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Definition
| incoming pathway for info derived from internal viscera (organs in body cavities) |
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| incoming pathway for sensory info |
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| muscles, joint, inner ear |
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| vision, hearing, taste, smell |
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| conscious interpretation of the external world as created by the brain from a pattern of nerve impulses delivered to it from sensory receptors |
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| change detectable to body |
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| energy forms of stimuli (heat, light, sound, pressure, chemical changes) |
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| respond to stimuli of environment (peripheral end afferent neurons) |
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Definition
| energy conversion process from stimuli to electrical signal |
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| stimulus that receptor is specialized for (responds more readily to) |
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| visible wavelengths of light |
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| changes in concentration of solutes in body fluids and resultant changes in osmotic activity |
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| pain receptors; tissue damage/distortion |
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| local depolarizing change in the specialized ending of afferent neuron |
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Definition
| local depolarizing change in separate cell closely associated with peripheral ending of neuron |
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Definition
| a phenomenon where receptors can diminish extent of depolarization despite sustained stimulus strength (AP freq. decreases) |
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Definition
| do not adapt at all or adapt slowly; valuable to maintain stimulus info (i.e. muscle stretch, join propioceptors -- posture and balance) |
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| rapidly adapting receptors; stops responding to maintained stimulus; allows relay of important info, no all info --> intensity, not status quo (i.e. tactile/touch receptors -- rings, clothes) |
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Definition
| slight depolarization of phasic receptor when stimulus is removed |
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| rapidly adapting skin receptor that detects pressure & vibration |
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| pathways conveying conscious somatic sensation consisting of discrete chains of neurons synaptically interconnected in a particular sequence to accomplish progressively more sophisticated processing of sensory info |
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| first-order sensory neuron |
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Definition
| afferent neuron with peripheral receptor initial detection of stimulus |
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| second-order sensory neuron |
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Definition
| first-order synapses onto it; spinal cord, medulla |
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| third-order sensory neuron |
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Definition
| second-order synapses onto it; thalamus |
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Definition
| separate different types of input between periphery and cortex |
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Definition
| activation of sensory pathway at any point, same sensation produced by stimulation receptors in body itself |
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| circumscribed region of skin surface surrounding response of somatosensory neuron to stimulus |
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| discrimitive ability; smaller receptive field leads to higher acuity |
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| influences acuity; most -- touch, vision -- most accurate localization |
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| protective mechanism meant to bring to conscious awareness the fact that tissue damage is occurring/about to occur |
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| respond to mechanical damage |
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| respond to extreme temperatures |
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Definition
| respond equally to ALL damaging stimuli |
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Definition
| fast pain pathway; small, myelinated, carry mechanical and thermal nociceptors at 30 m/s |
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Definition
| slow pain pathway; small, unmyelinated, carry polymodal nociceptors at 12 m/s |
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Definition
| activated by enzymes released to ECF from damaged tissue, provoke pain and inflammation |
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| pain neurotransmitter, activates ascending pathways that transmit nociceptive signals to higher levels for further processing |
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| neurotransmitter released from primary afferent pain terminals; excitatory |
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Definition
| suppresses transmission in the pain pathways as they enter the spinal cord (descending) |
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Definition
| anagesic neurotransmitters, released from descending analgesic pathways and bind to opiate receptors on afferent pain-fiber terminal; suppress release of substance P |
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Definition
| shutters to protect anterior portion of eye from environment |
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| trap fine, airborne debris to protect eye |
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| spherical fluid-filled structure |
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| tough outer layer of connective tissue covering eyeball |
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| outer layer of sclera, transparent, light rays pass through to enter interior of eye |
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| middle layer, pigmented (absorbs light), contains blood vessels that nourish retina |
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| contain capillary network that produces aqueous humor --> drains into canal at edge of cornea and enters blood |
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Definition
| attach lens to the ciliary muscle |
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Definition
| anterior specialization of choroid layer; circular ring of smooth muscle attached to the lens |
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Definition
| thin, pigmented (eye color), smooth muscle that forms visible ringlike structure in aqueous humor; iris patterns = best identification technique |
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Definition
| innermost coat under choroid, consists of outer pigmented layer (absorbs light) and inner nervous tissue layer (w/ rods and cones) |
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Definition
| separates 2 fluid-filled cavities in eye; elliptical, transparent |
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Definition
| larger posterior cavity btwen lens/retina containing semifluid substance; maintains spherical eye shape |
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Definition
| anterior cavity btwn cornea/lens, clear watery fluid; carries nutrients for cornea/lens (no blood supply) |
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Definition
| increased pressure (more production than drainage of aq. humor) build up in anterior cavity; pushes lens into vitreous humor; pushes against neural layer retina; nerve damage |
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Definition
| round opening in center of iris through which light enter interior portions of eye; size adjusted by variable contraction of iris muscles for light control |
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| circular/constrictor muscle |
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Definition
| muscle fibers circular, parasympathetic (bright light --> smaller pupil) |
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Definition
| fibers project outward from pupil, sympathetic (dim light --> bigger pupil) |
