Term
|
Definition
| when some aspect of the SD or S-delta is changed to help a person make a correct discrimination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a stimulus is added to help a person make a correct discrimination |
|
|
Term
| Transfer of Stimulus Control |
|
Definition
| the correct behavior occurs at the right time without any assistance/prompts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the behavior that evokes the desired response in the presence of the SD verbal, gestural, modeling, and physical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a verbal type or class of behavior as distinct from a particular response instance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the problem behavior must be absent at the beginning |
|
|
Term
| Concurrent Schedules of Reinforcement |
|
Definition
| a number of different behaviors or response options are currently available for the person |
|
|
Term
| Methodological Behaviorism |
|
Definition
| either deny the existence of "inner variables" or consider them outside the realm of a scientific account |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a SD in the presence of which verbal behavior is characteristically reinforced in the presence of which it is characteristically strong |
|
|
Term
| Stimulus Discrimination Training |
|
Definition
| a process in which a behavior is reinforced when the SD is present and is extinguished when the S-delta is presented, the behavior is more likely to occur only when the SD is presented |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| behavior that is reinforced through the mediation of another person's behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extinction of a CR, involves the repeated presentation of the CS without presenting the US |
|
|
Term
| Conditioned Emotional Response |
|
Definition
| (CER) a type of conditioned response in which an emotional response (ie. fear, happiness) is elicited by a conditioned stimulus in the process of respondent conditioning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| purpose is to determine whether the treatment was responsible for the observed change in the target behavior and to rule out the possibility that extraneous variable caused the behavior to change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| divide the observation period into intervals of time, but you observe and record the behavior during only part of each interval |
|
|
Term
| Factors that Influence the Effectiveness of Reinforcement |
|
Definition
1. Immediacy
2. Contingency
3. MO
4. Individual Differences
5. Magnitude |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a measure obtained by procedures that are independent of and different from the procedures that produced the data being evaluated and for which researchers have taken "special/extraordinary precautions to ensure that all possible sources of error have been avoided/removed (i.e. the actual amount) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the extent to which target behavior are appropriate, intervention procedures are acceptable, and important and significant changes in target and collateral behavior are produced. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the quantitative label produced buy measuring an event |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reinforcement is always defined by the effect it has on the behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| losing value as a reinforcer; make a stimulus less potent as a reinforcer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
method of observing and recording behavior during intervals or at specific moments in time.
1. Whole-interval
2. Partial-interval
3. Momentary
4. Planned Activity Check |
|
|
Term
| Variable Interval Schedule (VI) |
|
Definition
| the reinforcer is delivered for the FIRST RESPONSE AFTER an interval of the time as past, each time interval varies around an average time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the occurrence of the behavior results in the termination of an aversive stimulus that was already present when the behavior occurred |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the degree to which the person's repertoire maximizes short/long term reinforcers for that individual and for others and minimizes short/long term punishment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| presumed but unobserved entities that could not be manipulated in an experiment (i.e. extraneous variables) |
|
|
Term
| Establishing Operations (EO) or Motivating Operations (MO) |
|
Definition
| any environmental variable that 1. alters the effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event as a reinforcer and 2. alters the current frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced by that stimulus, object, or event |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a NS is paired with an already established CS and the NS becomes a CS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| controlled by their consequences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antecedent stimuli that share similar features and have the same function effect on a particular behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when it is shown that the behavior modification procedures cause a target behavior to change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the observed behavior that contributes nothing to an understanding of the variable responsible for developing or maintaining behavior (i.e. knowledge) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Interviews
2. Checklists
3. Observations
4. Testing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provides descriptions of specific behaviors and the conditions under which each behavior should occur (i.e. FAST) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the use of progressively more typical environments, expectations, and procedures to establish and/or maintain personal behavior which are as culturally normal as possible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the extent to which observed values, the data produced by measuring an event, match the true state/values, of the events as it exists in nature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an increase in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Behavior Modification |
|
Definition
1. Focus on behavior
2. Procedures based on behavioral principles
3. Emphasis on current environmental events
4. Precise descriptions of behavior modification procedures
5. Treatment implementation by people in everyday life
6. Measurements of behavior change
7. De-emphasis on past events as cause of behavior
8. Rejection of hypothetical underlying causes of behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Determinism
2. Empiricism
3. Experimentation
4. Replication
5. Parsimony
6. Philosophic Doubt |
|
|
Term
| Defining Characteristics of ABA |
|
Definition
1. Applied
2. Behavioral
3. Analytic
4. Technological
5. Conceptual
6. Effective
7. Generality
8. Accountable
9. Public
10. Doable
11. Empowering
12. Optimistic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1/20th of the x-axis total (ex. the celeration period for a successive calendar day chart is 1 week) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a stimulus is salient when it is intense or easily detected by the individual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| developed the law of effect (cat pushes lever to get out of box to get food) |
|
|
Term
| Discontinuous Measurement |
|
Definition
| any form of measurement in which some instances of the response class(es) of interest may not be detected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
