Term
|
Definition
| block actino of the angiotensin-convertying enzyme; decrease Na+ reabsorption; help treat hypertension and congestive heart failure |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| high-energy phosphate compound; primary energy source for skeletal muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| beginning segment of nephron's tubular component; expanded, double-walled invagination that cups around the glomerulus to collect fluid filtered from the glomerular capillaries |
|
|
Term
| Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure |
|
Definition
| pressure exerted by the fluid in this initial part of the tubule; tends to oppose glomerular filtration; average = 15mmHg |
|
|
Term
| Henderson-Hasselbalch equation |
|
Definition
| pH = pK + log[HCO3-]/[H2CO3]; relationship between [H+] and the members of a buffer pair |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| total amount of Na+ in the body fluids, not the concentration of Na+ in body fluids |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| oxygen consumption in L/min |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| product of glycolysis that can be used in citric acid cycle or lactic acid cycle to release more energy |
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Term
|
Definition
| the precise regulation of the free hydrogen ion concentration in the body fluids |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| whenever blood pH falls below 7.35 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group of hydrogen-containing substances that dissociate, or separate, when in solution to liberate free H+ and anions; strong = greater tendency to dissociate/ pH < 7 |
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Term
|
Definition
| takes place if any one of the steps in the transepithelial transport of a substance requires energy; net movement occurs against concentration gradient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characterized by a sudden onset with rapidly reduced urine formation until less than the essential is being produced per day; can die or reversible |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| endocrine gland that produces several different hormones, including aldosterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breakdown of organic fuel (fat, carbohydrates, proteins) using oxygen; involves glycolysis, CAC, and ETC |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| divisions of the renal atery, one supplies each nephron, delivers blood to the glomerulus |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| increases Na+ reabsorption by the distal and collecting tubules; promote insertion of Na+ channels in the luminal membrane and additional Na+/K+ ATP-ase carriers in basolateral membranes; |
|
|
Term
| aldosterone receptor blockers |
|
Definition
| decrease Na+ reabsorption; help treat hypertension and congestive heart failure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when blood pH is above 7.45 |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| secreted by tubular cells of kidneys when acidosis exists; enable the kidneys to continue secreting H+ ions |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| ion formed when NH3 and H+ combine; tubular membranes aren't permeable to, so excess H+ combines with this and is excreted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breakdown of organic fuel (fat, carbohydrates, proteins) without oxygen; involves glycolysis and lactic acid cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| level above which pyruvate—an intermediate product of anaerobic metabolism—is produced faster than it can be used aerobically; unused pyruvate splits into lactate (lactic acid) and positively charged hydrogen ions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| activated form of angiotensinogen that is activated by renin in RAAS |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| converted from of angiotensin I; converted by ACE during RAAS; main stimulus in secretion of aldosterone from adrenal cortex; constrictor of systemic arterioles --> increase blood pressure; stimulates thirst and vasopressin secretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plasma protein synthesized by liver and always present in plasma in high concentration; inactive form of angiotensin I; activated by renin; part of RAAS |
|
|
Term
| angtiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) |
|
Definition
| converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the pulmonary circulation |
|
|
Term
| aquaporins (water channels) |
|
Definition
| passive H2O channels formed by specific plasma membrane proteins in the tubular cells; always open in proximal tubule; channels in distal and collecting tubules are regulated by vasopressin; |
|
|
Term
| ascending limb (loop of Henle) |
|
Definition
| actively transports NaCl out of the tubular lumen into interstitial fluid; always impereable to H2O |
|
|
Term
| atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) |
|
Definition
| used in system to oppose RAAS; induces excretion of large amounts of sodium in the urine; stored in granules in specialized cardiac atrail muscle cells; released when the heart is mechanically stretched by expansion of the circulating plasma volume when ECF is increased |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intinsic regulatory mechanism initiated in the kidneys that control the GFR |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| matching input and output of a substance; important in maintain homeostasis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substance that can combine with a free H+ and thus remove it from solution; strong = bind more readily with H+/ pH>7 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acellular gelatinous layer composed of collagen and glycoproteins; sandwiched between glomerular and Bowman's capsule; collagen provides structure and glycoproteins' (-) charge repel albumin and other plasma proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membrane of tubule wall that faces the interstitial fluid at the base and lateral edges of the cell |
|
|
Term
| blood urea nitrogen (BUN) |
|
Definition
