Term
| Formulate the sum equation for the conversion of Glucose to 2 molecules of Pyruvate |
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Definition
| Glucose + 2NAD+ + 2ADP + 2Pi >> 2 pyruvate + 2NADH + 4H+ + 2ATP + 2H2O |
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Term
| Is there any phosphorylation of ADP involved in degradation of pyruvate to ethanol? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is pyruvate made into ethanol? |
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Definition
| to get some energy via glycolysis, by supplying NAD+ |
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Term
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Definition
| When no O2 is available, cells cannot do respiration, thereby NADH accumulates. To “recycle” NADH and get some energy by glycolysis, lactate is formed in the muscle to get NAD+. The lactate is then transferred to the liver, where it is converted back into pyruate and eventually glucose in the process of gluconeogenesis. The conversion of pyruvate to glucose in the liver needs 2ATP+ 2GTP. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| where is beta-Oxidation of fatty acids |
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Definition
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Term
| Synthesis of nucleic acids occurs in the... |
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Definition
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Term
| respiration occurs in the |
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Definition
| inner membrane of mitochondria |
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Term
| Citric acid cycle is in... |
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Definition
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Term
| Glyconeogenesis happens in the |
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Definition
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Term
| Synthesis of membrane lipids occurs in the |
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Definition
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Term
| how many acetylCoA are made from glucose vs palmytic acid? Why? |
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Definition
| 2 vs 8, fatty acid is fully reduced. |
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Term
| Which organ is the “biochemical factory of the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name two biochemical pathways that are inhibited by release of insulin |
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Definition
| gluconeogenesis, triacylglyceride hydrolysis |
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Term
| Name two biochemical pathways that are stimulated by release of insulin |
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Definition
| glycolysis, triacylglyceride synthesis |
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Term
| What are enzymes called that split triacylglycerate into fatty acids and glycerole? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the enzyme in the venom of rattle snakes hydrolyzes red blood cells |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the final product, which is formed in round of the beta-oxidation of the fatty acids? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which fatty acids are easier to degrade, the ones with even or odd numbers of C- atoms? Can you briefly explain your answer? |
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Definition
The ones with the even number are easier to degrade.
even numbers of C atoms only acetyl-CoA is formed, whereas the beta-oxidation of odd numbered fatty acids ends up with propyl-CoA which has to be converted to succinyl-CoA to enter the citric acid cycle. |
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Term
| Name the molecules of beta-oxidation, in order |
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Definition
fatty acid acyl coa
trans-deltasquared enoyl coa
L B hydroxy acyl coa
B keto acyl coa
fatty acid acyl coa + acetyl coa |
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Term
| Describe the structure and function of Chylomicrons ! |
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Definition
| Chylomicrons are large Lipoprotein complexes. They consist of a phospholipid monolayer which also contains embedded proteins and cholesterol. The interior is mainly filled with triacylglyceroles and also contains cholesterol esters. The function if the chylomicrons is to transport triacylgryleroles in the blood stream from the small intestine to the adipose cells. |
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Term
| Which lipoprotein complex has the highest cholesterol content? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which lipoprotein complex transports cholesterol from the tissue to the liver for degradation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which electron carrier transfers electrons from complex III (the cytochrome bc1 complex) to complex IV in respiration? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which reaction is catalyzed the cytochrome c oxidase? Write the chemical equation for the reaction |
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Definition
| The reduction of oxygen: O2 + 4e- + 4H+ 2 H2O |
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Term
| Is complex III (the bc1 complex) a monomer or a dimer? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which molecule is oxidized by Complex II? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which molecule is the mobile hydrophobic electron carrier that accepts the (1) electrons from complex II and I? |
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Definition
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Term
| PS__ oxidizes water to O2 and 4H+ and 4e- ; PS__ provides the electrons for the reduction of NADP+ + H+ to NADH |
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Definition
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Term
| wavelengths of acceptors for photosystems |
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Definition
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Term
| Which transition metal is involved in the process of water oxidation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which complex in Photosynthesis catalyzes a similar reaction to the reaction of the cytochrome bc1 complex in respiration? |
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Definition
| The cytochrome b6f complex |
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Term
| Explain how ATP-synthesis is coupled to proton translocation. |
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Definition
It contains of the large membrane extrinsic head (F1) that contains 3 nucleotide binding sites and the membrane intrinsic part (F0) that mediates the proton flux.