for discrete trial data based on comparing the observers' count on a trial-by-trial/item-by-item bases
# of trials/items agreement over # of trails/items X 100 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of assigning numbers and units to particular features of objects or events |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
expressed as a % of agreement between the total duration of responses by 2 observers
shorter duration over longer duration X 100 |
|
|
Term
| Mean-Duration-per-Occurrence IOA |
|
Definition
a more conservative and usually more meaningful assessment of IOA for total duration data calculated for a given session/measurement period
Dur IOA 1 + Dur IOA 2 + Dur IOA 3... over n responses w/ Dur IOA X 100 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an aspect of the behavior that can be measured and modified. Relevant dimensions may include frequency, duration, intensity, and latency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| only intervals in which either or both observers record the nonoccurrence of the target behavior, use interval-by-interval IOA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involves the manipulation of antecedent stimuli |
|
|
Term
| Relevance of Behavior Rule |
|
Definition
| target Behavior should be selected only when it can be determined that the behavior is going to continue to be reinforcing in their natural environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) procedure in which the problem behavior must be absent throughout the entire interval of time for the reinforcer to be delivered. Most DRO procedures involve whole-interval DRO |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the primary observer's record for each interval is matched to the secondary observer's record for the same interval
# of intervals agreed over total # of intervals X 100 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
expressed as a % of agreement between the total # of responses recorded by 2 observers
smaller # over larger # X 100 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a measure of the # of response opportunities needed to achieve a predetermined level of performance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a measure of how rates of responding change over time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a trend line, a straight line drawn through a series of graphed data points, visually represents the direction and degree in the data |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a behavior that produces a favorable effect on the environment is more likely to be repeated in the future |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (PLACHECK) uses head counts to measure "group behavior", how many people at the end of the interval are doing what they should be? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the NS precedes the US, but the NS ends before the US is presented |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a procedure used to evaluate the accuracy of a measurement system and when sources of error are found, to use that info to correct or improve the measurement system |
|
|
Term
| Recovery From Punishment Procedure |
|
Definition
| occurrence of a response without its punisher |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when what is actually measured is in some way different from the target behavior of interest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the NS is presented and then the US is presented before the NS ends |
|
|
Term
| Experimental Analysis of Behavior |
|
Definition
| the rate at which a single subject emitted a given behavior in a controlled and standardized experimental chamber |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the time from some stimulus event to the onset of the behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the practice of objective observation of the phenomena of interest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| controlled (elicited) by antecedent stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| only those intervals which either or both observers recorded the occurrence of the target behavior, use interval-by-interval IOA |
|
|
Term
| Conditioned Motivating Operations (CMO) |
|
Definition
| events, operations, and stimulus conditions with value-altering motivating effects that are learned (ex: wanting a key to open a locked door) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (AKA behavioral chain) each response/behavior in the chain produces a stimulus change that acts as an SD for the next response in the chain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an object/event that can be detected by one of the senses, and thus has the potential to influence the person |
|
|
Term
| Point-to-Point Correspondence |
|
Definition
| when the beginning, middle, and end of the verbal stimulus matches the beginning, middle, and end of the response |
|
|
Term
| Applied Behavior Analysis |
|
Definition
| the science in which tactics derived from the principles of behavior are applied systematically to improve socially significant behavior and experimentation is used to identify the variables responsible for behavior change; the scientific study of human behavior (aka experimental analysis of human behavior) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involves the systematic application of prompting an fading strategies to each stimulus-response component in the chain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the field of psychology concerned with analyzing and modifying human behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| someone who provides reinforcement for verbal behaviors, serves as an audience evoking verbal behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the controlling antecedent stimulus and the response or response product 1. share the same sense mode and 2. physically resemble each other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a response elicited by a conditioned stimulus, has to be repeatedly paired with a US or another conditioned stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the US is presented before the NS (doesn't work that well) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the problem behavior must be absent at the end of the interval for the reinforcer to be delivered |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| behaviors that have discrete beginning and ending points, require minimal displacement of the organism in time and space, can be emitted at nearly any time, do not require much time for completion and can be emitted over a wide range of response rates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a behavior that is strengthened through the process of reinforcement, acts on the environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a behavior that has consequences beyond the change itself, exposes the individual's repertoire to new environments, contingencies, responses, stimulus controls, and communities of maintaining or destructive contingencies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a speaker differentially responds to the verbal behavior of others; occurs when a verbal SD evokes a verbal response that does not have point-to-point correspondence with the verbal stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the presumption that the universe is a lawful and orderly place in which all phenomena occurs as the result of other events |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a positive punishment procedure involving the application of aversive activities contingent on the problem behavior, the person is required to engage in some form of physical exercise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a speaker asks for what he/she needs or wants; a verbal operant for which the form of the response is under the functional control of MO and specific reinforcement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the stimulus that is removed or avoided after the behavior in neg reinforcement; a stimulus that will decrease the future probability of a behavior when the stimulus is delivered contingent on the occurrence of the behavior (i.e. punisher) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| something that appears to exist because of the way it is examined or measured |
