- blue collar diversity richened: caucasian decline: diversity in workplace, variety in organizational structures, less job stability, less manufacturing

-exotic foods/ ethic diversity

-less predictable, what you want when you want it

-family norms change; nuclear family ideals decline

-conern with how institutions change over time

religion: evangelical priest with prostitute

family: octomom

education: ADD children beaten

gov't/law enforcement: battering hippies

business: giving money for bailout

ABC: disney, 10 o+o stations, reinforce exposure to generations

CBS and NBC: can be affiliate without being CBS owned

Time Warner: formerly AOL time warner, dropped AOL after not successful

broadcasting: to senf out sound and pictures by means of radio waves through space for reception by general public

telecommunications: technologies and industries that facilitate mediated communication

mediated communication: comm conducted through use of electronic and digital technologies

broadcasters: commercial and public radio stations, commerical and public television shows (network left out by definition of FCC), no license, no tower: use satellite

telecommuications include: broadcasters, broadcast networks, cable TV systems, cable TV networks, home video, satellite TV, short-wave radio, internet communication, telephones, satellites, point to point radio communication

-telegraph: every technology based on original ideal

-change of speed of light: social changes with trains for warning

-safety needs of train industry, telegraph protected

-technology is about control, geting theings where they need to go

1899: Marconi patents wireless telegraph in London

-after Clerk Maxwell's theory about electromagnetic waves

-after Heinrich Hertz demonstrates waves in lab

-Britain's navy benefits from telegraph

-1901: signal letter 's' across atlantic

-1909: Marconi wins nobel prize for physics

-British Marconi and American dominates radio before WWI

1906: Reginald Fessenden transmits human voice Xmas Eve, first known radiotelephone transmission using his continuous wave alternator/transmitter

1910: Lee De Forest's 'audion tube' made it possible to amplify weak radio signals, improving Fessenden's alternator

1912: Edwin Armstrong patents Regenerative Circuit, makes De Forests audion tube usable

1918: superheterodyne receive which becomes basis for all

1933: creates static free radio system called FM

1916: De Forest begins experimental bdcsts from NY with opera singers, first to think of radio as source of entertainment

-David Sarnoff claims to have written 'music box memo' in 1916=after listenting to De Forests station

1912: titanic interference by amateurs, SOS not heard, Sarnoff key operator receiving reports from survivors

-cable/satellite networks, watch what you want when you want

-new bdcst affiliates: Fox, CW, Telemundo, Univision

-DVDs, DVRs, VCRs, Downloaded videos

Share: number of people using TV, not computers yet

-De Forest's Audion Tube got him into patent trouble with multiple inventors and companies including marconi, aromstrong, GE and AT+T

1913: De Forest sold his audion patent to AT+T for use in long distance telephones

-GE, AT+T and Westinghouse were also interested in business: each held key patents and refused to share

-industry crippled by litigation

-navy takes control of all radio operations in US, armed forces needed radio for planes, ships, and infantry

-Sarnoff landed lucrative military contracts for american marconi

-navy assumed all responsibility for patent infringement and installed radio equipment in all of its ships

-stimulated a boom in radio research

radio corporation of america was formed after war

-took controlling interest of american marconi's company to keep radio out of british's hands

-parent company was GE company, was in busniess of point to point communication before bdcsting was popular

-all started with government dominating system; corporate control

KDKA: Frank Conrad began bdcsts in Pittsburgh

-invited by westinghouse to bdcst fulltime

oldest bdcst still in operation:

-uses radio waves, sends out uncoded signals, in a continuous scheduled public service, intended for general public, licensed by government

-AT+T's WEAF first to use 'toll bdcsting' in 1922

$50 ad led to $27,000 in sales

-convinces RCA to famble on commercial potential of mass audiences

1926: AT+T sold WEAF and bdcsting assets in exchange for a monopoly over wire interconnections

-Sarnoff negotiated deal, AT+T agrees

1926: RCA and Sarnoff form NBC, first comp devoted to bdcst

1930: Sarnoff RCA president at age 39

1927: NBC has radio group stations 'blue' network and telephone group stations into 'red' network

