Term
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Definition
| relatively stable state of equilibrium or a tendency toward such a state between the different but interdependent elements or groups of elements of an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| some factor that can vary but is controlled to reduce the amount of variability and keep the factor at a relatively steady state |
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Term
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Definition
| local control mechanisms inherent to an organ |
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Term
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Definition
| regulatory mechanism initiated outside an organ that alter the activity of the organ; accomplished by the nervous and endocrine systems |
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Term
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Definition
| regulatory mechanism in which the input and the output in a control system continue to enhance each other so that the controlled variable is progressively moved farther from a steady state |
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Term
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Definition
| regulatory mechanism in which a change in a controlled variable triggers a response that opposed the change; thus maintaining a relatively steady set point for the regulated factor |
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Term
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Definition
| device that responds to a physical stimulus and transmits a resulting impulse (as for measurement or operating a control) |
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Term
| intergrator/control center |
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Definition
| region that determines efferent output based on processing of afferent input |
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Term
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Definition
| desired level at which homeostatic control mechanism maintain a controlled variable |
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Term
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Definition
| muscles or glands that are innervated by the nervous system and that carry out the system's order to bring about a desired effect, such as particular movement or secretion |
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Term
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Definition
| muscles or glands that are innervated by the nervous system and that carry out the system's order to bring about a desired effect, such as particular movement or secretion |
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Term
| endoplasmic reticulum (roles) |
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Definition
| form new cell membrane and other cell components; manufacture products for secretion |
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Term
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Definition
| modifies, packages, and distributes newly synthesize proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| waste processing (catalyze break down of molecules); digest imports |
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Term
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Definition
| waste processing (oxidize molecules); |
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Term
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Definition
| translate RNA to polypeptide chains (amino acid sequence) |
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Term
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Definition
| battery of cell; act as energy organelle; marjor site of ATP production; contain enzymes for citric acid cycle, proteins of ETC, and ATP synthase |
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Term
| cytoskeletal organization (roles) |
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Definition
| microtubules maintain asymmetric shape and help with cell movement; microfilaments take care of contraction and mechanical stiffeners; intermediate filaments are important under mechanical stress |
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Term
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Definition
| directing protein synthesis and serving as genetic blueprint during cell replication |
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Term
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Definition
| play a role in protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| transcription of DNA's genetic code for a particular protein which exits nucleus and carries code to ribosome for translation |
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Term
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Definition
| essential component of ribosome |
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Term
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Definition
| essential component of ribosome |
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Term
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Definition
| transfers the appropriate amino acids within the cytoplasm to their designated site in the protein under construction |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of a layer of hydrophobic tails of phospholipids sandwiched between two layers of hydrophillic heads |
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Term
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Definition
| protein-studded lipid bilayer that encloses each cell, separating it from the extracellular fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| plasma membrane is described to be fluid because of its hydrophobic integral components such as lipids and membrane proteins that move laterally or sideways throughout the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a phosphate group |
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Term
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Definition
| Phospholipids organized in two layers wherein their hydrophobic tails are projecting inward while their polar head groups are projecting outward |
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Term
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Definition
| protein molecule or protein assembly permanently attached in biological membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| protein that spans the entire biological membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| outer layer usually made up of bound polysaccharides on the cell surface and superficial layer of unbound proteoglycans and glycoproteins |
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Term
| carrier/transport molecules |
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Definition
| membrane proteins, which by undergoing reversible changes in shape so that specific binding sites are alternately exposed at either side of the membrane, can bind with and transfer particular substances, unable to otherwise, cross the plasma membrane |