|
|
Term
| Schedule of Reinforcement |
|
Definition
| specifies whether every response is followed by a reinforcer or whether only some responses are |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (aka countability) instances of a response class can occur repeatedly through time (behavior can be counted) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| someone who engages in verbal behavior, gains access to reinforcement, and control their environment through the behavior of listeners |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
procedures used to teach a person to engage in a chain of behaviors
types: backwards, forward, total task presentation, written task analysis, picture prompts, and self instruction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a process in which the behavior occurs in the presence of antecedent stimuli that are similar in some ways to the SD presented when the behavior was reinforced, the occurrence of target behavior in a non-training situation after training |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| methods (observations, interviews, checklists, tests) to identify and define targets for behavior change, measurement of the target behavior(s) |
|
|
Term
| Measurement by Permanent Product |
|
Definition
| measuring behavior after it has occurred by measuring the effects that the behavior produced on the environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| repetitive behavior that does not serve any social function for the person (i.e. stemming) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| divide the session into intervals and provide the reinforcer if no more than 1 response occurred in each interval |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reinforcement is delivered in fewer than a specified # of responses occurs in a period of time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| there must be a specified amount of time between responses for the reinforcer to be delivered |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a decrease in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the observation period is divided into a series of brief time intervals, records whether the target behavior occurred throughout the whole interval |
|
|
Term
| Reinforcer-Establishing (Evocative) Effect |
|
Definition
| deprivation with respect to food, water, oxygen, activity, and sleep (you want them) |
|
|
Term
| Reinforcer-Abolishing (Abative) Effect |
|
Definition
| food and water ingestion, oxygen intake, engaging activities, and sleep (you no longer want them) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the extent to which data obtained from measurement are directly relevant to the target behavior of interest and to the reason for measuring it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a behavior that, once learned, produces corresponding modifications or co-variations in other adaptive untrained behaviors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| looks at all of the facts in the environment that has an effect on the individual behaviors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the rate of response is controlled by the presentation of the antecedent stimulus |
|
|
Term
| ABA Dimensional Quantities |
|
Definition
1. Repeatability
2. Temporal extent
3. Temporal Locus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involved manipulation of consequences |
|
|
Term
| Simultaneous Conditioning |
|
Definition
| the NS and US are presented at the same time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a behavior recording procedure in which the observation period is divided into intervals and the behavior is recorded during a PART OF EACH INTERVAL. the observation intervals are discontinuous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| paired a US with a CS and got a CR (aka conditioned reflex) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| events in the immediate environment that controls behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| started behaviorism, realized the environment elicits responses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| explained the difference between respondent (reflex) conditioning and operant (behavior) conditioning, foundation for behavior modification |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| records whether the target behavior is occurring at the moment that each time interval ends |
|
|
Term
| Unconditioned Motivating Operations (UMO) |
|
Definition
| events, operations, and stimulus conditions with value-altering motivating effects that are unlearned (ex. wanting food when you are hungry) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| every instance of behavior occurs during some amount of time (duration) |
|
|
Term
| Domains of Behavior Analysis |
|
Definition
1. Behaviorism
2. Experimental Analysis of Behavior (EAB)
3. Applied Behavior Analysis (AB)
4. Delivery of Behavior Analytic Professional Services |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| every instance of behavior occurs at a certain point in time with respect to other events (when behavior occurs it can be measured) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the philosophy of the science of behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the behavior produces a reinforcing consequence through direct contact with the physical environment (ex. went into kitchen and got a bag of chips) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the place in which the target behavior typically occur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a systematic approach to the understanding of natural phenomena that relies on the attitudes of science |
|
|
Term
| Differential Reinforcement of Communication |
|
Definition
| (aka functional communication training) the individual with problem behavior learns to make a communication response that is functionally equivalent to the problem behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an intended change in the way an observer uses a measurement system over the course of an investigation that results in measurement error (i.e. a shift in the interpretation of the def of a target behavior) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a trained observer who is unaware of the study's purpose and/or the experimental conditions in effect during a given phase or observation period |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a speaker names things/actions that the speaker has direct contact with, a verbal operant under the functional control of a nonverbal SD and it produces generalized conditioned reinforcer |
|
|
Term
| Differential Reinforcement of Lower Rates of Responding |
|
Definition
| the reinforcer is delivered when the rate of the problem behavior is decreased to a criterion level |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a physical movement or gesture of another person that leads to the correct behavior in the presence of the SD |
|
|
Term
| Alternating-Treatments Design (ATD) |
|
Definition
| the baseline and treatment conditions are conducted in rapid succession and compared with each other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| includes and seeks to understand all human behavior |
