Term
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Definition
| Has a 5'cap, a 3' poly-A tail, and is monocistronic. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus by RNA Pol II, and then translated in the cytoplasm by ribosomes. |
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Term
| heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) |
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Definition
| hnRNPs are complexes of RNA and protein present in the cell nucleus during gene transcription and post-transcriptional modification of the pre-mRNA. The hnRNPs protect the mRNA from RNases, suppress formation of secondary RNA structure that may affect splicing, aid the export of the mRNA to the cytoplasm, and play a role in mRNA processing. There are six core proteins in hnRNP complexes (A1, A2, B1, B2, C, and D). Each hnRNP complex is 500-800 bases. |
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Term
| Ribonuclear proteins (RNP) |
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Definition
| Nucleoproteins that contain RNA. It is a general term for a complex that combines ribonucleic acid and protein together. |
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Term
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Definition
| 5' cap is found on the 5' end of an mRNA molecule and consists of a guanine nucleotide connected to the mRNA via an unusual 5' to 5' triphosphate linkage. This guanosine is methylated on the 7 position directly after capping. |
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Term
| polyadenylation (poly-A) site |
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Definition
| This is a site between the AAUAAA poly(A) signal and the G/U Poly(A) signal where CFI and CFII bind. |
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Term
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Definition
| A large ribonucleoprotein complex that assembles on a pre-mRNA and carries out RNA splicing. |
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Term
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Definition
| A part of the primary transcript that is removed by splicing during RNA processing and is not included in the mature, functional mRNA, rRNA, or tRNA. |
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Term
| heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) |
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Definition
| hnRNA is an assortment of RNA molecules, many of which will be processed into mRNA in the cell nucleus. The hnRNA associates with proteins to form heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP). After splicing, the messenger RNA remains associated with various proteins, forming a messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP), which is then exported from the nucleus. |
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Term
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Definition
| A segment of a primary transcript that reaches the cytoplasm as part of a mature mRNA, rRNA, or tRNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| In eukaryotes, the primary transcript is the initial RNA product containing introns and exons. It is made from transcription of DNA. It then undergoes processing to form a mature RNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of nuclease that catalyzes the degradation of RNA into smaller components. Ribonucleases can be divided into endoribonucleases and exoribonucleases |
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Term
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Definition
| Includes the processes of adding a 5'cap, a poly-A tail, splicing out introns, and termination. RNA processing enzymes are found in association with the C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA Pol II |
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Term
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Definition
| Mature mRNA is exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it will be translated. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Cap0 methyl is found in yeast and humans. It is added by guanine-7-methyl transferase. Yeast do not have Cap1 or Cap2 methyls. Cap 1 methyl is found in humans and mammals and is added by 2'-Q-methyl transferase. It is not certain if mammals have Cap2. |
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Term
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Definition
| The capping enzyme includes phosphohydrolase and guanylyl transferase. The enzyme adds the 5'cap to the pre-mRNA or primary transcript. |
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Term
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Definition
| the primary RNA transcripts are cleaved after a 'CA'. Cleavage at this point causes the GU or U rich sequence to be removed and this sequence then degrades in the nucleus. The consensus sequence is AAUAAA...(10-30 bp)...CA...(30 bp)...GU/U rich |
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Term
| Cleavage, Polyadenylation |
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Definition
| Termination of a primary transcript is a two-step process. RNA is cleaved at the consensus termination sequence, and then the 3' end undergoes polyadenylation. |
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Term
| Cleavage and Polyadenylation Specificity Factor (CPSF) |
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Definition
