Shared Flashcard Set

Details

BCABA
For those taking Assistant Behavior Analyst Certification test
65
Psychology
Professional
07/08/2011

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Placebo Control
Definition

A procedure that prevents a subject from detecting the presence or absence of the treatment variable

To the subject, the placebo condition appears the same as the treatment condition

Term
Multiple Probe Design
Definition
A variation of the multiple baseline design that features intermittent measures or probes during baseline
Term
Type II Error
Definition

"A False Negative"

An error that occurs when a researcher concludes that the IV had no effect on the DV when it actually did.

Term
Replication
Definition

A) Repeating conditions w/in an experiment to determine the reliability of effects and increase internal validity

B) Repeating whole experiments to determine the generality of findings of previous experiments to other subjects, settings and/or behavior

Term
Withdrawal Design
Definition
A term used by some authors as a synonym for ABAB design. also used to describe experiments in which an effective treatment is sequentially or partially withdrawn to promote the maintenance of behavior changes.
Term
Delayed Multiple Baseline Design
Definition
A variation of the multiple baseline design in which an initial baseline and perhaps intervention are begun for one behavior (or setting or subject) and subsequent baselines for additional behaviors are begun in a staggered or delayed fashion
Term
Changing Criterion Design
Definition
An experimental design in which an initial baseline phase is followed by a series of treatment phases consisting of successive and gradually changing criteria for reinforcement of punishment
Term
Multiple Baseline Design
Definition
An experimental design that begins with the concurrent measure of 2 or more behaviors (or subjects) in baseline condition, followed by treatment (tx) variable to one behavior or subject while baseline conditions remain in effect for the other behavior/subject. Must gain stable response w/behavior 1 before moving on to behavior 2. Across behaviors or across subjects.
Term
Multiple Treatment Reversal Design
Definition
Any experimental design that uses the experimental methods and logic of the reversal tactic to compare the effect of 2 or more experimental conditions to baseline and/or to one another
Term
NCR Reversal Technique
Definition

Non Contingent Reinforcement (NCR) is used as a control condition instead of baseline condition.

During NCR condition, reinforcement is presented on fixed or variable time schedule independent of subjects behavior.

Term
Sequence Effects
Definition
The effects on a subjects' behavior in a given condition that are the result of the subjects' experience with a prior condition.
Term
DRO Reversal Technique
Definition
An experimental technique for demonstrating the effects of reinforcement by using DRO as control condition instead of baseline condition
Term
Irreversibility
Definition
A situation that occurs when the level of responding observed in a previous phase cannot be reproduced even though the experimental conditions are the same as they were during the earlier phase.
Term
Multiple Treatment Interference
Definition
The effects of one treatment on a subjects' behavior being confounding by the influence of another treatment administered in the same study.
Term
Reversal or ABA Design
Definition

1. BSL phase (A) until steady/stable responding

2. Intervention phase (B) Treatment implemented until behavior changed and steady responding

3. Return to BSL (A) by withdrawing the IV / Tx to see if responding "reverses" to levels observed in original BSL phase.

Term

Alternating Treatment Design

aka: Concurrent Schedule design/ Multiple Element Design

Definition
An experimental design in which 2 or more conditions (1 may not have Tx or be control condition) are presented in rapidly alternating succession (e.g. on alternating days) independent on level of responding
Term
BAB Design
Definition

3 Phase design that begins with Tx condition

1) After steady response has been reached during (B)

2) the Tx is withdrawn (A) to see if responding changes

3) Tx is reintroduced (B) to try to get same level of responding as before

Term
DRI/DRA Reversal Technique
Definition
Demonstrates the effects of reinforcement it uses DRI or DRA as a control condition instead of a baseline condition.
Term
Steady State Strategy
Definition
Repeatedly exposing a subject to a given condition while trying to eliminate or control extraneous influence on the behavior and getting stable responding before introducing the next condition.
Term
Variable Baseline
Definition
Data points that do not fall w/in narrow range of values. No clear trend.
Term
Verification
Definition

1 of 3 comp of exp reasoning

- accomplished by demonstrating that the prior level of baseline responding would have remained unchanged had the IV not been introduced.

-Verifying the accuracy of the original prediction reduces the probability that some (confounding) variable was resp. for the change in behavior.

Term
Prediction
Definition
A statement of the anticipated outcome of a presently unknown or future measurement.
Term
Replication
Definition

A) Repeating condition with in an experiment to determine the reliability of effects and increase internal validity.

B) Repeating while experiments to determine the generality of findings of previous experiments to other subject, setting and/or behavior.

Term
Single Subject Designs
Definition
A wide variety of research designs that use a form of exp reasoning called baseline logic to demonstrate the effects of IV on the bahvior of individual subjects.
Term
Stable Baseline
Definition
Data shows no evidence of up or down trend
Term
Steady state responding
Definition
A pattern of responding that exhibits relatively little change in dimennsional quantities over time.
Term
Extraneous Variable
Definition
Any aspect of the experimental setting (e.g. light, temperature) that must be held constant to prevent unplanned environmental variration
Term
Independent Variable
Definition

(The intervention or Tx)

The variable that is systematically manipulated by the researcher in an experiment to see whether changes in the IV produce reliable changes in DV.

