-bdcsting is free: others are to subscription

-licensing: power, frequency restrictions

-public interest requirements for license renewals

-public inspection file

-indecency restrictions: can't have profanity, nudity etc

-only during certain hours

-electromagnetic spectrum is limited and national resource

-gov't reserves right to impose obligations and regulations on those allowed to bdcst

-in exchange for free use of spectrum, bdcsters must serve public interest

-TV and radio are so pervasive and intrusive that the public is entitled to some protection from unwanted or offensive messages

leads to:

-restrictions on bdcast indecency: profanity, sexual content, quiz

scarcity theory leads to...

-license requirements for broadcasters

-time, power, frequency regulations

-public interest regulations

-public inspection file listing important community problems, programms addressing those problems

Wireless Ship Act 1910

Radio Act of 1912

-large at sea vessels must be equipped with wireless sets

1912:

-post titanic regulation said radio operators had to get a license from secretary of commerce and assigned frequencies and hours of operation to prevent interference at sea

-1920's: spectrum interference, change was needed

-federal radio commission (FRC) created to grand licenses, make rules subject to judicial review

-airwaves belong to public

-licenses are free

-licenses granted only when station would serve the Public Interest COnvinience and Necessity (PICON standard)

-govenrment censorship prohibited

-specified power, frequency, hours of operations of licenses

FRC gave best frequencies to commercial, ntwk affiliated stations

-37 of 40 50,000 watt clear channel stations

-stations affiliated with colleges declined by 1/2

-noncommercial stations declined from 200 to 70

-by 1934, non profit broadcasting 2% bdcst time

-bdcst system was transformed by FRC into a ntwk dominated, adverstising supported system

-incorporated most of 1927 legislation

-renamed FRC 'federal communications commission'

-added responsibility for telephone

-local regulations differ (contrast with federal regulations)

-local gov'ts may offer a particular cable provider the right of 'exclusivity'

-local gov'ts control basic rates, not pay per view or premium services

-FCC doesnt license local cable franchises

-bdcsters could choose either 'must carry' cable operators are obligated to carry local station on its basic tier

-retransmission consent: need to negotiate carriage with cable company

-most local UHF channels choose must carry

-major bdcsters asked cable systems to carry their ntwks (msnc, FX, HGTV etc) in exchange for retransmiss. rights

-some big market groups ask cable system to buy ad time

-other groups pulled their stations from cable lineups for over a year

intent: create competition between cable and phone companies

-removed limits on # of radio stations one could own (was 20)

-liberalized rules covering local ownership

-raised national limits on tv ownership to 35% of nations households

-created 8year license renewals for both radio and tv

-required new tv sets to carry v-chip parent access

-8 stations in DMA (limit 8 per owner in market, not state)

-# stations stable, while # of owners declined

-1996 to 2001, drastic drop of owners

courts: us court of appeals (DC circuit), FCC regulations

white house: names FCC commissioners, NTIA ran the DTV coupon program

industry lobbyists: National association of bdcsting, washington stae assoc of bdcsting WSAB

public: office of comm inc, media access project helps with LPTV applications, parents' tv council generates 90% of indecency complaints to FCC, media reform advocates

legislative: writes laws

executive: enforces laws

judicial: interprets laws

-many complaints are result of organized efforts by advocacy groups such as parents' televesion council

-i.e. 2007 saints vs eagles girl shirt

-96% of all indecency fines levied by FCC in radio

-from 2000-2003 were against four of the nations largest radio station ownership groups: clear channel, viacom, entercom, emmis

-left wing, right wing, and neutral groups agree on this issue

-broadcasters disagree

-language/images that offensive but NOT obscene

-constitutionally protected

-1973 FCC VS pacifica: patently offensive material as measured by contemporary community standards at times when children may be in the audience

-can be aired between 10PM and 6AM with warnings

speech not protected by first amendment

-depicts/describes in an offensive way, sexual content defined by applicable law

-must lack serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value: child pornography