| clincial measurement used as crude estimate of kidney fucntion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| infectious organisms; toxic agents; inappropriate immune responses; obstruction of urine flow; insufficient renal blood supply |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mixture in a solution of two chemical compounds that minimize pH changes when either an acid or base is added or removed from the solution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increases sympathetic neural outflow to the heart and systemic arterioles in response to lactic acid produced when dynamic exercise increases in intensity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characterized by slow, progressive, insidious loss of renal function; irreversible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| last segment of coduct draining fluid from up to to eight separate nephrons; plunges down through medulla to empty fluid into the renal pelvis; after distal tubule |
|
|
Term
| compensation for metabolic alkalosis |
|
Definition
| chemical buffer, respiratory system, kidneys if it persists |
|
|
Term
| compensation for respiratory acidosis |
|
Definition
| chemical buffers, kidneys |
|
|
Term
| compensation for respiratory alkalosis |
|
Definition
| chemical buffers, respiratory system, kidney if lasts for few days |
|
|
Term
| compensations for metabolic acidosis |
|
Definition
| chemical buffers, respiratory system, kidneys excrete more H+ and conserve more HCO3- |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chronic, low-grading loading, brief, high-intensity muscle contractions caused as it contracts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lie in outer layer of the cortex; loop of Henle dips only slightly into medulla; 80% of nephrons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| passive exchange of solutes and H2O between the two limbs of the vasa recta and the interstitial fluid; preserves the vertical osmotic gradient in the reanal medulla while supplying area with blood |
|
|
Term
| countercurrent multiplication |
|
Definition
| concentrating mechanism of the loop of Henle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| endogenous material often used to find rough estimate of GFR; not as good as inulin because some is secreted... |
|
|
Term
| descending limb (loop of Henle) |
|
Definition
| highly permeable to H2O; does not actively extrude Na+ (does not reabsorb), only segment of tubule that doesn't |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disease characterized by a deficiency of vasopressin; kidneys don't conserve enough water and dehydration and hypertonicity insue |
|
|
Term
| dissociation constant (K) |
|
Definition
| same proportion of a particular acid's molecules always separate to liberate H+; = [H+][A-]/[HA] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| segment of tubular component of nephron; tightly coiled, entirely in cortex; after juxtaglomerular apparatus, before collecting duct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| therapeutic agents that cause diuresis (increased urinary output) and thus promote loss of fluid from body; function by inhibiting tubular reabsorption of Na+ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscle activation involving rhythmic cycles of contraction and relaxtion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lengthening of muscle by external forces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glomerular capillaries rejoin to form; carries unfiltered blood from the glomerulus; only arterioles in body that drain from capillaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process of discharging waste matter from the blood, tissues, or organs |
|
|
Term
| external urethral sphincter |
|
Definition
| layer of skeletal muscle encircling the urethra; part of voluntary urination mechanism |
|
|
Term
| extracellular fluid (ECF) |
|
Definition
| fluid surrounding the cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| quantity of any substance filtered per minute; = plasma conctration * GFF |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| undesirable constituents are removed by adsorption into the Bowman's capsule |
|
|
Term
| filtration coefficient (Kf) |
|
Definition
| glomerular surface area available for filtration and glomerular membrane permeability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fraction of plasma flowing through the glomeruli that is filtered into the tubules; = GFR/renal plasma flow; average = 20% |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| created by podocytes; passageway through which fluid leaving the glomerular capillaries can enter the lumen of Bowman's capsule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maintained by regulation of ECF volume and ECF osmolarity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rapid shift from one compartment of body fluid to another in response to imbalance concentrations of solutes or osmolarity |
|
|
Term
| free hydrogen ion concentration |
|
Definition
| unbound hydrogen atoms carrying a positive charge that indicate acidity level |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maintain H2O balance, maintain proper osmolarity of body fluids, regulate the concentration of most ECF ions, maintain plasma volume, proper acid-base balance, excreting waster products, excrete foreign compounds, produce erythropoietin, produce renin, convert vitamin D to active form |
|
|
Term
| glomerular capillary blood pressure |
|
Definition
| fluid pressure exerted by the blood within the glomerular capillaries; ultimately depends on the contraction of the heart and the resistance to blood flow; higher pressure than other capillary loactions; tends to push fluid out of the glomerulus into Bowman's capsule; average = 55mmHg |
|
|
Term
| glomerular capillary wall |
|
Definition
| consists of a single layer of flattened endothelial cells; many large pores; 100 times more permeable to water and solute than other capillaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first renal process; blood flows through the gomerulus, protein-free plasma filters through the glomerular capillaries into Bowman's capsule; 20% of plasma that enters the glomerulus is filtered |
|
|
Term
| glomerular filtration rate (GFR) |
|
Definition