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Definition
| form of electromagnetic radiation com,posed of photons |
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Definition
| wave travel, packets of energy |
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Definition
| distance between 2 wave peaks |
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Definition
| forward mvmt of light wave in particular direction (radiate all directions from source) |
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Definition
| point at which divergent light rays are focused, from bending inward |
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Definition
| bending of light (greater curvature, greater bending, stronger lens) |
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Definition
| curves outward (i.e. ball); converges light rays to focal pt |
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Definition
| curves inward (i.e. cave); diverges light rays (correct nearsightedness) |
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Definition
| curvature of cornea is uneven which leads to unequal refraction |
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Definition
| ability to adjust strength of lens |
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Definition
| age-related reduction in accommodative ability |
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Definition
| condition when elastic lens fibers become opaque and prevent light rays from passing |
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Definition
| normal eye, far light source focused on retina w/o accommodation, whereas strength of lens increased by accommodation to bring near source into focus |
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Definition
| eye too long/lens to strong; near light focuses on retina w/o accommodation, whereas far light source focused in front of retina is blurry (nearsighted -- concave to correction) |
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Definition
| eye too short/lens too week; far objects focus w/o accommodation; whereas near objects focused behind retina area (far sighted, convex correction) |
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Definition
outermost: rods and cones (light sensitive, face away from incoming light)
middle: bipolar cells
inner: ganglion cells (axons of which form optic nerve); optic disk (pt on retina where optic nerve leaves and blood vessels pass, aka blind spot) |
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Term
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Definition
| pinhead-sized depression at center of retina where bipolar and ganglion cell layers are pulled aside so light strikes photorecptors directly; only cones (acuity) --> direct focus |
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Definition
| area surrounding fovia, high cone concentration but less acuity than fovia -- overlying ganglion and bipolar cells |
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Definition
| loss of photoreceptors in macula lutea when older "donut vision" |
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| chemically altered by light (three types: red, green, and blue) |
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Definition
| bound inside opsin -- absorbs light (Vitamin A) |
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Definition
| rod, absorbs all visisble |
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Definition
| the process of converting light stimuli into electrical signals |
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Definition
| rod and cone cell's G protein for secondary messenger pathway |
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Definition
| gnerally has a private line connecting it to a particular ganlion cell; highly detailed vision b/c private line and small receptive field |
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Definition
| many that converge via bipolar cells on a single ganglion; good for summation; more sensitive because APs with small amt of light |
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Definition
| breakdown of photopigments during exposure to sunlight; decreases photoreceptor sensitivity |
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Definition
| photopigments are rapidly broken down by the intense light, the sensitivity of the eyes decreases |
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Definition
| lack a particular cone type |
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| what you can see without moving your head |
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| binocular field of vision |
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Definition
| overlapping area seen by both eyes at the same time |
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Definition
| stacked on top of one another within the cortical columns of the PVC; fire only when a bar is viewed vertically/horizontally/obliquely in specific location |
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Definition
| stacked on top of one another within the cortical column of PVC; movement of critical axis of orientation |
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Definition
| found in the higher visual processing areas; responding only to particular edges, corners, and curves |
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Definition
| consist of alternate regions of compression and rarefaction of air molecules |
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Definition
| role in sound localization |
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Definition
| vibrates in unison with sound waves in the external ear |
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Definition
| convert tympanic membrane vibrations into fluid movements in the inner ear |
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Definition
| contains the organ of Corti, the sense organ for hearing |
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Definition
| in organ of Corti, transduce fluid movements into neural signals |
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Definition
| depends on the region of the basilar membrane that vibrates |
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| depends on the amplitude of vibration |
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| caused by defects either in conduction or neural processing of sound waves |
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| important for equilibrium by detecting position and motion of head |
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| located primarily within tongue taste buds |
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| coded by patterns of activity in various taste bud receptors |
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Definition
| in the nose, are specialized endings of renewable afferent neurons |
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| involuntary (cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, most exocrine glands) |
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Definition
| voluntary (skeletal muscle) |
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| very close to the effector organ |
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| modified sympathetic ganglion does to give rise to postganglionic fibers; secretes directly into the blood vessels; reinforces activity of the sympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| activated by the tobacco plant derivative nicotine, found on autonomic ganglia |
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Definition
| activated by the mushroom poison muscarine; found in effector cell membranes (smooth, cardiac and gland), 5 subtypes of receptors, linked with G proteins |
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Definition
| (nicotinic and muscarinic) binding of the AcH opens cation channels in the postganglionic cell, permits passage of Na+ and K+ ions |
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Definition
| receptors for norepinephrine and epinephrine |
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Term
| alpha adrenergic receptor |
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Definition
| norepinephrine, alpha1 = elicits response via the Ca2+ 2nd messenger system (excitatory response); alpha2 blocks cyclic AMP production (inhibitory response) |
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| beta adrenergic receptors |
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Definition
| beta1 equal affinity for nor/epinephrine, found in heart, excitatory response; beta2 epinephrine, inhibitory response |
