
C. Methods
D. Results
E. Discussion
F. References |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
This section should let you know whether you want to read this article:
A. Abstract
B. Introduction
C. Methods
D. Results
E. Discussion
F. References |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
This section includes and describes the research design used, and may be the most difficult section to comprehend:
A. Abstract
B. Introduction
C. Methods
D. Results
E. Discussion
F. References |
|
Definition
| C. Methods- Read it more than once! |
|
|
Term
This section summarizes previous research in this area, and outlines the purpose of the study:
A. Abstract
B. Introduction
C. Methods
D. Results
E. Discussion
F. References |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
This section should provide you with numerous other resources on this topic, and provides support for the authors’ premises:
A. Abstract
B. Introduction
C. Methods
D. Results
E. Discussion
F. References |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Despite the popularity of indoor rock climbing there is little information on how amateur climbers can improve their performance. A single-case experimental design with baseline, intervention, and post intervention phases was conducted using a changing criterion design within a self- management program. Discrete exercise training and combined training methods were trialled, with the effects of both on actual rock climbing compared. All discrete exercises improved over baseline; Powerball grip 45%, open-handed pull-ups by 50% and multi-stage fitness 35%. There was, however, no observable improvement in climbing performance. In contrast combined training led to a 40% improvement in climbing performance. For amateurs wishing to improve their recreational indoor rock-climbing ability, practicing the task holistically rather than by training discrete skills in isolation may prove to be more effective.
The previous abstract describes an article that would NOT be relevant to:
A. An instructor looking for an example of a changing criterion graph
B. An individual interested in applications of ABA to sports
C. An individual looking to increase participation of a child with autism in Physical Education class
D. A coach looking to evaluate direct teaching of component vs composite skills. |
|
Definition
| An individual looking to increase participation of a child with autism in Physical Education class |
|
|
Term
This study examined the effects of individual and group monetary contingencies on the attendance of adolescent part-time employees. Attendance increased in both individual and group contingency phases; however staff questionnaire responses indicated a preference for the individual contingencies. Future research should consider staff acceptability regarding interventions and provide guidelines for the determination of intervention appropriateness.
The previous abstract describes an article that would be MOST relevant to:
A. A coffee-shop owner trying to reduce absenteeism in his high-school aged staff
B. An ABA clinic owner trying to evaluate the effects of BST in increasing treatment integrity during DTT
C. A student interested in stimulus equivalence
D. A teacher looking for examples of a level sytem |
|
Definition
| A coffee-shop owner trying to reduce absenteeism in his high-school aged staff |
|
|
Term
Monica wants to evaluate if using a computerized “learn-to- read” software or standard paper-and-pencil/printed book is more effective for teaching young children beginner reading skills. She does this using an alternating treatments design. Monica is doing which of the following?
A) ABA research
B) ABA practice
C) None of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Lilo is studying the effects of choice by comparing 2 different relative rates of reinforcement on the behavior of rats in an operant chamber. Lilo is doing which of the following?
A) ABA research
B) ABA practice
C) None of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Monica uses a validated computerized software program to teach beginner reading skills to her client. Monica is doing which of the following?
A) ABA research
B) ABA practice
C) None of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Keisha is currently using a token system in the home setting with her client for homework completion. Keisha is thinking about fading the tokens out, but first she closely analyzes and interprets the graphed data. Keisha is engaging in which characteristic of the scientist- practitioner model?
A) Empirical,scientific worldview
B) Analytic approach to problems
C) Fundamental research design
D) Literature review skills |
|
Definition
| Analytic approach to problems |
|
|
Term
Before planning parent training topic for this month, Bri reads through existing literature to see what currently exists on the topic of teaching parents to conduct mand training.
A) Empirical,scientific worldview
B) Analytic approach to problems
C) Fundamental research design
D) Literature review skills |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Alysha is in the middle of conducting a literature review. The topic she is investigating is how to teach emotions to children with a diagnosis of autism. So far, she’s found some articles on this topic, she’s identified the terms to search. The search is pulling way too many results at this point in her literature review process. What should she do next?
A) Evaluate the results
B) Refine the topic/terms to narrow the search results
C) Summarize the results
D) Find more articles |
|
Definition
| Refine the topic/terms to narrow the search results |
|
|
Term
Anthony has just started working with a young teenager who flushes household items down the toilet when no one is around, often during the middle of the night. This sometimes causes flooding in the bathroom long after the behavior occurred. Anthony doesn’t know the function of the behavior or have any idea how to treat it. What is the next step Anthony should complete for conducting a literature review?
