Term
| what is an inhibitor of complex 1 of ETC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is an inhibitor of complex 2/3 of ETC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is an inhibitor of complex 3 of ETC |
|
Definition
| cyanide or carbon monoxide |
|
|
Term
| what makes glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle different from maalate-aspartate shuttle? |
|
Definition
| delivers reducing eqvs from NADH to QH2 and thus to complex II, not complex I |
|
|
Term
| why does brain primarily use glyerol 3-phosphate shuttle even though it generates less ATP |
|
Definition
| In malate-aspartate shuttle, you have unlimited supply of NADH and in brain you do not |
|
|
Term
| what are the three stages of fatty acid beta-oxidation |
|
Definition
long chain fatty acid oxidation to form acetyl-CoA
acetyl groups oxidiized to CO2 via CAC
electrons derived from oxidations of stages 1 + 2 provide energy for oxidative phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water-soluble equivalents of fatty acids |
|
|
Term
| PRPP synthetase uses what energy molecule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IMP --> adenylosuccinate --> adenosine-P; what energy source is used |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IMP --> xanthosine-P --> guanosine-P; what energy source is used |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 functional regions of ACC |
|
Definition
biotin carrier protein
carboxylase that activates CO2 by attachment to the N of the biotin ring
transcarboxylase that activates CO2 from biotin to acetyl-CoA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inactivated by phosphorylation (low blood glucose)
activated by dephosphorylation (high BG); polymerization
citrate increases activity allosterically |
|
|
Term
| what reaction does ACC take part in |
|
Definition
| acetyl Co-A --> malonyl CoA |
|
|
Term
| what are essential fatty acids in animals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| acetyl-CoA carboxylase becoming inhibited by glucagon reuslts in |
|
Definition
| decreased fatty acid synthesis |
|
|
Term
| hormone-sensitive lipase being activated by glucagon results in |
|
Definition
| increased mobilization of stored fats |
|
|
Term
| pyruvate dehydrogenase becoming inhibited by glucagon results in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| acetyl-CoA carboxylase being activated by insulin results in |
|
Definition
| increased fatty acid synthesis |
|
|
Term
| hormone-sensitive lipase being inactivated by insulin results in |
|
Definition
| decreased mobilization of stored fats, increased fat storage |
|
|
Term
| pyruvate dehydrogenase being activated by insulin results in |
|
Definition
| decreased GNG, increased glycolysis |
|
|
Term
| what is precursor in TAG and glycerophospholipids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 points of regulation in biosynthesis of TAGs> |
|
Definition
at pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
at ACC |
|
|
Term
| which head group strategy would you use for bacteria |
|
Definition
| transfer of hydroxyl with group to glycerophospholipid |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 points of regulation in biosynthesis of TAGs> |
|
Definition
at pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
at ACC |
|
|
Term
| which head group strategy would you use for bacteria |
|
Definition
| transfer of hydroxyl with group to glycerophospholipid |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 postulates of the chemiosmotic model |
|
Definition
electrons flow through ETC, energy released is used to create proton graident across inner mitochondrial membrane
movement of protons back across the inner mitochondrial membrane releases energy that can be used to drive synthesis of ATP |
|
|
Term
| what happens when succinate is added to mitochondria? |
|
Definition
| O2 consumption and ATP synthesis increase |
|
|
Term
| what happens when cyanide is added to mitochodnria |
|
Definition
| reduces o2 consumption and atp synthesis |
|
|
Term
| what happens when ADP + Pi are added to mitochondria |
|
Definition
| increase in O2 consumption and ATP synthesis |
|
|
Term
| what happens when oligolmycin is added to mitochondria |
|
Definition
| decrease in O2 consumption and ATP synthesis |
|
|
Term
| what happens when dinitrophenol (DNP) is added to mitochondria |
|
Definition
uncoupler;
incerase in O2 consumption but not ATP synthesis |
|
|
Term
| what are the three functional enzymes of ACC |
|
Definition
biotin carrier protein
a carboxylase that acitvates CO2 by attachment to othe N of the biotin ring (ATP-dependent)
a transcarboxylase that transfers that transfers the activated CO2 from biotin to acetyl-CoA |
|
|
Term
| what is a chylomicron made of |
|
Definition
TAG
phospholipids
cholesterol apolipoproteins on surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
package excess fatty acids and carbohydrate as TAG in liver and exported to muscle and adipose
also contain cholesterol and cholesteryl esters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
made from loss of TAG from VLDL
rich in cholesterol and cholesteryl esters and carry to extrahepatic tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
protein-rich with little cholesterol
picks up cholesterol and delivers to liver |
|
|
Term
| what is trypsinogen to trypsin catalyzed by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the active enzyme and property of pepsinogen (stomach) |
|
Definition
pepsin
optically active at pH 1-3 |
|
|
Term
| what is the active enzyme and property of chymotrypsinogen (PI- pancreatic secrtion into intestine) |
|
Definition
chymotrypsin
optically active at pH 7 |
|
|
Term
| what is the active enzyme and property of trypsinogen (PI) |
|
Definition
trypsin
optically active at pH 7 |
|
|
Term
| what is the active enzyme and property of procarboxypeptidase (PI) |
|
Definition
carboxypeptidase
removes one COOH-terminal residue at a time |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 major pathways of intracellular protein turnover |
|
Definition
lysosomal/phagolysosomes proteases
ubiquitin-dependent pathway |
|
|
Term
| what is lysosomal/phagolysosomes proteases |
|
Definition
1 of major pathways of intracellular protein turnover
acidic compartments, where proteins undergo isoelectric expansio, making them more susceptible to proteolysis |
|
|
Term
| what is ubiquitin-dependent pathway |
|
Definition
1 of major pathways of intracellular protein turnover
enzymatically joined to poorly folded proteins
sent to proteasomes, which are macromolecular protease complex |
|
|
Term
| true nitrogen balance is what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| positive nitrogen balance is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| negative nitrogen balance is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| positive nitrogen balance is required for: |