|
|
Term
| Anecdotal Observation (ABC Recording) |
|
Definition
| records what happened before, during, and after specific behaviors occur |
|
|
Term
| Differential Reinforcement |
|
Definition
| a procedure in which a specific desirable behavior is followed by a reinforcer but other behaviors are not, the result is an increase in the desirable behavior and extinction of the other behaviors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of analyzing a behavior chain by breaking it down into its individual stimulus response components |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a careful comparison of some measure of the phenomenon of interest (DV) under 2+ different conditions in which only 1 factor at a time (IV) differs from one condition to another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the trainer physically assists the learner to engage in the correct behavior at the correct time (i.e hand-over-hand) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an approach to the study of behavior which assumes that a mental or "inner" dimensions exists that differs from behavioral dimensions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the trainer demonstrates the target behavior for the learner |
|
|
Term
| Frequency-Within-Interval Recording |
|
Definition
| the observer records the frequency of the target behavior but does so within consecutive intervals of time in the observation period |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of recording a behavior causes the behavior to change, even before any treatment is implemented |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| started behaviorism, realized the environment elicits responses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| explained the difference between respondent (reflex) conditioning and operant (behavior) conditioning, foundation of behavior modification |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| records whether the target behavior is occurring at the moment that each time interval ends |
|
|
Term
| Unconditioned Motivating Operations (UMO) |
|
Definition
| events, operations, and stimulus conditions with value-altering motivating effects that are unlearned (ex: wanting food when you are hungry) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| every instance of behavior occurs during some amount of time (duration) |
|
|
Term
| Domains of Behavior Analysis |
|
Definition
1) Behaviorism
2) Experimental Analysis of Behavior (EAB)
3) Applied Behavior Analysis (AB)
4) Delivery of Behavior Analytic Professional Services |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| every instance of behavior occurs at a certain point in time with respect to other events (when behavior occurs can be measured) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the philosophy of the science of behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the behavior produces a reinforcing consequence through direct contact with the physical environment (ex: went into kitchen and got a bag of chips) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the place in which the target behavior typically occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measurement of target behavior (or behaviors) in behavior modification |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a systematic approach to the understanding of natural phenomena that relies on the attitudes of science |
|
|
Term
| Differential Reinforcement of Communication |
|
Definition
| (aka functional communication training) the individual with problem behavior learns to make a communication response that is functionally equivalent to the problem behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an unintended change in the way an observer uses a measurement system over the course of an investigation that results in measurement error (i.e. a shift in the interpretation of the definition of target behavior) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a trained observer who was unaware of the study's purpose and/or the experimental conditions in effect during a given phase or observation period |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a speaker names things/actions that the speaker has direct contact with, a verbal operant under the functional control of a nonverbal Sd, and it produces generalized conditioned reinforcement |
|
|
Term
| Differential Reinforcement of Lower Rates of Responding |
|
Definition
| the reinforcer is delivered when the rate of the problem behavior is decreased to a criterion level |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a physical movement or gesture of another person that leads to the correct behavior in the presence of the Sd |
|
|
Term
| Alternating Treatments Design (ATD) |
|
Definition
| the baseline and treatment conditions are conducted in rapid succession and compared with each other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| includes and seeks to understand all human behavior |
|
|
Term
| Anecdotal Observation or ABC Recording |
|
Definition
| records what happened before, during, and after specific behaviors that occur |
|
|
Term
| Differential Reinforcement |
|
Definition
| a procedure in which a specific desirable behavior is followed by a reinforcer but other behaviors are not, the result is an increase in the desirable behavior and extinction of the other behaviors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of analyzing a behavior chain by breaking it down into its individual stimulus-response components |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a careful comparison of some measure of the phenomenon of interest (DV) under 2+ different conditions in which only 1 factor at a time (IV) differs from 1 condition to another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the trainer physically assists the learner to engaged in the correct behavior and the correct time (i.e. hand-over-hand) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an approach to the study of behavior which assumes that a mental or "inner" dimensions exists that differ from a behavioral dimension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the trainer demonstrates the target behavior for the learner |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of punishment in which contingent on the behavior, an aversive stimulus or event is presented and the probability of the behavior decreases in the future |
|
|
Term
| Frequency-Within-Interval Recording |
|
Definition
| the observer records the frequency of the target behavior but does so within consecutive intervals of time in the observation period |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of recording a behavior causes the behavior to change even before any treatment is implemented |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a setting that is not in the normal routine |
|
|
Term
| Successive Approximations |
|
Definition
| behavior that more closely resembles the target behavior |
|
|
Term
| Differential Reinforcement |
|
Definition