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Term
| cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) |
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Definition
| proteins that protrude from the surface of the plasma membrane and form loops or other appendages that the cells use to rip one another an the surrounding connective tissue fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| involved in desmosomes binding of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| family of cell adhesion molecules that facilitate cell to cell adhesion in a homophilic manner and only when calcium ions are bound to it |
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Term
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Definition
| type of CAM involved in gap junctions |
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Term
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Definition
| active carrier-mediated transport involving transport of a substance against its concentration gradient across the plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| kind of transport by which ions or molecules move along a concentration gradient, which means movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of water across a membrane down its own concentration gradient toward the area of higher solute concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| state of normal firmness or functional readiness of body tissues or organs; a condition of sustained partial contraction of resting or relaxed muscles |
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Term
| assisted membrane transport |
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Definition
| transports materials across a cell membrane that would not otherwise occur |
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Term
| carrier mediated transport |
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Definition
| transport of a substance across the plasma membrane facilitated by a carrier molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of large molecules or multimolecular materials into out of the cell by means of being enclosed in a vesicle (endocytosis or exocytosis) |
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Term
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Definition
| carrier-mediated transport system in which energy is directly required to operate the carrier and move the transported substance against its concentration gradient |
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Term
| secondary active transport |
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Definition
| transport mechanism in which a carrier molecule for glucose and amino acid is driven by a Na+ concentration gradient established by the energy-dependent Na+ pump to transfer the glucose or amino acid uphill without directly expending energy to operate the carrier |
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Term
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Definition
| separation of charges across the membrane; slightly negative inside, slightly positive outside |
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Term
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Definition
| equation relating the electrical potential and concentration gradient of an ion across a permeable membrane at equilibrium |
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Term
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Definition
| equation derived to predict membrane potentials in terms of the membranes permeability to ions and their concentrations on either side |
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Term
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Definition
| characteristic (tree like) pattern of outgrowths of neuronal dendrites; carries electrical signals toward cells |
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Term
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Definition
| main part of the cell around the nucleus and organelles |
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Term
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Definition
| initiates action potentials (axon hillock |
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Term
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Definition
| long process of a neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells |
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Term
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Definition
| distal terminations of axons which are specialised for the release of neurotransmitters |
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Term
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Definition
| local change in membrane potential that occurs in varying grades of magnitude; serves as a short-distance signal in excitable tissues |
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Term
|
Definition
| short-term change in the electrical potential on the surface of a cell in response to stimulation, and then leads to the transmission of an electrical impulse (nerve impulse) that travels across the cell membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| summing of several postsynaptic potentials arising from simultaneous activation of several excitatory synapses |
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Term
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Definition
| summing of several postsynaptic potentials occurring very close together in time because of successive firing of a single presynaptic neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized part of the cell body (or soma) of a neuron that connects to the axon |
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Term
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Definition
| converging of many presynaptic terminals from thousands of other neurons on a single neuronal cell body and its dendrites so that activity in the single neuron is influenced by the activity in many other neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| reduction in membrane potential from resting potential; movement of the potential from resting toward 0mV |
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Term
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Definition
| dealing with the endocrine system, its diseases, and its specific secretions called hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| small depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane in response to neurotransmitter binding, bringing the membrane closer to threshold |
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Term
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Definition
| tissue capable of producing electrical signals when excited; includes nervous and muscle tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| synapse in which the postsynaptic neuron's response to neurotransmitter release is a small depolarization of the membrane, bring membrane closer to threshold |
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Term
|
Definition
