Term
| which 2 compounds have highenergy phosphate groups (circle them) |
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Definition
| Step 6: 1,3-biphosphoglycerate |
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Term
| which step demonstrates energy coupling by an enzyme |
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Definition
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Term
| which two steps involve covalent catalysis |
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Definition
Step IV: Aldolase
Step VI:Glyceraldehyde Phosphate Dehydrogenase |
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Term
| which reactions produce ATP |
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Definition
Step VII: 1,3-biphosphoglycerate +ADP----> ATP + 3-phosphoglycerate
Step X: Phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP ATP + Pyruvate |
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Term
| What are the steps of glycolysis |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the significance of the rapaort-luebering shunt |
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Definition
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Energy demanding endergonic reactions utilizing ATP is not present in mature red blood cells.
ATPase activity which controls ATP/ADP ration is nor active in mature RB cells. |
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Term
| The regulation of Glycolysis |
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Definition
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Term
| Metabolic disorders related to Glycolysis in Red blood cells |
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Definition
Hexokinase deficiency- a decrease in BPG concentration to about 2/3 of normal.Affinity to O2 increases, and unloading of O2 decreases.
PK deficiency- BPG is more than teice than normal. Affinity for O2 is less than normal. Unloading of O2 is greater than normal. |
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Term
| What are the key control points, and what are the regulators |
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Definition
The key control points are the points where in Glycolysis, the reaction is irreversible.
Glycolysis has three irreversible steps catalyzed by hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase. |
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Term
| Lactate dehydrogenase: What is the biological role of this reaction. |
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Definition
The enzyme lactate dehydrogenase catalyzes the formation of lactate from pyruvate:
It’s function is to generate additional NAD+ under anaerobic conditions
LDH catalyses the reversible conversion of pyruvic acid(PA) and lactic acid (LA)
It also plays a role in acute myocardial infraction. |
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Term
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Definition
| -- Muscles cannot convert glucose-6-P to glucose due to lack of the enzyme Glucose-6-phosphatase---Once formed Latic acid can be further metabolized only b its re-conversion to pyruvate as stated above. On contrast to the phosphorylated intermediates of glycolysis which are locked in the cells, lactases and pyruvates can readily diffuse out from the cells in which they are produced and pass into the circulation. From circulation they are removed by the liver and in liver cells they are reconverted to form glucose and glycogen by gluconeogenisis. |
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Term
| Pyruvate dehydrogenase: overall reaction, cofactors and organization. |
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Definition
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Term
| Know the reactions (names and enzymes) of the citric acid cycle. |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is energy produced in the citric acid cycle. |
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Definition
| step 3, step 4,step 5, step 6, step 8 |
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Term
| Where is CO2 released in the Citric acid cycle. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are key control sites |
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Definition
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Term
| Anabolic and catabolic functions of the TCA (Citric acid cycle) |
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Definition
Catabolic role---The two carbon compound acetyl-CoA produced from metabolism of carbohydrates, Lipids and proteins are oxidised in this cycle to produce CO2, H2O and energy as ATP.
Anabolic or synthetic role--- Intermediates of TCA cycle are utilized for synthesis of various compounds. |
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Term
| Overall energy yield from the TCA |
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Definition
| Each acetyl coenzyme A proceeded once through the citric acid cycle. Therefore, in total, it created 6 NADH + H+ molecules, two FADH2 molecules, four carbon dioxide molecules, and two ATP molecules. |
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Term
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Definition
present with encephalopathy and retardation.
Fumarase deficiency is caused by a mutation in the fumarate hydratase (FH) gene in humans, which encodes the enzyme that converts fumarate to malate in the mitochondria.
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