| when one particular behavior is reinforced and all other behavior are not reinforced in a particular situation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the differential reinforcement of successive approximations of a target behavior until the person exhibit the target behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the gradual elimination of a stimulus prompt as the behavior continues to occur in the presence of the Sd |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| present the Sd, wait a certain # of seconds, and then if the correct response is not made a prompt is provided |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a response prompt is removed gradually across learning trials until the prompt is no longer provided |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| training that occurs in the natural environment after an in situ assessment in which a child fails to use the skills |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the trainer sets up an assessment in the natural setting without the child's knowledge that the assessment is taking place |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involves praise or other reinforcers for correct performance, may also involve correction of errors or further instruction in how to improve performance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the opportunity for the learner to practice the behavior after receiving instructions or watching a model demonstrate the behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| describe the appropriate behavior for the learner |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the correct behavior is demonstrated for the learner, the learner observes the model's behavior and then imitates the model |
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Term
| Behavioral Skills Training Procedures (BST) |
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Definition
| used together in training sessions to help a person acquire useful skills (ex: modeling, instructions, rehearsal, and feedback |
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Term
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Definition
| teach the learner how to give themselves verbal prompts/instructions to engage in the correct sequence of behaviors in the chain |
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Term
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Definition
| use pictures of the outcome of each behavior/someone doing the behavior, pictures are then used to prompt the learner to engage in the behavior in the proper sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| the trainer presents the learner with a list of the component behaviors in their proper sequence and the learner uses the list to perform the task correctly (aka textual prompts) |
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Term
| Experimental Analysis *or* Functional Analysis |
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Definition
| manipulate A or C variables to demonstrate their influence on the problem behavior, demonstrate functional relationship between A and C and the problem behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| both indirect and direct functional assessments, called descriptive because the A and C are described, allow you to develop a hypothesis about the functional relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| used by recording whether the behavior occurred or not in 1/2 hour increments |
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Term
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Definition
| involving direct observation of the ABC of the behavior typically conducted in the natural environment where the target behavior occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of generating info on the antecedents and consequences in an attempt to determine which are reliably associated with the occurrence of the behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| some change in an antecedent stimulus or the addition or removal of an antecedent stimulus, with the goal of making a correct response more likely |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| the gradual removal of prompts as the behavior continues to occur in the presence of the Sd |
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Term
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Definition
| used to increase the likelihood that a person will engage in the correct behavior at the correct time, may involve behavior of the trainer (response prompts) or supplemental environmental stimuli (stimulus prompts) |
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Term
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Definition
| when the verbal behavior of another person results in the correct behavior of the trainee in the presence of the Sd |
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Term
| Multiple-Baseline-Across-Settings Design |
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Definition
| baseline and treatment phase for 2+ settings in which the same behavior of the same subject is mastered (i.e. testing for generalization for settings) |
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Term
| Multiple-Baseline-Across-Behaviors Design |
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Definition
| baseline and treatment phase for 2+ different behaviors of the same subject (i.e. testing for generalization for behavior) |
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Term
| Multiple-Baseline-Across-Subjects Design |
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Definition
| baseline and treatment for the same target behaviors for 2+ different subjects (i.e. testing for generalization across subjects) |
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Term
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Definition
| the natural tendency for the behavior to occur again in situations that are similar to those in which it occurred before extinction |
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Term
|
Definition
| the force or intensity with which a response is emitted |
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Term
|
Definition
| the physical form or shape of a behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| a measure of the elapsed time between the onset of a stimulus and the initiation of a subsequent response |
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Term
|
Definition
| when the exact time of each onset and offset of the target behavior is recorded |
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Term
|
Definition
| test to see whether the behavior occurred during consecutive time periods |
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Term
|
Definition
| no specific events activities, or instructions are given during the observation period |
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Term
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Definition
| the observer arranges for specific events or activities to occur during the observation period |
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Term
|
Definition
| a stimulus that is presented when a behavior is not reinforced |
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Term
|
Definition
| the nonrandom measurement error (aka when error measurement is likely to be in one direction) |
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Term
| Characteristics of a Good Definition |
|
Definition
1) objective: refer only to observable characteristics
2) clear: read and understood by others
3) complete: shouldn't be questions about what works and what doesn't |
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Term
| Topography-Based Definition |
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Definition
| identifies instances of the target behavior by the shape or form of the behavior |
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Term
| Function-Based Definition |
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Definition
| designates responses as members of the targeted response class solely by their common effects on the environment |
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Term
|
Definition
| the results of measurements, usually quantifiable form, in ABA it refers to measures of some quantifiable dimensions of behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| measurement conducted in a manner such that all instances of the response class(es) of interest are detected during the observation period |