| membrane-bound intermediary, which, when activated on binding of an extracellular messenger to a surface receptor, activates the adenylyl cyclase on intracellular side of the membrane in the cAMP second-messenger systm |
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Term
| grand postsynaptic potential |
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Definition
| summation of presynaptic inputs |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in membrane potential from resting potential; potential becomes even more negative than at resting potential |
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Term
|
Definition
| synapse in which the postsynaptic neuron's response to neurotransmitter release is a small hyperpolarization of the membrane, moving it away from threshold |
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Term
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Definition
| small hyperpolarization of the membrane in response to neurotransmitter binding, moving it away from threshold |
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Term
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Definition
| insulative lipid covering that surrounds nerve fibers at regular intervals along the axon's length; form by myelin-forming cells that wraps itself around the neuronal axon |
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Term
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Definition
| neuronal axons covered at regular intervals with insulative myelin |
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Term
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Definition
| threadlike extension of a nerve cell and consists of an axon and myelin sheath |
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Term
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Definition
| one of two major regulatory systems of the body; coordinates rapid activities of the body, especially those involving interaction with the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical messenger that bind to neuronal receptors at nonsynaptic sites and bring about long-term changes that subtly depress or enhance synaptic effectiveness |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical messenger that is released from the axon terminal of a neuron in response to an action potential and influences another neuron or an effector with which the neuron is anatomically linked |
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Term
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Definition
| myelin-forming cells of the central nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| form of cell signalling in which the target cell is near the signal-releasing cell |
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Term
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Definition
| neuron that conducts its action potentials away from a synapse |
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Term
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Definition
| enhanced release of neurotransmitter from a presynaptic axon terminal as a result of excitation of another neuron that terminates on the axon terminal |
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Term
|
Definition
| reduction in the release of a neurotransmitter from a presynaptic axon terminal as a result of excitation of another neuron that terminates on the axon terminal |
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Term
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Definition
| neuron that conducts its action potentials toward a synapse |
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Term
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Definition
| time period when a recently activated patch of membrane is refractory (unresponsive) to further stimulation (ensures one-way propagation) |
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Term
|
Definition
| return of membrane potential to resting potential following a depolarization |
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Term
|
Definition
| membrane potential that exists when an excitable cell is not displaying an electrical signal |
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Term
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Definition
| means by which an action potential is propagated throughout a myelinated fiber, with the impulse jumping over the myelinated regions from one node of Ranvier to the next |
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Term
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Definition
| myelin-forming cells of the peripheral nervous system |
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Term
|
Definition
| intracellular chemical that is activated by binding of an extracellular messenger to a surface receptor site that triggers programmed series of rxns, which result in altered activity of intracellular proteins to control a cellular activity |
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Term
|
Definition
| sequence of events in which incoming signal are conveyed to the cell's interior for execution |
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Term
|
Definition
| specialized junction between two neurons where an action potential in the presynaptic neuron influences the membrane potential of the postsynaptic membrane by means of chemical messenger |
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Term
|
Definition
| gap between two neurons of a synapse |
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Term
|
Definition
| store various neurotransmitters that are released at the synapse |
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Term
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Definition
| critical potential that must be reached before an action potential is initiated in an excitable cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| maintain homeostasis, emotions, voluntary movement, perceive body and surroundings, higher congnition |
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Term
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Definition
| portion of brain that is continuous with the spinal cord, serves as an integrating link between the spinal cord and higher brain levels, controls many life-sustaining processes (breathing, circulation and digestion) |
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Term
|
Definition
| part of the brain attached at the rear of the brain stem and concerned with maintaining proper position of the body in space and subconscious coordination of motor activity |
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Term
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Definition
| brain region located beneath the thalamus that is concerned with regulating many aspects of the internal fluid environment, serves an important link between autonomic nervous system and endocrine system |
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Term
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Definition
| brain region that serves as a synaptic integrating center for preliminary processing of all sensory input on its way to cerebral cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| several masses of gray matter located deep within the white matter of the cerebrum of the brain; lay an important inhibitory role in motor control |