|
Definition
growth of children
pregnancy
wound healing
convalescing adult |
|
|
Term
| negative nitrogen balance occurs during: |
|
Definition
starvation
malnutrition
disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
gradual wasting away of body due to severe malnutrition or inadequate absorption
can progress to point of no return when body lacks sufficient AAs for protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
| what is the major difference between marasmus and kwashiorkor |
|
Definition
| first one is protein energy malfunction resulting from inadequate intake of both protein and calories while the other is just from a lack of adequate protein intake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
characterized by abdominal edema- hypoalbuminemia
caused by insufficient protein consumption during otherwise sufficient calorie intake |
|
|
Term
| deamination uses which energy source to drive reaction |
|
Definition
| NAD+ which becomes reduced to NADH |
|
|
Term
| what does coupling of GDH reaction to AA do |
|
Definition
| allows AA to oxidatively degrade to corresponding alpha-keto acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ammonetelic (ammonia excreting) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uricotelic (uric acid excreting) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ureotelic (urea excreting) |
|
|
Term
| ornithin transcarbamoylase deficiencies lead to what? what are some features? |
|
Definition
hyperammonemia
may occur in adults at any age and clinical features are various including encephalopathy, psychiatric disorders or mental deficiency |
|
|
Term
| how do you diagnose citrullinemia type I? |
|
Definition
it is deficinecy in argininosuccinate synthetase
plasma will show absence of argininosuccinic acid and presence of citrulline |
|
|
Term
| argininosuccinate lyase can be solved by |
|
Definition
minimizing protein degradation
excess protein intake, prolonged fasting or starvation, exposure to communicable diisease, IV steroids, hepatotoxic drugs |
|
|
Term
| what are the four reactions that make glutamate |
|
Definition
transamination
reductive amination (by glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamate synthetase)
hydrolysis of glutamine |
|
|
Term
| in prokaryotes, transcription and translational are ______ Linked |
|
Definition
transiently
can occur simultaneously |
|
|
Term
| in euks, transcription is segregated by _______ from tranlsation; RNA processing occurs where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what was avery's bombshell |
|
Definition
trasnforming material was:
-insensitive to proteinase
-insensitive to RNase
-destroyed by DNase
DNA was the only one that could keep smooth phenotype |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when complementary single strands of DNA anneal, but base pairing is not pefect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cuts WITHIN polynucleotide chain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
digests from one end of a polynucleotide
ex- removal of primers during DNA synth
can chew from either direction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(dNMP)n + dNTP = (dNMP)n+1 + PPi
free 3' O-'s attack pyrophosphate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sticky ends
blunt ends
repairs nicks |
|
|
Term
| what does ligation reaction require |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the correlation between genome size and evolutionary dominance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
transposable elements
look like viruses because they got stuck in gemome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mostly repetitive elements
only 1.5% due to actually coding genes for proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lives in telomeres and centromeres
associated with structural elements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| around histones, spaced by nucleosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
basic unit of chromatin
tails that stick out; important for gene modification |
|
|
Term
| what are protein scaffolds |
|
Definition
| assist DNA in forming higher order structures |
|
|
Term
| what is the messelson stahl experiment? |
|
Definition
proved that DNA synthesis if semiconservative
grew DNA in specific heavy nitrogen media, changed media and centrifuged to look at density |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unqinds DNA strands due to supercoiling |
|
|
Term
| topoisomerase type I does what |
|
Definition
cuts phosphodiester backbone once
allows supercoiling to relax by spinning around single, continuous backbone |
|
|
Term
| topoisomerase type II does what |
|
Definition
2 cuts
unsupercoil because of cuts in both areas
gyrase- negative supercoiling |
|
|
Term
| what is the most important characteristic polymerase III has? |
|
Definition
high degree processivity
during course of nucleic acid synthesis in RNA and DNA - likelidhood enzyme will fall off of template before it is finished synthesizing its product |
|
|
Term
| what is the structure of prokaryotic DNA pol III? |
|
Definition
clamp loader
helicase
core polymerase
beta clamp |
|
|
Term
| beta clamp on DNA has.... |
|
Definition
| prokaryotic has 2 identical subunits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
DNA unwinding element
AT-rich segment where strand separation occurs |
|
|
Term
| what is the process for replication binding initiation |
|
Definition
localized strand separation at DUE
DnaC loads a DnaB helicase at both ends of bubble at expense of ATP hydrolysis
Binding of Dna helicase commits cell to replication and division
pol III assembled on DnaB helicase
Dna ATP hydrolysis release DnaA |
|
|
Term
| DNA adenine methylase (dam) adds what to A seuqnce in GATC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is required in order to commence DNA sequences? |
|
Definition
| methylation of both parental and daughter strands |
|
|
Term
| Which is capable of de novo synthesis: RNA or DNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the parts to DNA transcription? |
|
Definition
core
clamp-loading complex with open beta sliding clamp
primase
single strand binding protein (protects gap in the DNA double helix)
DnaB
helicase
DNA pol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
enters after DNA pol III is sent to newly loaded beta clamp
5' --> 3' exonuclease removes primer
-replaces RNA with DNA |
|
|
Term
| what 3 things help avoid mistakes during replciation |
|
Definition
presynthetic error control
proofreading activity of DNA pol
mismatch repair |
|
|
Term
| presynthetic error control is what? |
|
Definition
by DNA pol
scrutiny of incoming dNTP for base pairing to template strand
basically a good 2nd look to make sure it wants to transcribe this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