| rate of filtration; depends on the net filtration rate, glomerular surface area, and permeability of glomerular membrane; GFR = Kf * net filtration rate; average male = 125 mL/min; average female = 115 mL/min |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| three layers: glomerular capillary wall, basement membrane, inner layer of Bowman's capsule; sieve that retains the blood cells and plasma proteins but permits H2O and solutes of smaller dimension to filter through |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vascular component of the nephron; ball-like tuft of capillaires through which part of the water and solutes is filtered from blood passing through |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| highly branched polysaccharide of glucose chains, the chief carbohydrate storage material in animals, stored primarily in liver and muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anaerobic enzymatic conversion of glucose to the simpler compounds lactate or pyruvate, resulting in energy stored in the form of ATP, as occurs in muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole in the juxtaglomerular apparatus region that contain many secretory granules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| too little water relative to solute load; too concentrated osmolarity above 300mosm/liter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| of the ECF, the excessive concentration of ECF solutes; usually associated with dehydration |
|
|
Term
| hypothalamic osmoreceptors |
|
Definition
| located near vasopressin-secreting cells and thirst cell; monitor osmolarity of the fluid surrounding them; main excitatory input for vasopressin secretion and thirst |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| too much water relative to solute load; too dilute osmolarity below 300mosm/liter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| of the ECF, usually associated with overhydration; surplus of water |
|
|
Term
| inner layer of Bowman's capsule |
|
Definition
| cosists of podocytes that interdigitate with each other to create filtration slits for the fluid leaving glomerulus and enter Bowman's capsule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ingestion or metabolic production of a substance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loss of water which the person has no sensory awareness of; occurs in lungs and nonsweating skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| systemic responsiveness to glucose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| quantity of any particular substance in the ECF; increased by transferring more in from the external environment or by metabolically producing it; removed by being excreted or by being used up in a metabolic reaction |
|
|
Term
| internal urethral sphincter |
|
Definition
| smooth muscle; under involuntary control; last part of the bladder; closed when bladder is relaxed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid in the spaces between cells ; bathes and makes exchanges with the tissue cells; 4/5 of ECF |
|
|
Term
| intracellular fluid (ICF) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1 of 3 inputs to RAAS; senstive to pressure changes within the afferent arteriole; fall in pressure --> increase renin secretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| harmless foreign carbohydrate produced by Jerusalmen artichokes; freely filtered and not reabsorbed or secreted; used to determine the GFR; clearance rate of = GFR |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscle contractions at constant length and with constant force development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid balance of H2O and solute concentration in body fluids is normal at 300milliosmols/liter |
|
|
Term
| juxtaglomerular apparatus |
|
Definition
| segment of tubular component of nephron; stucture lies next ot the glomerulus; plays important role in regulating kidney function; comes after ascending loop of Henle, before distal tubule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lie in the inner layer of the cortex, next to the medullary; loops of Henle plunges through the entire depth the of medulla; has vasa recta; 20% of nephrons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pair of bean-shaped organs that lie in the back of the abdominal cavity, one on each side of vertebral column, slightly above waistline; acts on plasma fowing through it to produce urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| during very intense dynamic exercise when lungs cannot excrete sufficient CO2 to maintain constant arterial pH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gaps between adjacent cells in the tubule wall |
|
|
Term
| left atrial volume receptors |
|
Definition
| monitor the pressure of blood flwing through, which reflects the ECF volume; can moderately effect vasopressin release and thirst |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| peptide secreted by adipose tissue. Leptin inhibits neuropeptide Y and is thought to be an appetite suppressant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| segment of nephron's tubular component; sharp, U-shaped loop that dips into the renal medulla; has descending and ascending limbs; ascending passes through fork of afferent and efferent arterioles; after proximal tubule, before juxtaglomerular apparatus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membrane of tubule wall (one cell thick) that faces the tubular lumen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid being returned from the interstitial fluid to the plasma by means of the lymphatic system where it is filtered through lymph nodes for immune defense |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1 of 3 inputs to RAAS; senstive to NaCl moving pas in tubular lumen; fall in NaCl --> increase renin secretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized tubular cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus region that detect changes in salt level of the fluid flowing past in the tubule; release adenosine; part of TGF |
|
|
Term
| medullary cardiovascular center |
|
Definition
| controls sympathetic and parasympathetic input to the heart; effected by the muscle chemoreceptors during exercise |
|
|
Term
| medullary countercurrent system |
|
Definition