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Term
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Definition
| outer shell of gray matter in the cerebrum; site of initiation of all voluntary motor output and final perceptual processing of all sensory input as well as integration of most high neural activity |
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Term
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Definition
| located in front of parietal lobes; voluntary motor activity, speaking ability, elaboration of thought |
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Term
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Definition
| located in-between frontal and occipital lobe and above the temporal lobe; somesthetic sensation collection (sensations from body: touch, pressure, heat, cold, and pain) |
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Term
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Definition
| located at the back of the head; carry out the initial processing of visual input |
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Term
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Definition
| located on the sides of the head; initially receives sound sensation |
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Term
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Definition
| decreased responsiveness to repetitive presentations of an indifferent stimulus (neither rewarding or punishing) |
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Term
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Definition
| increased responsiveness to a mild stimulus following a strong or noxious stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| prolonged increase in the strength of existing synaptic connections in activated pathways following brief periods of repetitive stimlulation |
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Term
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Definition
| neuron that possesses a sensory receptor at its peripheral ending and carries information to the central nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| condition in which one's memory is lost |
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Term
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Definition
| impairment of language ability |
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Term
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Definition
| type of glial cell in the brain; hold neurons together, induce brain capillaries to form tight junctions, enhance synaptic activity |
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Term
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Definition
| portion of the efferent division of the peripheral nervous system that innervates smooth and cardiac muscle and exocrine glands; composed of two subdivisions, the sympathetic nervous system and t he parasympathetic nervous system |
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Term
|
Definition
| special structural and functional features of the brain capillaries that limit access of materials from the blood into the brain tissue |
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Term
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Definition
|
|
Term
| cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) |
|
Definition
| special cushioning fluid that is produce by, surrounds, and flows through the central nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| division of the brain that consists of the basal nuclei and cerebral cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| relationship between the mind and the world with which it interacts |
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Term
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Definition
| moving short-term memories to long-term |
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Term
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Definition
| onnects the left and right cerebral hemispheres and facilitates interhemispheric communication |
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Term
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Definition
| division of the brain that consists of the thalamus and hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| posterior grey matter of the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| cluster of afferent neuronal cell bodies located adjacent to the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| portion of the peripheral nervous system that carries instructions form CNS to effector organs |
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Term
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Definition
| neuron that carries information from the CNS to an effector organ |
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Term
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Definition
| graphic record of the collective postsynaptic potential activity in the cell bodies and dendrites located in the coritcal layers under a recording electrode |
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Term
|
Definition
| epithelial cells lining the ventricular system of the brain and the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| common chronic neurological disorder characterized by seizures; abnormal, excessive or hypersynchronous neuronal activity in the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| serve as the connective tissue of the CNS and help support the neurons both physically and metabolically |
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Term
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Definition
| portion of the CNS composed primarily of densely packed neuronal cell bodies and dendrites |
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Term
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Definition
| elongated, medial portion of the temporal lobe that is part of the limbic system and is especially crucial for forming long-term memories |
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Term
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Definition
| neuron that lies entirely within the central nervous system and is important for integrating peripheral responses to peripheral information as well as for abstract phenomena association with the "mind" |
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Term
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Definition
| functionally interconnected ring of forebrain structures that surrounds the brain stem and is concerned with emotion, basic survival, and sociosexual behavioral patterns, motivation and learning |
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Term
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Definition
| lower half of the brainstem; cardiac, respiratory, vomiting and vasomotor centers and deals with autonomic, involuntary functions, such as breathing, heart rate and blood pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| system of membranes which envelopes and protects the CNS; dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater |