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Term
|
Definition
| the behavior persists once extinction is implemented |
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Term
|
Definition
| a person observes and records the target behavior as it occurs (close proximity) |
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Term
|
Definition
| an EO that increases the effectiveness of the most unconditioned reinforcers and some conditioned reinforcers |
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Term
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Definition
| events that change the value of a stimulus as a reinforcer |
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Term
| Generalized Conditioned Reinforcer |
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Definition
| when a conditioned reinforcer is paired with a wide variety of other reinforcers |
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Term
|
Definition
| when a behavior produces a reinforcing consequence through the actions of another person (ex asking roommate to turn down TV) |
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Term
|
Definition
| takes place when a behavior occurs in the presence of stimuli that are similar in some ways to the Sd that was presented during stimulus discrimination training |
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Term
|
Definition
| the amount of force, exertion, or time involved in executing a response |
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Term
|
Definition
| a reinforcer is delivered after an average number of X responses, not always the same # each time |
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Term
|
Definition
| used in a token reinforcement program, presented to the person after a desirable behavior and alter is exchanged for other reinforcers (backup reinforcers) |
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Term
|
Definition
| a stimulus that was once neutral but became established as a reinforcer by being paired with an unconditioned reinforcer or an already established conditioned reinforcer (secondary reinforcer) |
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Term
|
Definition
| natural reinforcer that functions as a reinforcer the 1st time they are presented to most human beings, no prior experience with these stimuli is needed (primary reinforcers) |
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Term
|
Definition
| the amount of time in which behavior occurs, basic measure of temporal extent |
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Term
|
Definition
| the # of responses per unit of time |
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Term
|
Definition
| count the # of times a behavior occurs in an observation period |
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Term
|
Definition
| the effects of an assessment procedure on the behavior being assessed, temporary |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| influenced by stimulus changes that have followed the behavior in the past |
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Term
| Partial-Interval Recording |
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Definition
| the observer records whether the behavior occurred at any time during the interval |
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Term
|
Definition
| procedures for detecting and recording the # of times as behavior of interest occurs |
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Term
| Interobserver Agreement (IOA) |
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Definition
| the degree the which 2+ independent observers report the same observer values after measuring the same event |
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Term
|
Definition
| the complex chain of behaviors is taught as a single unit, the total task is completed in each learning trial |
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Term
|
Definition
| use hand-over-hand guidance to lead the learner through the task, fade the assistance |
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Term
|
Definition
| the extent to which the researcher convinces himself/herself and others that the data are trustworthy and deserve interpretation, IOA is most often used |
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Term
| Discriminative Stimulus (Sd) |
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Definition
| the stimulus that is presented when a particular behavior is reinforced |
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Term
| Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (DRO) |
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Definition
| a procedure in which the reinforcer is delivered after intervals of time in which the problem behavior does not occur. DRO involves reinforcing the absence of the problem behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| reading without any implications that the reader understands what is being read; has point-to-point correspondence, but not formal similarity between the stimulus and the response product |
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Term
|
Definition
| writing and spelling words that are spoken (ie taking dictation); has point-to-point correspondence, but not formal similarity between the stimulus and the response product |
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Term
|
Definition
1)the occurrence of a behavior
2) is strengthened by the ADDITION of a stimulus (reinforcer) or an INCREASE in the intensity of a stimulus
3) which results in the strengthening of the behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| stimuli or events that function as punishers only after being paired with unconditioned punishers or other existing conditioned punishers |
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Term
|
Definition
| the extent to which a "measurement procedure yields the same value when brought into repeated contact with the same state of nature" (aka consistent measurement) |
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Term
| Mean Count-Per-Interval IOA |
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Definition
average % of agreements between the counts reported by 2 observers in a measurement period (ie frequency within interval)
Interval 1 IOA + Int 2 IOA + etc over # of intervals X 100 |
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Term
| Exact Count-Per-Interval IOA |
|
Definition
% of total intervals in which 2 observers record the same count
# of intervals with 100% IOA over # of intervals X 100 |
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Term
|
Definition
| occurs when a behavior in a particular situation is followed by a reinforcing consequence, thus making the behavior more likely to occur in similar circumstances in the future |
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Term
|
Definition
| (AKA an aversive stimulus) a consequence that makes a particular behavior less likely to occur in the future |
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Term
|
Definition
| one type of positive reinforcement in which the opportunity to engage in a high-probability behavior is made contingent on the occurrence of a low-probability behavior to increase the low-probability |
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Term
|
Definition
| an action that can be observed and recorded by a person other than the one engaging in the behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| the stimulus or event occurring immediately after a behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| when "the phenomenon that is the focus of the experiment is exactly the same as the phenomenon being measured" |
