•   Describe basic tv system

•   Equipment and people

•   Major parts of camera

•   Lens, imaging device, view finder

•   CMOS

•   CCD

•   Turns light into electricity (light enters the cam  & becomes electricity)

•   Lighting instrument (directional)

•   Spotlights

•   Fresnel spotlight

•   Basic function of a microphone

•   Transduce sound waves into electrical energy

•   Principle function of switcher

•   On the spot editing

•   Correct order of digitization steps

•   Anti-Aliasing (smoothing)

•   Sampling (reduction of a continuous signal to a discrete signal.)

•   Quantizing (The process of converting, or digitizing, the almost infinitely variable amplitude of an analog waveform to one of a finite series of discrete levels. In video compression, quantization is a process that attempts to determine what information can be discarded safely without a significant loss in visual fidelity. (

•   Coding (after becomes a digital signal)

•   Characteristics of an analog signal

•   Electrical copy of the original

•   Continuous like a ramp

•   Never skips any part of the signal

•   Characteristics of a digital signal

•   Discontinuous

•   Skips from one point of the signal to the next

•   Samples made of steps or bits

•   Which system scans in successive order

•   Progressive

•   Three colors of TV

•   Red

•   Green

•   Blue

•   Elements of a prism block

•   Splits light into 3 colored beams and directs it to corresponding imaging

•   Gain electronically compensates for

•   Very low levels

•   S-Video

•            4 prong; 20 horizontal lines of resolution

black

•            transmit analog audio and composite-video signals between devices such as televisions, satellite or cable receivers, VCRs, game console systems, speakers and more. Typical RCA cables will have two or three color coded connectors. RCA audio cables have two connectors: red (right stereo) and white or black for left stereo. An additional third connector on an RCA cable will be yellow for composite video.HDMI

Radio Corporation of America, 

•            R + G + B = white

•   (snake is transmitted thru this)

•            Fiber optic cables have a much greater bandwidth than metal cables. This

means that they can carry more data.

Fiber optic cables are less susceptible than metal cables to interference

Fiber optic cables are much thinner and lighter than metal wires.

                                    Data can be transmitted digitally (the natural form for computer data)

                                    rather than analogically.

•            The main disadvantage of fiber optics is that the cables are expensive to install. In addition, they are more fragile than wire and are difficult to splice.

•   Setting the camera to the light in the room

•   What must you do to prevent less light through the lens

•   Know what happens with a wide angle lens

•   Distorted to a certain degree. Takes in more of the peripherals

•   What happens when you shoot down from a building with a wide angle

•   People look smaller

•   Every time you move the camera

•   Critical focus

•   Best lighting for establishing

•   Big fluorescent banks

•   Light meter - reflected light

holds light meter and records light coming off of subject

*aim meter at subject area 

Incident

Light that is on your subject

150-160fc

point toward camera; away from lighted scene 

•   Spotlights

•   Designed to throw a directional beam that illuminates a specific area

Have glass lenses that collect the light rays and focus it into a precise beam;   directional; well-defined edge

•   Thin step-like lens directs the light into a distinct beam

(concentric rings)

•   Reflector in back directs the light towards the lens

•   Barn doors: metal; swing open/closed to open/block the beam of light

• light weight & flexible
• ex: lighthouse
• adjust to flood/spotlights

•   Ellipsoidal Spotlight

•   Produce an extremely sharp, high-intensity beam

•   Rectangular or triangular with moveable shutters

•   Focused by moving the lens

[used in theater]

**most directional of all

(can shape further w/ metal shutters)

•   Soft light

•   Relatively large with long tube-like lamps

•   Opening of reflector is curved and covered with diffusing material that scatters the light so it renders virtually invisible shadows

*extremely diffused

*diminish details

•   Higher light output than soft light

•   Causes more distinct shadows

[little beam control; can put on barn doors]

VERY HOT

open face; no glass lens

diffused light; panlike reflector

•   Rows of florescent tubes

•   Use less energy and burn at cooler temperatures

[large & bulky]

*color spectrum sometimes uneven; all colors not produced faithfully

Scoop light 

•   Triangle lighting 3 point lighting

•   Key light/backlight filllight

**to add definition to face & shoulders

this light should wrap around the face; by iteself looks griddy

*PRINCIPLE SOURCE OF ILLUMINATION

reduce shadow areas/falloff

[on opposite side of camera from key light - 45 degrees away]

fill in shadows if too dense

less intense than key light (either less voltage or move farther away)

GOAL: soften shadow

get object to pop; create rim around head

more definition to outline

1/2 FC of key light

fairly low intensity

evenly distribute light; no major shadows

•   Best way to achieve best back lighting when furniture against wall

•   Move furniture away from wall

•   At least 6 ft.

•   Chroma key

•   Even lighting no shadows (greenscreen)

•   Color temperature

•   Color temperature

•measured in kelvin (relative reddishness or blueness of white light)

INDOOR light: 3,200 K

outdoor: 5,600 K

DO NOT MIX COLOR TEMP IN A SINGLE SHOT

Make sure they (do not?) mix between indoor and outdoor

•   Gel lights or windows

•   Dynamic Mics

•   Condenser

•   Ribbon mics

•   Omnidirectional

•   Unidirectional/Cardioid

•   Supercardioid/Hypercardioid/Ultracardioid

•   Are the most rugged

convert sound waves to electric frequencies

most common

least sensative

good for high sound; doesn't damage the mic

DIAPHRAGM: attached to voice coil; air pressure moves this back and forth within magnetic field to generate the electric current

•   More fragile but because they use a built-in preamplifier pick up sound better

•convert to acoustical electric energy

DIAPHRAM: condenser plate that vibrates against another fixed condenser plate, called the back plate

more sensative to physical shock, temperature, input overload

-built in pre-amplifier (strengthens the sound)

•   Are too sensitive to use outside and create a warmer sound preferred by singers

pick up sound from both directions evenly

(press speeches, on air, etc.)

ability to capture high-frequency detail

•   Equally well from all directions

•   Can hear sounds better from a specific direction

shaped like heart; dead space behind the mic (and better than sides)

•   Supercardioid/Hypercardioid/Ultracardioid

•   Have progressively narrow range

eliminate sounds from sides

(can hear from the rear)

*can hear sounds far away and make appear closer

audio

•            most commonly associated with audio interconnection, but are also

•            used for lighting control, low-voltage power supplies, and other

•            applications.