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Term
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Definition
| ortion of the central nervous system associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal (alertness), and temperature regulation |
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Term
|
Definition
| bundle of peripheral neuronal axons, some afferent and some efferent, enclosed by a connective tissue covering and following same pathway |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| parasympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that dominates in quieet, relaxed situation and promote body maintenance activities such as digestion and emptying of the urinary bladder |
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Term
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Definition
| death of dopamine-generating cells; shaking, rigidity, slowness of movement and difficulty with walking and gait |
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Term
| peripheral nervous system |
|
Definition
| nerve fibers that carry information between the central nervous system and other parts of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| awareness of position of body parts in relation to one another and to surroundings |
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Term
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Definition
| any response that occurs automatically without conscious effort; |
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Term
|
Definition
| any response that occurs automatically without conscious effort; |
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Term
|
Definition
| receptor, afferent, integrating center, efferent, effector |
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Term
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Definition
| portion of the efferent division of the PNS that innervates skeletal muscles; consists of the axonal fibers of the alpha motor neurons |
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Term
|
Definition
| region o fthe parietal lobe immediately behind the central sulcus; site of initial processing of somesthetic and proprioceptive input |
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Term
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Definition
| reflex that is integrated by the spinal cord |
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Term
|
Definition
| portion of CNS composed of myelinated nerve fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory receptor that adapts slowly to a stimulus |
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Term
|
Definition
| sensory receptor that adapts quickly to stimuli |
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Term
|
Definition
| information from a particular receptor travels over particular pathways to particular parts of the nervous system |
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Term
|
Definition
| afferent neuron's peripheral ending, which is specialized to respond to a particular stimulus in it environment |
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Term
|
Definition
| transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber |
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Term
|
Definition
| forms the visisble white part of eye, tough outer layer of connective tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
| transparent, biconvex structure in the eye that helps to refract light to be focused on the retina; changing shape, functions to change the focal distance of the eye so that it can focus on objects at various distances |
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Term
|
Definition
| clear gel that fills the space between the lens and the retina of the eyeball of humans and other vertebrates; tautly holds the eye |
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Term
|
Definition
| thick watery substance filling the space between the lens and the cornea; Maintains the intraocular pressure and inflates the globe of the eye |
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Term
|
Definition
| transmits visual information from the retina to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| prominent skin-covered flap of cartilage, collects sound waves and channels them down the ear canal |
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Term
|
Definition
| guarded by fine hairs, directs sound waves to tympanic membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
| stretched across the entrance to middle ear; vibrates when struck by sound waves |
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|
Term
| eutachian (auditory) tube |
|
Definition
| connects the middle ear to pharynx (back of throat); normal closed, but can be opened by yawning and chewing, and swallowing; air pressure with in the middle ear to equilibrate |
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Term
|
Definition
| extend across the middle ear, connect tympanic membrane to oval window, chain of bones vibrates with tympanic membrane and pass along signal |
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Term
|
Definition
| hearing portion of inner ear, coiled tubular system lying deep within temporal bone, |
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Term
|
Definition
| ability to adjust the strength of the lens in the eye so that both near and far sources can be focused on the retina |
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Term
|
Definition
| the ability to discern between two different points of stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| associated with cold and pressure, and as nociceptors stimulation of them is interpreted as fast/first pain information |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| membrane that forms the floor of the middle compartment of the cochlea and bears the organ of Corti, the sense organ of hearing |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| active component of chili peppers; produces a sensation of burning in any tissue with which it comes into contact |
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Term
|
Definition
| sensory receptor sensitive to specific chemicals |
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Term
|
Definition
| eye's photoreceptors used for color vision in the light |
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Term
|
Definition
| graded response to a stimulus, or a graded depolarization induced in the terminal of a sensory receptor, which after achieving a certain level (firing threshold), is capable of producing an action potential in the afferent axon in the nearby sensory neuron |
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Term
|
Definition
| special type of cilium on the apex of hair cells located in the sensory epithelium of the vertebrate inner ear |
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Term
|
Definition
| phenomenon in which the most strongly activated signal pathway originating from the center of a stimulus area inhibits the less excited pathways from the fringe areas by means of lateral inhibitory connections within sensory pathways |