A. Identify and access relevant and reliable sources
B. Identify the topic/terms to search
C. Refine the topic/terms to narrow search
D. Evaluate the results |
|
Definition
| Identify and access relevant and reliable sources |
|
|
Term
Susie needs to find an article to guide her program selection for her client. She is overwhelmed with work and just does not have the time to do the search and needs to put a program together immediately. What can Susie do to overcome this barrier?
A) Use the BACB’s free access to journals
B) Delegate
C) Practice to fluency
D) Establish a journal club |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is an effective treatment for increasing compliance that is maintained by access to tangibles?
Is this a good research question?
A) Yes
B) No |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Is video modeling better than 2D stimuli to teach tact actions?
Is this a good research question?
A) Yes
B) No |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
[image]
Which part of the article?
A) Title
B) Abstract
C) Results
D) Discussion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
[image]
Which part of a research article does this represent?
A) Abstract
B) Introduction
C) Methods
D) Results |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Mo is trying to find an article that looked at the effects of self- monitoring on increasing homework completion, specifically with children between the ages of 9-12. Which section of a research article should Mo look in to find this information?
A) Abstract
B) Introduction
C) Methods
D) Results
E) Discussion
F) Reference |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Samantha is planning to systematically test the effects of peer prompts on spontaneous imitation skills. She found a study that did something very similar to what she is planning and would like to quickly skim the article for the experimental design and effectiveness of the intervention. Which section of the research article should Samantha look in to find this information?
A) Abstract
B) Introduction
C) Methods
D) Results
E) Discussion
F) Reference |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Paula is reading the introduction of an article and in the introduction the authors describe an article that sounds exactly what she’s been looking for. If she wants to find this cited article, where can she look in the current article for the full title and location?
A) Abstract
B) Introduction
C) Methods
D) Results
E) Discussion
F) Reference |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Jennifer is a BCBA that often works with students in a classroom setting. She helps teachers plan and implement incentive programs and group contingencies. She’s been doing this for years, however this semester she has a new teacher that doesn’t like any of Jennifer’s ideas. Jennifer has a good sample of articles on this topic. Where can she look in the articles to help her develop new and innovative ways to set up this classroom?
A) Abstract
B) Introduction
C) Methods
D) Results
E) Discussion
F) Reference |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tanisha is replicating a study across 2 of her clients. She is having trouble setting up the measurement system. Where can she look in the article that she is replicating to see what they measured and exactly how they measured it with explicit details?
A) Abstract
B) Introduction
C) Methods
D) Results
E) Discussion
F) Reference |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
[image]
Based on the following abstract – the article would most likely be relevant for which of the following?
A) A teacher that is trying to figure out if students should earn or lose tokens to increase compliance in a classroom setting
B) A child with autism that engages in self-injurious behavior
C) Teenagers having trouble with homework completion |
|
Definition
| A) A teacher that is trying to figure out if students should earn or lose tokens to increase compliance in a classroom setting |
|
|
Term
[image]
This article would be most relevant for which of the following clients?
A. A 22-year old business student applying for an internship
B. A PhD professor applying for tenure
C. A 17-year old high school student applying to a university
D. A 45-year old applying for a home loan |
|
Definition
| A 22-year old business student applying for an internship |
|
|
Term
Claudia is using a multiple baseline design to evaluate the effects of schedules of reinforcement on rates of manding. This is an example of ...
A. ABA Research
B. ABA Practice
C. Neither of these |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Albert is evaluating the effects of a multiple schedule to teach discriminated key pecking in pigeons. This is an example of ...
A. ABA Research
B. ABA Practice
C. Neither of these |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Ralph is implementing an extinction procedure to reduce his client’s low- magnitude aggression. This is an example of ...
A. ABA Research
B. ABA Practice
C. Neither of these |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Devon’s father reports that he engaged in more aggression than usual yesterday and attributes it the full moon. Devon’s BCBA talked with the father about events before and after the aggression. He reported that Devon had difficulty giving up the iPad, which he hadn’t had access to in several weeks. When Devon hit him, he allowed him to keep the iPad a little longer. The BCBA determines the aggression could be maintained by access to the iPad, likely unrelated to the full moon. The BCBA is demonstrating....