1943: NBC sells 'blue' network which becomes ABC

-CBS begins in 1926 as a 22 station network by Columbia Phonograph Broadcasting System

-William Paley purchases in 1928, by 1930 CBS was first network with full time newsgathering service

-became known as 'tiffany network' because its high quality programming such as mercury theatre on air, gunsmoke

radio listenership increased from 45% to 95% of homes

-became #1 source of entertainment

-Edwin Armstrong invents FM in 1933, but its development doesn't take off until 1970's

-radio news grew in importance during WWII, Ed Murrow and CBS became recognized as finest news orgs in world

CBS' Mercury Theatre, bdcst of War of the Worlds on Oct 30, 1938

-starred 23 y.o. Wells, 6 mil heard, 1 mil believed it was real

-authoritarianists scored higher on dogmatism scale

NBC introduces TV @ 1939 New York World Fair

-RCA is an all electronic scanning system largely credited to work of two inventors:

Vladimir Zworykin: westinghouse engineer, 1932 iconoscope

Philo Farnsworth: Image dissector, 1930 patent

1949: Ed Parsons of Astoria put antennae to pick up seattle tv station KRSC

-later strings cable to other households for $125 per house

-cable grew to 10% of TV homes in 1974

-1970's greatest growth, spurred by satellite delivered networks and relaxed regulation

-2007: 58% homes have cable

-radio stations became more dependent on local revenue

-early 50's, Todd Storz invented top 40 format in Omaha

-Made WHB Kansas City's #1 station

-radio turned to specialized audiences

-by 1978: FM overtook AM as most popular radio band

FM stations: 80% of all radio listening

-most profitable are big FM stations in major cities and AM news/talk stations in major cities

AM stations: 4,786

FM stations: 6,427

Total # full power radio stations: 14,253

1. CC Media Holdings (clear channel) 833

2. Cumulus Bdcsting INC 346

3. Citadel Communication Corporation 230

4. CBS radio (formerly infinity) 140

5. Entercom 111

-radio projections to be better by 2011

2002: radio adopts HD digital radio signals

-allows for multicasting multiple formats

-one national satellite radio broadcaster:

Sirius XM, 18.5 million subscribers

-operate separately, $12.95/mo

-news/talk $9.99/mo

-50 stations for $6.99/mo

UHF commerical TV: 796

VHF commercial TV: 582

UHF educational TV: 252

VHF educational TV: 129

TOTAL TV: 1,759

1. CBS Corp 35.5%

2. ION Media 32.6%

3. Fox Tv 31.2%

4. NBC universal 30.3%

5. Tribuine 27.6%
6. ABC 23.1%

7. Univision 22.2%

8. Trinity 19.6%

9. Gannett 18.1%

10. Hearst-Argyle 14.95%

-15% of country gets tv over air for free

-97% homes in US passed by cable

-58% subscribe to cable

-28.5% subscribe to non cable MVPD

-cable networks combined have higher share than combined bdcst networks

DBS

Direct Broadcasting Satellites

-1994, 25% of TV households

-two companies: Direct Tv, Dish Network

-bdcsts from powerful KU band satellites

-cheaper than cable, offers local stations in nearly all TV markets

-carry-one-carry all agreement

4/5 all stations are commerical: stations program info and entertainment in order to attract an audience

-situations sell airtime to advertisers based on how long the viewing audience is noncommercial

-most affiliated with public bdcst service or with a college education system

-income comes from gov't grants for PBS

-started in 1967 as a reaction to the commercial bdcst focus on infotainment, shallow programming

community radio: licensed to civic groups

college radio: sponsored by colleges and communication

public radio: CPB qualified radio stations

lower power FM: 851 stations licensed to

PBS Network share 3%

-programs provided by big stations: WNET KCET WGBH

-more than 350 stations, 98 mil homes weekly

-loyal following

-typically PBS ratings hover around 2% of homes in US

-viewers have high incomes and well educated