-an average person with community standards must find material appeals to prurient interest

to be obscene, must meet all three

analog: transducted signal that resembles an original sound/image

i.e. tv transducted from light to electrical energy

fidelity: how faithfully a transduced signal represents the original

-high signal to noise ratio: high quality

-low signal to noise ratio: low quality

i.e. copying a casette tape, loses quality from noise

analog transmission loses fidelity at each step of the process

-noise/signal amplified and reproduction with each generation

-further from noise transmitter, more noise

-digital technology reduces loss of fidelity in the transduction process

-noise is elimiated, digital TV signals either perfect or not receivable

to change from one form of energy to another

-in radio, from announcer to listener, transductions are:

-sound energy to electrical energy

-electrical energy to electromagnetic energy

-electromag energy to electrical energy

-electrical energy to sound energy

simultaneous audio and video transduction

-audio transduction is same as radio

-video transduction:

light: electrical

electrical: electromagnetic

electromagnetic: electrical

electrical: light

pickup patterns:

-omnidirectional

-cardiod

-bi directional

construction:

dynamic: no batteries, rugged, resistant to breakage

ribbon: no batteries, delicate

condenser: batteries, good for studio applications

-great for noisy settings

-shotgun mics are super or hypercardoids

-not handheld, used for distances with richness

-low output, three prong plug

-picks up room noise

-hand helds, lavaliere (clip), parabolic (football)

-good for interviews

good for interviews

-RCA77DX

doesnt need battery

-rugged, used for interviews

-sennheisser MD46: cardiod, shock mounted, resistant to pops wind noise

no battery

-used for studio recordings

-bi directional

-have been replaced by condenser mics

needs battery

-sensitive, used for studio applications

-can get very expensive

difference between professional and consumer mics: cable, shielded act as receiver

uses MPEG-2 compression (system used in DVD and DTV satellites)

-hdtv  (16x9) aspect radio, multicase standard definition

-analog is TV (3x4) 480 lines, fm stereo audio

-sending binary data to receivers capable of converting this data back into audio or video signal

-june 12, no analog

-2.8 million homes not ready for transition

-half # who arent ready werent ready feb 17th previous date

-most low income groups

-elderly are ready

-each station transmits HDTV stream

-720/60p=720 lines each 1/6- second

-or either 1080/30i

-up to five standard definition streams per channel

-lowest range of scanned lines is 480/30i

-or combination of hdtv+sd

abc (720/60p), CBS (1080/60i), NBC (1080/60i), FOX (720/60p) run most shows in HDTV in prime time

-p: progressive, i: interlaced

- digital tv channels are free of noice and look better than comparable analog tv

-channels for krem channel 2 will be 2.1 and 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5 for multicast sdtv (virtual channel assignments)

-am radio 107 channels assigned between 540 and 1700 khz

-each am channel uses 10khz of bandwidth

-fm radio 100 channels assigned between 88 and 108 mhz

-each fm channel uses 200 khz of bandwidth

-20 am channels fit into each fm channel (20x space)

-fm is between tv channels 6+7

-digital vs analog fm

television 30-3,000 mhz

-each channel sues 6mhz for each channel

-30 am and 600 fm stations could occupy space of one tv channel

-a radio wave may be described in terms of frequency and amplitude

-frequency: # of waves that pass a given point in a given time

-measured in hertz, higher the frequency shorter wavelength

-carrier wave: signal produced by a stations transmitter

-AM amplitude is modulated, FM frequency

direct wave propogation:

fm signals travel no farther than the horizon

-am uses ground waves and sky waves

sky wave propogation:

ground waves follow the curviture of the earth, sky waves reflected back to the earth due to the ionization of the ionosphere at night

clear channel: 60 stations 10 to 50 KW

-same power day and night

-50,000 watt class 1 A Channel: WSM nashville

-regional: 101 channels, majority of all stations

-local: 6 channels 250 to 1000 watts, formerly called local stations

-daytimers: must cut power to 250 watts at night or go off air such as KQQQ pullman

-max power for AM 50,000 watts

FM 100,000 watts