Proton flux through the a-subunit in F0 protonates a ring of c-subunits which drives rotating of the c-ring. The c-ring is coupled to the gamma subunit in the central stalk connecting F1 with F0. The gamma subunit thereby undergoes a 360 rotation in the head of the enzyme. The rotation of the gamma subunit changes the binding affinity of the three catalytic nucleotide binding sites, which synthesize ATP by the binding change mechanism. |
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Term
| How many protons are needed for the synthesis of 3 molecules of ATP, when the protein contains 10, 11, 13, 14 or 15 c-subunits? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the end product of anaerobic glycolysis? |
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Definition
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Term
| what ate the end products of aerobic oxidation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the end products of anaerobic fermentation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which are the two major storage molecules for energy in animals? |
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Definition
| Glycogen and triacylglycerole |
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Term
Which of the following organs in the human body does not store or export fuel:
Brain, active heart muscle, Liver, Adipose tissue? |
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Definition
| Brain and active heart muscle |
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Term
| Seven steps of fatty acid transport |
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Definition
1. Salts of the Gallbladder emulsify the fats from the food by formation of mixed micelles.
2. Lipases of the small intestine degrade the triacylglyceroles to glycerole and fatty acids.
3. Fatty acids and other degradation products are reabsorbed by the mucosa of the colon and converted into triacylglycerole
4. Triacylglyceroles, cholesterol and apoproteins are assembled into the chlymicrons. 5.The enzyme Lipoprotein-Lipase is activated by apoC-II and degrades Triacylglyceroles to glycerol and fatty acids.
6. Fatty acids enter the adipose cells or myocyts.
7. Fatty acids are oxidized for energy supply or are used to build up triacylglyceroles for energy storage. |
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Term
| where is... fatty acid synthesis, and activation: |
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Definition
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Term
| where is fatty acid breakdown... |
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Definition
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Term
| How is Acyl-CoA shuttled from the cytosole into the mitochondrial matrix? |
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Definition
| The acyl-CoA crosses the outer mitochondrial membrane, but not the inner membrane. The acyl group is then transferred to carnitine, carried across the inner mitochondrial membrane, and transferred to mitochondrial CoA-SH |
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Term
| write the full rxn for photosynthesis |
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Definition
| 6CO2 + 6H2O >> C6H12O6 + 6 O 2 |
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Term
How many charge separation events in Photosystem II must take place before one molecule of
oxygen is released? |
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Definition
| 4 charge-separation events must take place before one molecule of oxygen (O 2) is produced |
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Term
| What is the function of the cytochrome b6f complex? |
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Definition
The function of cytochrome b6f complex is to transfer electrons from the membrane integral
plastoquinonol (PQH2) to the soluble electron carrier proteins plastocyanin or cytochrome c6 in the
thylakoid lumen. The 2 H
+
are released into the lumen and 1 additional H
+
is pumped from the
stroma to the lumen per one PQH2 oxidized to PQ. Cytochrome b6f is also involved in cyclic
electron transfer with photosystem I. |
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Term
| what are the parts of photosystem 1 electron transfer? |
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Definition
p700 Chloro, PQ, 4Fe4S clusters
Outside: ferrodoxin, FNR |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| name the 4 proteins of respiration electron transport |
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Definition
Complex I NADH- CoQ oxidoreductase or NADH-ubiquinone- oxidoreductase
Complex III Cytochrome bc1 complex or CoQH2-cytochrome c oxidoreductase or ubiquinone-
Cytochrome oxidoreductase
Complex IV Cytochrome oxidase
Complex II Succinate-coenzyme Q Oxidoreductase |
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Term
Which reaction is catalyzed by complex IV, the cytochrome c oxidase? How many electrons
are needed for one complete reaction and how many protons are needed for the chemical reaction?
How many protons are pumped across the membrane in one complete reaction cycle? |
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Definition
Complex IV catalyzes the oxidation of cytochrome c. 4 electrons are transferred in 4 subsequent
electron transfer reactions from 4 molecules of cytochrome c and transferred to cytochrome a,
subsequently to cytochrome a3 and finally, via a Cu(II) ion, to O2. The oxygen is reduced and picks
up 4 protons in addition to the 4 electrons per oxygen molecules, forming 2 molecules of water. (side
note: This reaction is opposite of the reaction performed by Photosystem II in photosynthesis.)
During the course of 1 complete reaction cycle, 4 additional protons are pumped across the
membrane. |
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