| It is involved in the cleavage of the 3' signaling region from pre-mRNA molecule. It is the first protein to bind to the signaling region near the cleavage site of the pre-mRNA. The signaling region has the sequence AAUAAA, which is highly conserved. |
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Term
| Cleavage Stimulating Factor (CstF) |
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Definition
| CstF is recruited by cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) and assembles into a protein complex on the 3' end of pre-mRNA to promote the synthesis of a functional polyadenine tail. It binds at the GU/U rich sequence. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cleavage is the first step in adding a polyadenine tail to the pre-mRNA. CFI and CFII are the two cleavage factors involved in the assembly of the protein complex that mediates this process. CFI and CFII are recruited to the cleavage site by (CPSF) and (CstF), and together with polyadenine polymerase (PAP) form the complex that performs the polyadenylation reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Catalyzes the addition of adenine residues to the 3' end of pre-mRNAs to form the poly(A) tail. |
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Term
| Poly-A Binding Protein (PAB II) |
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Definition
| a RNA-binding protein which binds to the poly(A) tail of mRNA. Binds and stimulates the activity of Polyadenylate polymerase to polymerize of Poly A. |
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Term
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Definition
| The typical Poly A tail is 100-250 bases |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to detect for particular sequences of DNA, RNA, proteins, or other molecules. |
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Term
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Definition
| The rabbit HKα2 gene produces two mRNAs encoding the HKα2a and HKα2c isoforms of the alpha subunit of the renal H+, K+ - ATPase. It is a gene that has 2 transcription start sites and has sloppy initiation. |
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Term
| Small Nuclear Ribonuclear Proteins (snRNPs) |
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Definition
| RNA-protein complexes that combine with unmodified pre-mRNA and various other proteins to form a spliceosome, a large RNA-protein molecular complex upon which splicing of pre-mRNA occurs. The action of snRNPs is essential to the removal of introns from pre-mRNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| small RNA molecules in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells that are transcribed by RNA polymerase II or RNA polymerase III and are involved in RNA splicing (removal of introns from hnRNA), regulation of transcription factors, and maintaining the telomeres. They are always associated with specific proteins, and the complexes are referred to as small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNP). |
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Term
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Definition
RNA-protein complex that combines with other snRNPs, unmodified pre-mRNA, and various other proteins to assemble a spliceosome, a large RNA-protein molecular complex upon which splicing of pre-mRNA occurs.
Binds the 5' Splice Site |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Binds and sequesters the snRNP6 |
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Term
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Definition
| Aligns hnRNA for splicing |
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Term
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Definition
| Promotes RNA splicing reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| 5' end of an intron is GU, the 5' splice site. 3' end of an intron is AG, the 3' splice site. This is required for splicing to occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| The point where 2 exons are joined. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 transesterfication reactions occur during RNA splicing. The reactions are energetically neutral. A transesterfication is the process of exchanging the organic group R" of an ester with the organic group R' of an alcohol. |
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Term
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Definition
| The branch site located 20 - 50 bases upstream of the 3' splice site. The consensus sequence of the branch site is "GU(A/G)A(C/U)", where A is conserved in all genes. |
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Term
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Definition
| This complex is formed when U1 snRNP binds to the 5' end splice site of the hnRNA, SR proteins bind to exonic splice enhancers, and U2AF binds to the polypyrimidinic segment to identify the branch point and 3' splice site. |
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Term
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Definition
| These RNA binding proteins binds to exonic splicing enhancers, and then mediate the binding of U1 snRNP to the 5' splice site and the binding of U2AF. |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA sequence motif consisting of 6 bases within an exon that directs, or enhances, accurate splicing of hetero-nuclear RNA (hnRNA) or pre-mRNA into messenger RNA (mRNA). |