| juxtamedullary nephrons long loops of Henle establish the vertical osmotic gradient; their vasa recta preserve this gradient while providing blood to the renal medulla; responsible for producing urine of varying concentrations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hold tufts of glomerular capillaries together; contain contractile elements; close off potion of the filtering capillaries upon sympathetic stimulation; reduces surface area for filtration --> decrease GFR |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| byproduct produced by metabolic chemical reactions in cells that convert food and O2 into energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characterized by reduction in plasam [HCO3-] caused by loss of [HCO3-] rich fluids or accumulation of non carbnoic acid acids; causes: severe diarrhea, diabetes mellitus, strenuous exericise; uremic acidosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduction in plasma [H+] caused by a relative deficiency of noncarbonic acids, associate with increased HCO3-; causes: vomiting, ingestion of alkaline drugs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process of bladder emptying; governed by micturition reflex and voluntary control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| initiated when stretch receptor within bladder wall are stimulated; 250 to 400 mL before activated; afferent fibers --> spinal cord --> interneurons --> parasympathetic --> external sphincter opens --> urine expelled |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| condition involving enlargement of muscles. May be induced pathologically or nonpathologically, as in weight training |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| compression of veins by the contraction of skeletal muscles, forcing blood towards the heart against the flow of gravity; seen particularly in the deep veins of the lower limbs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| property of vascular smooth muscle; arteriole smooth muscle inherently contracts in response to stretching and relaxes in response to decreased pressure; helps limit or enhance blood flow into the glomerulus despite changing blood pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| losses for a substance exceed its gain; results in a decrease of the total body amount of that substance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| functional unit of the kidney; smallest unit capable of forming urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| net difference favoring filtration; average = 10mmHg; forces large volumes of fluid form the blood through the highly permeable glomerular membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| regulation of oral input of substances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measure of the concentration of the individual solute particles dissolved in a fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased excretion of both water and solute caused by excess unreabsorbed solute in the tubular fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| excretion or metabolic consumption of a substance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| = log(1/[H+]); measure of the concentration of H+ |
|
|
Term
| para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) |
|
Definition
| used to measure renal plasma flow; freely filterable and non reabsorbable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all the steps in the transeptithelial transport of a substance from the tubular lumen to the plasma are passive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| skeletal muscle sheet that form the floor of the pelvis and helps support the pelvic organs; part of voluntary urination mechanism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| subdivision of efferent arterioles which supply the renal tissue with blood and are important in exchanges between the tubular system and blood during conversion of the filtered fluid into urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid portion of the blood; makes up 1/5 of the ECF volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| volume of plasma completely cleared of that substance by the kidneys per minute; = urine concentration * urine flow rate / plasma concentration |
|
|
Term
| plasma-colloid osmotic pressur |
|
Definition
| caused by the unequal distribution of plasma proteins across the glomerular membrane; opposes glomerular filtration; average = 30mmHg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of the inner layer of Bowman's capsule that are octopus-like cells that encircle the glomerular tuft |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gains via input for a substance exceed its losses via output; results in an increase in the total amount of the substance in the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| segment of nephron's tubular component; lies entirely in the renal cortex; highly coiled; comes after Bowman's capsule and before loop of Henle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flow of glomerular filtrate from the proximal tubule of the nephron into the peritubular capillaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enter and leave the kidney at the medial indentation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| functions of both kidneys are disrupted to the point that they cannot perform regulatory and exretory functions sufficiently to maintain homeostatis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inner region of the kidney; made of renal pyramids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where urine drains after formation in kidneys, located at the medial inner core of each kidney |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| striated triangles in the renal medulla |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plasma concentration at which Tm of a substance is reached and substance first starts appearing in the urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzymatic hormone used in the RAAS; secreted by granular cells in juxtaglomerular apparatus |
|
|
Term
| renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) |
|
Definition
| hormal system involved in regulating Na+; granular cells of juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete renin to increase a fall in NaCl/ECF volume/blood pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| results of abnormal CO2 retention arising from hypoventilation that leads to elevated [H+]; causes: lung disease, despression of resp sys; nerve or muscle disorders affected resp sys.;or holding breath |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| excessive loss of CO2 from the body as a results of hyperventilation that leads to too little [H+]; causes: fever, anxiety, and aspirin poisoning |
|
|
Term
| respiratory exchange ratio |
|
Definition