A. An empirical, scientific worldview
B. An analytic approach
C. Fundamental research design
D. Literature review skills |
|
Definition
| An empirical, scientific worldview |
|
|
Term
Carrie is a BCBA taking data on her client’s self-injurious behavior. The data are showing no trend, so Carrie decides to make revisions to the program. The BCBA is demonstrating....
A. An empirical, scientific worldview
B. An analytic approach to problems
C. Fundamental research design
D. Literature review skills |
|
Definition
| An analytic approach to problems |
|
|
Term
Before revising the program for her client’s self-injurious behavior, Carrie does a search of journal articles for recent research on SIB. Carrie is demonstrating....
A. An empirical, scientific worldview
B. An analytic approach to problems
C. Fundamental research design
D. Literature review skills |
|
Definition
| D. Literature review skills |
|
|
Term
A BCBA wants to evaluate the effects of planned ignoring on verbal outbursts. He considers taking baseline data then implementing a planned ignoring procedure. He plans to replicate this a few times to see if there is a consistent effect on the behavior. He is demonstrating which characteristic of the scientist-practitioner model?
A. An empirical, scientific worldview
B. An analytic approach to problems
C. Fundamental research design
D. Literature review skills |
|
Definition
Fundamental research design
*Reversal (or Withdrawal) Design |
|
|
Term
Jenna has identified aggression toward peers as a topic to research. She enters her search into a database and gets 40,000 results. What is the next step Jenna should complete?
A. Identify and access relevant and reliable sources
B. Identify the topic/terms to search
C. Refine the topic/terms to narrow search
D. Evaluate the results
E. Summarize the results |
|
Definition
| Refine the topic/terms to narrow search |
|
|
Term
Jenna has refined her search which returned 30 results. What is the next step Jenna should complete?
A. Identify and access relevant and reliable sources
B. Identify the topic/terms to search
C. Refine the topic/terms to narrow search
D. Evaluate the results
E. Summarize the results |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tom wants to contact the literature related to procedures for his client’s SIB and for fading prompts during self-care tasks. He finds that he just doesn’t have the time to thoroughly research these. What can Tom do to overcome this barrier?
A. Triage research priorities
B. Delegate other responsibilities that may be interfering
C. Either A or B |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
George wants to complete a literature review but he’s not familiar with the database his workplace has access to. Which barrier to contacting the literature is this?
A. Time
B. Database access
C. Response effort
D. Lack of workplace support
E. Inadequate searching skills |
|
Definition
| Inadequate searching skills |
|
|
Term
Sandra is conducting a literature review. Where should she look to quickly assess whether an article is relevant to her client’s needs?
A. Abstract
B. Introduction
C. Methods
D. Results
E. Discussion
F. References |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
[image]
The preceding abstract is most relevant to which of the following scenarios?
A. 15-year-old male engaging in vocal stereotypy in public settings
B. 3-year-old female diagnosed with autism, engaging in aggression toward peers at daycare
C. Procedures for teaching adult residents of a group home to order food at a restaurant |
|
Definition
| B. 3-year-old female diagnosed with autism, engaging in aggression toward peers at daycare |
|
|
Term
Which section of a research article contains information on the setting, equipment, materials, and IOA?
A. Abstract
B. Introduction
C. Methods
D. Results
E. Discussion
F. References |
|
Definition
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Term
Where in a journal article should Sandra look to find the graphed data?
A. Abstract
B. Introduction
C. Methods
D. Results
E. Discussion
F. References |
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Definition
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Term
A BCBA wants to find research articles to help develop a program to target his client’s cursing. He finds an article that might be helpful. Where should he look to see if it could be relevant?
A. Methods
B. Abstract
C. Discussion
D. Introduction
E. Results |
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Definition
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Term
A BCBA finds an article that had good results with increasing task completion in a work setting and would like to replicate this with her client. Where can she find the procedures used in the study?
A. Methods
B. Abstract
C. Discussion
D. Introduction
E. Results |
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Definition
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Term
Barry wants to find research articles related to his client’s pica, but he is having difficulty navigating the database available to him at work. What could he do to overcome this barrier?
A. Delegate responsibilities to other individuals
B. Prioritize his tasks
C. Ask a coworker for help |
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Definition
| C. Ask a coworker for help |
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Term
Crystal reads an article on the use of visual prompts in maintaining self-care skills for individuals with Alzheimer’s disease. She implements these prompts with her client. This is an example of....