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Term
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Definition
| U2 auxiliary factor (U2AF), composed of a large and a small subunit, is a non-snRNP protein required for the binding of U2 snRNP to the pre-mRNA branch site. |
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Term
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Definition
| A complex forms once the U2 snRNP is recruited to the branch point by U2AF to the spliceosome. |
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Term
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Definition
| B complex forms when U4 snRNP, U5 snRNP, and U6 snRNP is recruited to the splicesome. |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the catalytic active form. U1 snRNP and U4 snRNP exit the spliceosome. U6 snRNP and U2 snRNP position the branch site A for attack on the 5' site. |
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Term
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Definition
| After the spliceosome dissociates, debranching enzyme linearzies the lariat for intron degradation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The exons of the primary RNA produced by transcription can be connected in multiple ways during RNA splicing. The resulting different mature mRNAs may be translated into different protein isoforms; therefore, a single gene may code for multiple proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| he primer hybridizes to the poly(A) tail of mRNA. It is phosphorylated on the 5' end to facilitate cloning of cDNA. Oligo-dT selection can be used to purify mRNA and pre-mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| After the second transesterfication during RNA splicing, a lariat structure from the intron sequence forms and the RNA with spliced exons results. |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA editing describes molecular processes in which the information content in an RNA molecule is altered through a chemical change in the base makeup. |
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Term
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Definition
| large protein complexes that cross the Nuclear envelope, which is the double membrane surrounding the eukaryotic cell nucleus. The mature mRNA must travel through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm in order to be translated by ribosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is assemble on the mRNA just upstream of the splice junction and is then transported into the cytoplasm, where it plays a major role in post-transcriptional regulation of mRNA. The ribosome knocks these complexes off as translation occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
| These proteins help get the mRNA from the nucleus into the cytoplasm. |
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Term
| Nonsense Mediated Decay (NMD) |
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Definition
| This process functions to detect nonsense mutations and prevent the expression of truncated or erroneous proteins. MD is triggered by exon junction complexes (EJCs). |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a cytoplasmic complex of 11 RNA exonucleases that rapidly degrade RNA in 3'-5' direction. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cluster of ribosomes, bound to a mRNA molecule. Polyribosomes read one strand of mRNA simultaneously, helping to synthesize the same protein at different spots on the mRNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| A characteristic nonamino acid substance that is strongly bound to a protein and necessary for the protein portion of an enzyme to function. |
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Term
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Definition
Functional inactivation of a specific gene by a corresponding double-stranded RNA that induces either inhibition of translation or degradation of the complementary single stranded mRNA encoded by the gene but not that of mRNAs with a different sequence.
There are 3 types of RNAi molecules:
1) miRNA for translational repression
2) siRNA for mRNA cleavage
3) rasiRNA for gene silencing |
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Term
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Definition
RNase III enzyme responsible for initiating the processing of microRNA (miRNA), or short RNA molecules naturally expressed by the cell that regulate a wide variety of other genes by interacting with the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) to induce cleavage of complementary messenger RNA (mRNA).
It is an endonuclease that yields pre-miRNA. |
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Term
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Definition
An endoribonuclease in the RNase III family that cleaves double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and pre-microRNA (miRNA) into short double-stranded RNA fragments called small interfering RNA (siRNA) about 20-25 nucleotides long, usually with a two-base overhang on the 3' end. Dicer catalyzes the first step in the RNA interference pathway and initiates formation of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), whose catalytic component argonaute is an endonuclease capable of degrading messenger RNA (mRNA) whose sequence is complementary to that of the siRNA guide strand.