•   Balanced (Left, right, ground)

3 prongs; we plug into the snake

•   ADR

•   Automatic Dialogue replacement

process of re-recording the original dialogue after filming for the purpose of obtaining a cleaner, more intelligible dialogue track

•   Know the advantages to a non-linear editing system

•   Allows random access to all clips

•   Timecode

•   Matching audio and video

sequence of numeric codes generated at regular intervals by a timing system.

in order to facilitate logging, synchronization, file organizing and searching, etc.

•   Assemble editing

•   In assemble editing, all video, audio, control, and address tracks on the edit master tape are erased to make room for the shot to be copied over from the source tape

•  (contains video, audio & control track)

•   the entire control track is prerecorded continuously on the edit master tape before any editing takes place

[pre-record a stable black]

time code breaks

•   Digitalization

•   Capturing video with a computer

binary system: on = 1, off = 0

data represented in on/off pulses

•   Mental Map

Chroma key compositing (orchroma keying) is a technique forcompositing (layering) two images together. A color range in the top layer is made transparent, revealing another image behind. 

AKA GREEN SCREEN

ex: 3 layers

first layer is just shape outlines

second layer fills in shapes/becomes transparency

third layer is the background

•   Know that digital effects can be combined with analog effects

•   Digital video effects mode

•   16:9

•   4:3

•   Hue brightness saturation

Hue: family of color; Hue is described with the words we normally think of as describing color: red, purple, blue, etc. Hue is more specifically described by the dominant wavelength in models such as the CIE system. Hue is also a term which describes a dimension of color we readily experience when we look at color

Brightness: refers to the amount of white in a color; the more white a color has, the brighter it is

Saturation: The amount of color used. When a color is at full saturation, very vibrant. If desaturated, close to grays.

•   Know what pillar boxing is

•   Occurs when black bars are placed on sides or tops of the screen

•   Preserves aspect ratio

•   Best backdrop for a tv video production

•   Cyc roll

•   Funky curve background

•   Know different positions and their roles

·      Director: I hope you’ve been paying attention. Must know where weak links are, etc.

·      Technical Director (TD) – operate switcher, takes shows, (personality struggles)

o   *sometimes technical director will call shots

·      Chyron – sets up graphics, speed and accuracy is of the upmost importance – design wise it can look sweet but if it’s wrong…

o   *speed & accuracy first. design is second.

·      Audio Op – mic levels, who’s up

o   Example: when you unmute there is a “pop”; it’s better to fade up

·      Floor Director – The key person on charge of all production concerns on the studio floor. This person makes or breaks a show. This is who’s cue EVERYONE follows.

·      Cam Op – runs the camera; focus!

o   Critical focus & white balance

·      PA – does everything – attitude is everything

•   How should talent act like the audience is

•   Brainstorming process

•   Having an open mind, writing down all ideas

•   Effect to cause model

•   Basic idea, desired effect on audience, cause

•   Difference between above the line/below the line

o   BELOW THE LINE: is a term that refers to the list of individuals who perform the physical production of a given film, the post-production work an all of the related expenditures

§  grips, set-builders, editors (sometimes), make-up people

ABOVE THE LINE: anyone who influences and guides creative direction

o   screenwriters, casting director, actors, producers, directors, etc.

·      Ask what’s your below the line costs, what’s your above the line costs?

•   Locking in the script

•   Visually or mentally remembering a vivid action

•   Know what storyboard does

•   Visual representation of the script

•   ENG is the most flexible remote operation

•   It offers speed in responding to an event

•   Maximum mobility while on location

•   Flexibility in transmitting (Microwave or satellite) the event live or recording it

•   Immediate transmission by the station

Or for postproduction editing 

•   EFP is normally done with an event that can be interrupted and restaged for video-recording various event segments

•   It is most often done with a single camera or sometimes with multiple iso (isolated) cameras that shoot an event simultaneously

•   A big remote televises live, or live-records, a large scheduled event that has not been staged specifically for TV, such as a sporting event, parade, political gathering or congressional hearing

•   All big remotes use high-quality cameras in key positions and ENG/EFP cameras for more-mobile coverage

Big remotes usually require extensive audio setups 

•   Big live sports event, remember names/statistics. What equipment do you need

•   MP3

•   MPEG Layer 3

very compressed

•   AVI

•   Audio Video Interleaved

•   Uncompressed

can contain both audio and video data in a file container that allows synchronous audio-with-video playback.

microsoft developed

•   Quicktime

•   Developed by Apple

capable of handling various formats of digital video, picture, sound, panoramic images, andinteractivity

•   Joint Photo Experts Group

•   BNC

Bayonet Neill–Concelman 

common type of RF connector used forcoaxial cable. It is used withradio, television, and other radio-frequency electronic equipment, test instruments, video signals, and was once a popular computer network connector. 

•   Most common professional audio microphone cord

•   NTSC

•   National Television Standards Committee

analog televisionsystem that is used in most of North America,

many are switching to new digital

•   Red Green Blue

•   Way it is compressed

capable of encoding or decoding adigital data stream or signal

compressor/decompressor