A. EAB
B. ABAresearch
C. ABA practice |
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Definition
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Term
You are working with a client who is being taught how to use functional communication via sign language. You are finding that you have limited time to determine the best way to go about teaching this to your client. Which step might be appropriate to take?
Use the same program that you’ve used for other clients
Have your BACB supervisee conduct a literature search for FCT via sign language
Ask the client’s parents to purchase a few books on sign language for them to study with
Skip looking for research as this problem is not clinically significant |
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Definition
| Have your BACB supervisee conduct a literature search for FCT via sign language |
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Term
I have a client that engages in scripting. He is diagnosed with Tourette’s syndrome and is 5 years old. Which search would be most appropriate to conduct?
5 AND autism
Tourette’s OR scripting
Scripting AND Tourette’s
Tourette’s NOT scripting |
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Definition
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Term
To search the literature using the search autis* AND communication, would reveal which results?
A. Autism, autistic, communication
B. Autis, communication
C. Communication, communicating, autis
D. Autism, autistic, but NOT communication |
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Definition
| A. Autism, autistic, communication |
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Term
Sanjay is having trouble with memorizing the 0-12 basic multiplication table. His teacher Arya, a BCBA, helps him make flashcards for each multiplication problem in the table. After collecting baseline data on rate correct, they set some goals and setup appropriate reinforcement contingencies. Sanjay makes some progress but his rate of correct responding flattens out prior to meeting mastery. Sanjay’s teacher identifies a set of flashcards Sanjay frequently gets incorrect, removes them from the flashcard deck, provides additional instruction on them, and then reintroduces the cards back into the flashcard deck gradually until Sanjay is able to respond quickly and accurately to all cards. Which characteristic of the scientist-practitioner model?
a. Empirical, scientific worldview
b. Analytic approach to problems
c. Fundamental research design
d. Literature review skills |
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Definition
| b. Analytic approach to problems |
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Term
Kelly works with a developmentally disabled client to decrease verbal aggression,
mild self-injurious behavior, and mild property destruction. She uses a multiple baseline across behaviors to evaluate the effects of the designed intervention. Which characteristic of the scientist-practitioner model?
a. Empirical, scientific worldview
b. Analytic approach to problems
c. Fundamental research design
d. Literature review skills |
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Definition
| c. Fundamental research design |
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Term
Jerry is the clinical supervisor at a large residential program with multiple units. He has several BCaBAs and RBTs who are their fieldwork supervision hours. Jerry needs to conduct a literature review for one of their new clients who attends the workshop two days a week but has multiple plan updates due in the next few days and needs to conduct an assessment for another resident during this same week .Which barrier to contacting the literature?
a. Time
b. Database access
c. Response effort
d. Lack of workplace support
e. Inadequate searching skills |
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Definition
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Term
Jing is working on obtaining her BCaBA credential. She has finished her coursework,
but is still working on accruing fieldwork hours. She wants to review the literature related to treating trichotillomania (hair pulling) from a behavioral perspective, but can not afford to pay for each article. Which barrier to contacting the literature?
a. Time
b. Database access
c. Response effort
d. Lack of workplace support
e. Inadequate searching skills |
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Definition
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Term
A BCBA gives Arthur an article to read as it might apply to his current client. Arthur
wants to know what the rationale is for even looking into this topic and how it might
apply to his client. Which section of a research article would contain this
information?
a. Abstract
b. Introduction
c. Methods
d. Results
e. Discussion
f. References |
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Definition
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Term
Missy is writing up her procedures for her client and needs to decide on an experimental design and measurement system. If she is replicating an article which
section of this research article would she find this information?
a. Abstract
b. Introduction
c. Methods
d. Results
e. Discussion
f. References |
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Definition
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Term
BCBA Tasha notices that none of her client’s team members do the suggested or optional research readings she offers them and they have cited that other case managers do not give these and that, since it’s not billable time, the company won’t allow them to review literature during the workday. Which barrier to contacting the literature?
a. Time
b. Database access
c. Response effort
d. Lack of workplace support
e. Inadequate searching skills |
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Definition
| d. Lack of workplace support |
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Term
Neil is brainstorming new ideas for increasing compliance for a student in a classroom setting. He has an article but the proposed intervention would not be feasible as is presented in the school he works in. He is looking for some innovation ideas based on the IV proposed in this study. Which section of the research article could he look to help inspire some creative ideas/modifications to the current IV?
a. Abstract
b. Introduction
c. Methods
d. Results
e. Discussion
f. References |
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Definition
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