| ratio of the amount of carbon dioxide produced to the amount of oxygen consumed or taken up |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ratio of carbon dioxide produced by tissue metabolism to oxygen consumed in the same metabolism |
|
|
Term
| secondary active transport |
|
Definition
| no energy is "directly" used; specialized cotransport carriers located in proximal tubules transfer both Na+ and specifica organic molecule from the lumen into the cell; Na+ conc. gradient drives this, but it is made using Na+/K+ active pump |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| release to a cell's exterior, on appropriate stimulation, of substances that have been produced by the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loss of water of which a person is aware; sweating, feces, urine excretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ring of muslce that, when contracted, closes off passage through an opening |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| total body input of a particular substance equals its total body output |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1 of 3 inputs to RAAS; baroceptor reflex when blood pressure falls, that increases sympathetic activity to stimulate renin secretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sensation of dryness in the mouth and throat related to a need or desire to drink |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of brain that controls thirst |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| generic term for deliberate goal-oriented practice, in a mental or physical activity, with the intent of bettering one's performance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of a number of small specialized fluid volume, all of which are secreted by specific cells into a particular body cavity to perform some specialized function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 5 steps for substance to be reabsorbed tubular membrane to plasma: 1) cross luminal membrane, 2) pass through cytosol of tubular cell, 3) cross the basolateral membrane, 4) diffuse through interstitial fluid, 5) penetrate capillary wall to plasma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| upper limit on how much of a particular substance can be actively transported from the tubular fluid in a given period of time; all molecules have except Na+ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| as filtrate flows through the tubules, substance of value to the body are second renal process; returned to the peritubular capillary plasma; move from inside tubule (lumen) to the blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| third renal process; selective transfer of substances from the peritubular capillary blood into the tubular lumen; second route for subtsances to enter the renal tubules from blood; |
|
|
Term
| tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) |
|
Definition
| involves juxtaglomerular apparatus; macula densa cells detect changes in the salt level of the fluid flowing past in tubule, more fluid passing raises salt delivery, macula densa cells release adenosine (local paracrine causes arteriole constriction) reducing GFR |
|
|
Term
| type A intercalated cells |
|
Definition
| secrete acid in form of H+ ions and reabsorbs bicarbonate |
|
|
Term
| type B intercalated cells |
|
Definition
| secrete bicarbonate and reabsorb H+ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| waste product from breakdown of protein; reabsorbed passively in proximal tubule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| urea in the blood indicates excess urea in the blood; renal failure common name |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sever renal failure; kidneys cannot rid body of even the normal amount of H+ generated, accumulates in body fluids and kidneys cannot conserve enough HCO3- to match |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smooth muscle-walled duct that exits at the medial border in close proximity to the renal atery and vein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tube through which bladder empties urine to the outside; females = short and straight; males = long and follows curing course, dual function for urine and semen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| temporarily stores urine; hollow, distensible, smooth muscle-walled sac |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of urine forming organs: kidneys, structures that carry urine from kidneys to outside of body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eliminatin os substances from teh body in the uren; results from the three renal processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood vessel that has hairpin turn in the medulla and carries blood at a very slow rate, two factors crucial in the maintenance of countercurrent exchange that prevent washout of the concentration gradients established in the renal medulla |
|
|
Term
| vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) (ADH) |
|
Definition
| increase the distal and collecting tubules permeability to water; produced in hypothalamus by the neuronal cell bodies; stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland; activates cAMP 2ndary messenger pathway and increases perimeability by promoting insertion of aquaporins into luminal membrane; increases H2O reabsorption from the filtrate; has graded response |
|
|
Term
| vassopressin (antidiuretic hormone) |
|
Definition
| increases permeability of the distal and collecting tubule to water and thus enhances water conservation |
|
|
Term
| vertical osmotic gradient |
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Definition
| uniquely maintained in interstitial fluid of the kidney medulla; concentration of interstitial fluid progressively increases from the cotical boundary down through the renal medulla until it reaches 1200mosm/liter; enables kidneys to create urine of concentrations from 100-1200mosm/liter |
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Term
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Definition
| increased urinary output of water with little or no increase in exretion of solutes; rids body of excess water, compensation for ingesting too much water; excessive after alcohol because vasopressive is inhibited |
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Term
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Definition
| condition of overhydration, hypotonicity, and cellular swelling |
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