Term
Internal Validity
Definition
The extent to which an experiment shows convincingly that changes in behavior are a function of the IV and not the result of uncontrolled or unknown variables.
Term
Practice Effects
Definition
Improvements in performance resulting from opportunities to perform a behavior repeatedly so that baseline measure can be obtained.
Term
Consequence
Definition
A stimulus change that follows a behavior of interest
Term
Antecedent
Definition
Environmental conditions or stimulus changes that exist or occur prior to the behavior of interest.
Term
Stimulus Class
Definition
A group of stimuli that share specified common elements along formal (ex. size, color) temporal (antecedent, consequence) and/or functional (discriminative stimulus) dimensions.
Term
Respondent Conditioning
Definition
A stimulus - stimulus pairing procedure in which a neutral stimulus (NS) is presented with an unconditioned stimulus (US) until the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) that elicits the conditioned response (CR) (Pavlov)
Term
Respondent Behavior (Phylogeny)
Definition
Behavior that is elicited by antecedent stimuli. Induced by a stimulus that precedes the behavior: nothing else is required for the response to occur.
Term
Reflex
Definition
A stimulus - response relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus and the respondent behavior it elicits.
Term
Operant Conditioning
Definition
The basic process by which operant learning occurs; consequences result in an increased or decreased frequency of the same type of behavior under similar motivational and environmental conditions in the future.
Term
Operant behavior (ontogeny)
Definition
Any behavior whose future frequency is determined primarily by its history of consequences (learned)
Term
Respondent Extinction
Definition
The repeated presentation of a CS in the absence of a US; the CS gradually loses its ability to elicit the CS until the CR no longer appears in the indiviual's repertoire
Term
Negative Reinforcement
Definition
A stimulus is withdrawn or terminated following a behavior and there is an increase in the future occurence - (removal of an aversive - maintaining/increasing escape/avoiding behavior)
Term
Positive Reinforcement
Definition
A stimulus is PRESENTED following a behavior and there is an increase in the future occurence of the behavior.
Term
Reinforcer
Definition
The stimulus that follows a response and INCREASES the future frequency of that response
Term
Punishment
Definition
Occurs when a stimulus change immediately follows a response and DECREASES the future frequency of that type of behavior in similar conditions
Term
Positive Punishment
Definition

(AKA: Type 1 or punishment by contingent stimulation)

- A behavior is followed immediately by presentation of a stimulus that decreases the future occurence of the behavior (e.g. contingent work)

Term
Negative Punishment
Definition

aka: Type 2 or punishment by contingent withdrawal

- A behavior is followed immediately by the REMOVAL/DECREASE IN INTENSITY of a stimulus that decreases the future occurence of the behavior (e.g. response cost)

Term
Punisher
Definition
The stimulus that follows a response and decreases the future frequency of that response
Term
Response Cost
Definition
A form of punishment in which the loss of a specific amount of reinforcement occurs, contingent on an inappropriate behavior
Term
4 methods for implementing response cost
Definition
direct fine, bonus response cost, combined with positive reinforcement and within a group arrangement
Term
Examples of Positive Punishment
Definition

-Reprimands

-Response blocking - "blocking behavior"

-Contingent exercise - perform a response not topographically related to problem behavior

-Overcorrection/restitutional overcorrection

-Contingent Electric Stimulation.

Term
Use contingent exercise for:
Definition
Self-stimulation, stereotypic, disruptive, aggressive, and SIB
Term
Overcorrection
Definition
Contingent on each occurence of the problem behavior, the learner is required to engage in effortful behavior that is directly or logically related to the problem.
Term
Time-out
Definition
is the withdrawal of the opportunity to earn positive reinforcement or the loss of access to positive reinforcers for  specified time, contingent on behavior
Term
Types of Exclusion / Time-out
Definition
Time-out room, partition time-out, hallway time-out
Term
Types of Non-Exculsion Time-out
Definition
Planned ignoring, withdrawal of specific positive reinforcer, contingent observation, time out ribbons
Term
2 Types of time -out
Definition
Exclusion and Non-Exclusion
Term
Ethical Considerations in use of punishment
Definition

1. the clients right to safe humane treatment

2. use least restrictive procedures

3. client's right to effective treatment

Term
Possible negative effects of punishment
Definition

- Punishment may result in undesirable conditioned emotional response

- it may evoke countercontrol response.. ex) force to escape or avoid sD for punishment

- it may increase the use of punishment by caretaker though negative reinforcement

- may cause the people associated with the punisher to be conditioned aversive stimuli

Term
Conditioned punishers
Definition
Stimuli/events that function as punishers (decreasing the future frequency of the preceding behavior) only after being paired with other unconditioned or previously conditioned punishers.
Term
Extinction
Definition
Reinforcement is witheld for a previously reinforced behavior resulting in a temporary increase (extinction burst) followed by a decrease in the behavior
Term
Discontinuous measurement
Definition
Measurement conducted in a manner such that some intance of the response class(es) of interest may not be detected.
Term
Conditioned Reinforcers
Definition
Stimuli/events that function as reinforcers (increasing the future frequency of preceding behavior) only after being paired with other unconditioned or previously conditioned reinforcers
Term
Motivating Operation (MO)
Definition

The 'Umbrella'

MO -> EO

MO -> AO

An environmental variable that alter (increase or decrease) the reinforcing effectiveness of some stimulus/object/event and alters the current frequency of all behavior that have been reinforced by stim/obj/event (eg Deprivation - EO, Satiation - AO)

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