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Definition
| bind to the same receptor as the neurotransmitter and elicit an effect that mimics that of the transmitter |
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Definition
| bind with the receptor and block the neurotransmitter response |
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Definition
| axons constitute the somatic nervous system |
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Definition
| a junction of motor neuron and a skeletal muscle |
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Definition
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| axon terminal is enlarge into a knoblike structure |
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| specialized portion of the muscle cell membrane immediately under the terminal button |
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| graded potential except larger |
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Definition
| by destroying acetylcholine, controls muscle activity so its not always active |
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Definition
| striated, involuntary, found only in the heart |
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Definition
| striated, voluntary, makes up muscular system |
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Definition
| unstriated, involuntary, hollow organs and tubes |
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Definition
| can be consciously controlled, but it can also have subconscious, involuntary regulation (i.e. related to posture, balance, and stereotypical movements) |
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Definition
| embryonic development the huge skeletal muscle fibers, many nuclei in a single cell, abundance of mitochondria, energy-generating organelles |
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Definition
| a specialized intracellular structure for skeletal muscle |
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Definition
| dark, made up of stacked set of think filaments along with the portions o the thin filaments that overlap both ends of the thick filaments, all of the thick filaments is included and half of the thin |
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Definition
| the lighter are within the middle of the A band where the think filaments do not reach |
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Definition
| supporting protiens that hold the thick filaments vertically, middle o fA band with the center of the H zone |
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Definition
| light, remaining portion of the thin filaments |
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Definition
| dark dense line down the I band, cytoskeletal disc that connects the thin filaments of two adjoining sarcomeres |
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Definition
| area between two Z lines, functional unit of skeletal muscle |
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Definition
| extend in both directions from the M line along the length of the thick filament to the Z lines at opposite ends of the sarcomere |
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Definition
| extending from each thick filament towards the surrounding thing filaments in the areas where the thick and thin filaments overlap (arranged hxagonally) |
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Definition
| protein consisting of two identical subunits each shaped somewhat like a golf club in the head of myosin, there is an actin binding site and myosin ATPase site (contractile protein) |
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Definition
| main structural component of the thin filaments; spherical, backbone of the thin filament, formed by two strand of actin molecules, contractile protein |
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Definition
| threadlike proteins that lie end to end alongside the groove of the actin spiral, cover the actin sites that bind with cross bridges, blockind the interaction that leads to muscle contraction |
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Definition
| made of three polypeptide units, one binds to tropomyosin, one to actin and third with Ca2+ |
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| sliding filament mechanism |
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Definition
| thin filaments on each side of a sarcomere slide inward over the stationary thick filaments toward A band's center during contraction; puoll Z lines closer, shortening sarcomere; |
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Definition
| pulling the thin filament inward, repeated cycles of cross bridge binding and bending complete shortening |
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| excitation-contraction coupling |
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Definition
| refers to the series of events linking muscle excitation to muscle contraction |
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| Transverse tubule (t tubule) |
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Definition
| junction of A band and I band where it runs perpendicular from the surface of the muscle cell membrane into the central portions of the muscle fiber |
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Definition
| time delay of a few msec btwn stimulation and onset of contraction |
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Definition
| from contraction onset until peak tension develops; doesn't end until the lateral sacs have taken up all the Ca2+ released |
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Definition
| time from peak tension until relaxation is complete |
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Definition
| attache the muscle to bone |
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Definition
| a single AP in a muscle fiber that produces a brief, weak contraction |
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| factors to accomplish gradation of whole-muscle tension |
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Definition
| number of muscle fibers contracting within a muscle and tension developed by each contracting fiber |
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Definition
| motor neuron along with all the muscle fibers it innervates |
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Definition
| stronger contractions have more motor units stimulated |
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Definition
| inability to maintain muscle tension at a given level |
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Definition
| alternation between motor units |
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Definition
| muscle fiber is re stimulated before it has completely relaxed, the second twitch is added to the first |
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Definition
| muscle fiber stimulated repeatedly without relaxation between stimulation, maximal sustained contraction, strong than a single twitch |
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Definition
| muscle tension remains constant as the muscle changes length; for body movements and external objects |
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Definition
| muscle shortens --> velocity decreases as load increases |
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Definition
| muscle lengths --> load and velocity directly related |
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Definition
| tension develops at constant muscle length |
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Definition
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Definition
| skeletal muscles, muscle tension required to overcome load |
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Definition
| bones, rigid structure capable of moving around a pivot point (fulcrum= joints) |
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Definition
| portion of a lever between fulcrum and point where UPWARD force is applied |
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Definition
| portion of lever between fulcrum and point where DOWNWARD force is applied |
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Definition
| transfer of high-E phosphate from creatine phosphate to ADP; oxidative phosphorylation (citric and ETC); glycolysis |
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Term
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Definition
| similar to hemoglobin and increases the rate of oxygen transfer from the blood into muscle fibers |
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