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Term
|
Definition
| a ratio formed by combining the same dimensional quantities (ie #/#, duration/duration) |
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Term
|
Definition
| a visual representation of the occurrence of the behavior over time |
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Term
|
Definition
| the period during which the target behavior is recorded before treatment is implemented, the "no treatment" phase |
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Term
|
Definition
| an indirect assessment method that can be used when a behavior results in a certain tangible outcome that you are interested in |
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Term
|
Definition
| the behavior to be modified |
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Term
|
Definition
| when the client observes and records his/her own target behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| a specific period when the observer records the target behavior |
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Term
| Continuous Reinforcement Schedule |
|
Definition
| (CRF schedule) each occurrence of a response is reinforced |
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Term
|
Definition
| the time from when an instance of the behavior starts until it stops (onset to offset) |
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Term
| Abolishing Operations (AO) |
|
Definition
| a decrease in reinforcing effectiveness |
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Term
|
Definition
| the behavior is maintained over time with the use of intermittent reinforcement |
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Term
|
Definition
| painful stimuli or extreme levels of stimulation that have biological importance |
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Term
|
Definition
| a previously neutral stimulus has been paired a # of times with an established reinforcer and consequently functions as a reinforcer itself |
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Term
|
Definition
| when a behavior is more likely to occur when a specific antecedent stimulus is present |
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Term
|
Definition
| a reinforcer is delivered after a certain # of responses |
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Term
|
Definition
| when response produces the consequence and the consequence does not occur unless the response occurs 1st |
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Term
|
Definition
| increase in freq, duration, or intensity for the unreinforced behavior during the extinction process |
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Term
|
Definition
| a behavior that has been reinforced for a period of time was no longer reinforced and the behavior stopped occurring |
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Term
|
Definition
| a motivating operation that decreases the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus, object, or event |
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Term
| Repertoire-Altering Effect |
|
Definition
| when you are trying to develop/change their behavior for future occurrences for the event |
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Term
|
Definition
| (IRT) the amount of time that elapses between 2 consecutive instances of a response class, identifies when a specific instance of behavior occurs with respect to another event |
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Term
|
Definition
| a type of verbal behavior in which a written verbal stimulus has point-to-point correspondence and formal similarity with a written verbal response |
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Term
|
Definition
| the outcome of stimulus discrimination training, a particular behavior is more likely to occur in the presence of a particular Sd because the behavior has been reinforced only when the Sd was present, the Sd has stimulus control over the behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| (UR) responses elicited by antecedent stimuli even though no conditioning or learning has occurred |
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Term
|
Definition
| when a speaker repeats the verbal behavior of another speaker; controlled by a verbal SD has point-to-point correspondence and formal similarity with the response |
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Term
| Generalized Conditioned Punisher |
|
Definition
| a punisher that has been paired with a variety of other unconditioned and conditioned punishers over the course of a person's life |
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Term
| Changing-Criterion Design |
|
Definition
| includes a baseline and a treatment plan, target behavior changes |
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Term
|
Definition
| a desirable target behavior the person wants to increase in frequency, duration, and intensity (ie exercise) |
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Term
| Experiential Analysis of Behavior |
|
Definition
| the scientific study of behavior (aka behavior analysis) |
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Term
|
Definition
| (CS) a previously neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
|
Definition
| scientists must keep questioning the truthfulness of what is regarded as fact |
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Term
|
Definition
| a complex behavior consisting of many component behaviors that occur together in a sequence |
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Term
|
Definition
| an undesirable target behavior the person wants to decrease in frequency, duration, and intensity (ie smoking) |
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Term
|
Definition
| (US) a stimulus that naturally elicits an unconditioned response because the UR has survival value, no prior conditioning is needed for the US to elicit a UR |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| the occurrence of the behavior prevents the presentation of an aversive stimulus |
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Term
|
Definition
| the time between the occurrence of consecutive responses |
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Term
|
Definition
1) Frequency
2) Duration
3) Intensity |
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Term
|
Definition
| an event that increases the potency of a particular reinforcer at a particular time and evokes the behavior that produces that reinforcer (ie deprivation) |
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Term
|
Definition
| the US is presented before the NS (doesn't work as well) |
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Term
| Fixed Interval Schedule (FI) |
|
Definition
| the interval of time is fixed/stays the same each time |
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Term
|
Definition
| a reinforcement system in which conditioned reinforcers called tokens are delivered to people for desirable behaviors: the token are later exchanged for backup reinforcers |
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Term
| Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behaviors |
|
Definition
| increase a desirable behavior and decrease a problem behavior, reinforcer desirable behavior and extinguish undesirable behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| a simple tally of the # of occurrences of behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
the person is acquiring a new behavior
-use continuous reinforcement schedule |