It cleaves pre-miRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Any of numerous small, endogenous cellular RNAs, 20-30 nucleotides long, that are processed from double stranded regions of hairpin secondary structures in long precursor RNAs. A single strand of the mature miRNA associates with several proteins to form and RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) that inhibits translation of a target mRNA to which the miRNA hybridizes imperfectly. Several miRNAs must hybridize to a single mRNA to inhibit its translation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A small double stranded RNA, 21-23 nucleotides long with two single-stranded nucleotides at each end. A single strand of the siRNA associates with several proteins to form an RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) that cleaves target RNAs to which the siRNA base pairs perfectly. siRNAs can be designed to experimentally inhibit expression of specific genes. |
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Term
| RNA Induced Silencing Complex (RISC) |
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Definition
| Large multiprotein complex associated with a short single stranded RNA that mediates degradation or translational repression of a complementary or near-complementary mRNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small RNA that is involved in the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway. RasiRNA is a subclass of Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), which are small RNA molecule which interact with Piwi proteins. Piwi proteins are in the Argonaute family. |
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Term
| RNA Inducible Transcriptional Silencing Complex (RITS) |
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Definition
| form of RNA interference by which short RNA molecules - such as small interfering RNA (siRNA) - trigger the downregulation of transcription of a particular gene or genomic region. This is usually accomplished by posttranslational modification of histone tails |
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Term
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Definition
| This protein binds single stranded miRNA. Also Argonaute proteins are the catalytic components of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), the protein complex responsible for the gene silencing phenomenon known as RNA interference (RNAi). Argonaute proteins bind small interfering RNA (siRNA) fragments and have endonuclease activity directed against messenger RNA (mRNA) strands that are complementary to their bound siRNA fragment. The proteins are also partially responsible for selection of the guide strand and destruction of the passenger strand of the siRNA substrate. |
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Term
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Definition
| 5' end of mRNA will be less stable than 3' end. |
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Term
| Transposons (Transposable Elements) |
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Definition
| Found in eukaryotes and porkaryotes, these DNA elements move in the genome by a mechanism involving DNA synthesis and transposition. Move by cut and paste usually. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of transposable DNA element whose movement in the genome is mediated by an RNA intermediate and involves a reverse transcription step. Move by copy and paste. |
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Term
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Definition
| Transposase is an enzyme that binds to the ends of a transposon and catalyzes the movement of the transposon to another part of the genome by a cut and paste mechanism or a replicative transposition mechanism. |
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Term
| Reverse Transcriptase/Integrase |
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Definition
| Enzyme found in retroviruses that catalyzes a complex reaction in which a double stranded DNA is synthesized from a single stranded RNA template. Moves |
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Term
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Definition
| Class of retrotransposons that are abundant in mammals and make up 21 percent of human DNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| Class of retrotransposons that make up 13 percent 13 percent of human DNA. Do not have genes encoding transposition machinery. Alu elements account for 2/3 of all SINEs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of eukaryotic virus that has an RNA genome that replicates in cells by first making a DNA copy of the RNA. The viral DNA is inserted into the cellular chromosomal DNA, forming a provirus. |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play key roles in post-transcriptional control of RNAs, which, along with transcriptional regulation, is a major way to regulate patterns of gene expression during development. Post-transcriptional control can occur at many different steps in RNA metabolism, including splicing, polyadenylation, mRNA stability, mRNA localization and translation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Encodes a tumor supressor gene. |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a 1329 bp transposable element that moves as a dsDNA and encoded only the Transposase gene. There is no RNA intermediate. Transposition of insertion sequence IS10 is regulated by an anti-sense RNA which inhibits transposase expression when IS10 is present in multiple copies per cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| A gene from the maternal genome whose products are required for the early development of the embryo, such as the establishment of the overall polarity of the embryo. |
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Term
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Definition
| A gap gene is a type of gene involved in the development of the segmented embryos of some arthropods. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pair-rule gene is a type of gene involved in the development of the segmented embryos of insects. |
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Term
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Definition
| In Drosophila, a group of genes encoding components of signaling systems that influence cell fates and the polarity of cytoskeletons along the anterioposterior axis in the early embryo. |
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Term
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Definition
| Homeotic genes are genes that determine which parts of the body form what body parts. |
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Term
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Definition
| a female gametocyte or germ cell involved in reproduction. An oocyte is produced in the ovary during female gametogenesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Egg polarity genes, gap genes, pair-rule genes, segment polarity genes. |
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Term
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Definition
| An egg polarity gene in Drosophila, concentrated at the anterior pole of the egg and required for subsequent anterior structures. A maternal effect gene. |
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Term
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Definition
| A kind of maternal-effect gene (as in nanos gene) whose function is to code for products used for establishing the normal patterning of posterior abdominal segments of certain embryos |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Regulators of the major appendages and body structures in the adult fruit fly. Any of the zygotic genes expressed subsequently after segmentation genes, and whose function specifies the fate of the cells in each segment of the fruit fly embryo. |
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