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Term
|
Definition
| sensory receptor sensitive to mechanical energy, such as stretching or bending |
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Term
|
Definition
| neurons that are part of the olfactory system; receive information from the axons of olfactory receptor neurons |
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Term
|
Definition
| potent opiate analgesic medication and is considered to be the prototypical opioid |
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Term
|
Definition
| condition of the eye where the light that comes in does not directly focus on the retina but in front of it; can see near objects |
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Term
|
Definition
| receptors specialized for pain |
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Term
|
Definition
| group of G protein-coupled receptors with opioids as ligands |
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Term
|
Definition
| sens organ of hearing within the inner ear that contains hair cells whose hairs are bent in response to sound waves, setting up APs in the auditory nerve |
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Term
|
Definition
| within the middle ear space and serve to transmit sounds from the tympanic membrane to the fluid-filled cochlea |
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Term
|
Definition
| sense organs inthe inner ear that provide information about rotational changes in head movement; include the utricle and sccule |
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Term
|
Definition
| membrane-covered opening that separates the air-filled middle ear from the upper compartment of the fluid-filled cochlea in the inner ear |
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Term
|
Definition
| conscious interpretation of the external worlds as created by the brain from a pattern of nerve impulses deliver to it from sensory receptors |
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Term
|
Definition
| mechanism of converting light stimuli into electrical activity by the rods and cones of the eyes |
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Term
|
Definition
| local chemical mediators that are derived from a component of the plasma membrane, arachidonic acid |
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Term
|
Definition
| graded potential change that occurs in a sensory receptor in response to a stimulus; generates action potentials in the afferent neuron fiber |
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Term
|
Definition
| eye's photoreceptors used for night vision |
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Term
|
Definition
| bed of sensory cells situated in the inner ear; translates head movements into neural impulses which the brain can interpret |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| perilymph-filled cavity inside the cochlea of the inner ear that conducts sound vibrations to the scala media |
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Term
|
Definition
| sense organ in the inner ear that detects rotational or angular acceleration of deceleration of the head |
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Term
|
Definition
| pathway coming into the CNS that carries information that reaches level of consciousness |
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Term
|
Definition
| sensory information arising from the body surface, including somesthetic sensation and proprioception |
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Term
|
Definition
| mechanosensing organelles of hair cells, which respond to fluid motion in numerous types of animals for various functions, including hearing and balance |
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Term
|
Definition
| contain the receptors for taste; around the small structures on the upper surface of the tongue, soft palate, upper esophagus and epiglottis |
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Term
|
Definition
| mechanosensing organelles of hair cells, which respond to fluid motion in numerous types of animals for various functions, including hearing and balance |
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Term
|
Definition
| small opening in tongue epithelium |
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Term
|
Definition
| sensory receptor sensitive to heat and cold |
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Term
|
Definition
| parts of the balancing apparatus (membraneous labyrinth) located within the vestibule of the bony labyrinth (small oval chamber) |
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Term
|
Definition
| neurotransmitter released froma ll autonomic preganglionic fibers, parasympathetic postganglionic fibers, and motor neurons |
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|
Term
| acetylcholinesterase (AChE) |
|
Definition
| enzyme present in the motor-end plate membrane of skeletal muscle fiber that inactivates ACh |
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Term
|
Definition
| inner portion of the adrenal gland; endocrine gland that is a modified sympathetic ganglion that secretes the hormones (nor)epinephrine into the blood in response to sympathetic stimulation |
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Term
|
Definition
| nerve fibers that release norepinephrine as their neurotransmitter |
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Term
|
Definition
| chemical that binds to a receptor of a cell and triggers a response by that cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| endocrine pancreatic cells that secrete the hormone glucagon |
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|
Term
| amyotropic lateral sclerosis (ALS) |
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Definition
| degeneration of neurons located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord and the cortical neurons that provide their efferent input; rapidly progressive weakness, muscle atrophy and fasciculations, spasticity, dysarthria, dysphagia, and respiratory compromise |
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| affinity for norepinephrine |
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| rare but serious paralytic illness caused by botulinum toxin which is metabolic waste produced under anaerobic conditions by the bacterium |
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| nerve fibers that release acetylcholine as their neurotransmitters |
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| blocks the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), one of the two types of acetylcholine (ACh) receptors |
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| graded receptor potential that occurs at the motor end plate of a skeletal muscle fiber in response to bind with acetylcholine |
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| type of cholinergic receptor found at all autonomic ganglia and the motor end plates of skeletal muscles |
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