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Term
|
Definition
A=baseline
B=treatment
simplest design |
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Term
|
Definition
| A-B design is implemented 2 times |
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Term
|
Definition
| the specific behavior selected for change |
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Term
|
Definition
1) the occurrence of a behavior
2) is followed by the REMOVAL of a stimulus (aversive stimulus) or a DECREASE in intensity of a stimulus
3) which results in the strengthening of the behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| the consequence that strengthens an operant behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| the stimulus that is presented or that appears after the behavior in positive reinforcement |
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Term
|
Definition
| a stimulus or event that precedes the target behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| (aka private events) actions that are NOT observable to others (ie thinking) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Sd, the stimulus that is present when a particular behavior is reinforced |
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Term
|
Definition
| what the researcher manipulates to produce a change in the target behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| the contingent withdraw of the opportunity to earn reinforcement or the loss of access to positive reinforcement for a specified amount of time, a form of negative punishment |
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Term
|
Definition
| rule out simple, logical explanations before moving on to harder explanations |
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Term
|
Definition
| a behavior that prevents an aversive event, the behavior is negatively reinforced by the avoidance of the aversive event |
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Term
|
Definition
| when the CS elicits the CR after extinction has taken place |
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Term
| Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior |
|
Definition
| (DRA) a procedure for decreasing a problem behavior by reinforcing a functionally equivalent alternative behavior (a competing behavior) to replace the problem behavior |
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Term
| Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates of Responding |
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Definition
| (DRL) a procedure in which a particular behavior is reinforced to decrease the rate of the behavior, used when the goal is to decrease but not necessarily to eliminate the target behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| a stimulus that will increase the future probability of a behavior when the stimulus is delivered contingent on the occurrence of the behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| the subject matter of behavior modification, what a person says or does, it involves a person's actions |
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Term
|
Definition
| when the behavior either increases or decreases when reinforced |
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Term
|
Definition
| the problem behavior must be absent for the whole interval for the reinforcer to be delivered |
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Term
|
Definition
| some quantifiable dimension of the target behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| methods (observations, interviews, checklists, tests) to identify and define targets for behavior change |
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Term
| Measurement by Permanent Product |
|
Definition
| measuring behavior after it has occurred by measuring the effects that behavior produced on the environment |
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Term
|
Definition
| repetitive behavior that does not serve any social function for the person (ie. stemming) |
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Term
|
Definition
| divide the session into intervals and provide the reinforcer if no more than 1 response occurred in each interval |
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Term
|
Definition
| reinforcement is delivered in fewer than a specified # of responses occurs in a period of time |
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Term
|
Definition
| there must be a specified amount of time between responses for the reinforcer to be delivered |
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Term
|
Definition
| a decrease in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced |
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Term
|
Definition
| the observation period is divided into a series of brief time intervals, records whether the target behavior occurred throughout the WHOLE interval |
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Term
| Reinforcer-Establishing (Evocative) Effects |
|
Definition
| deprivation with respect to food, water, oxygen, activity, and sleep (you want them) |
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Term
| Reinforcer-Abolishing (Abative) Effects |
|
Definition
| food and water ingestion, oxygen intake, engaging in activity, and sleeping (you no longer want them) |
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Term
|
Definition
| the extent to which data detained from measurement are directly relevant to the target behavior of interested and to the reason for measuring it |
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Term
|
Definition
| a behavior that, once learned, produced corresponding modifications or co-variations in other adaptive untrained behaviors |
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Term
|
Definition
| looks at all of the factors in the environment that has an effect on the individuals behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| the rate of response is controlled by the presentation of the antecedent stimulus |
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|
Term
| ABA Dimensional Quantities |
|
Definition
1) Repeatability
2) Temporal Extent
3) Temporal Locus |
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Term
|
Definition
| involves manipulation of consequences |
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|
Term
| Simultaneous Conditioning |
|
Definition
| the NS and US are presented at the same time |
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Term
|
Definition
| a behavior recording procedure in which the observation period is divided into intervals and the behavior is recorded during a part of each interval, the observation intervals are discontinuous |
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Term
|
Definition
| paired a US with a CS and got a CR (aka conditioned reflex) |
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Term
|
Definition
| events in the immediate environment that controls behavior |
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Term
| Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior |
|
Definition
| the reinforcer is no longer delivered after the problem behavior, but is delivered after an interval of time in which the problem behavior does not occur |
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Term
|
Definition
| record whether the behavior occurred during each interval of time |
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Term
|
Definition
| a type of recording procedure in which some aspect of the behavior is recorded each time the behavior occurs (frequency, duration, latency, or intensity can be recorded in a continuous recording procedure) |
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