• To modify/adapt as to make suitable/acceptable
• To assembmle componenets by cutting and splicing
• To eliminate or delete

• Shorten or lengthen
• Alter or change the order/sequence, WITHOUT changing the meaning
• Eliminate mistakes or unwanted sounds
• Alter or change the feel
• Make it sound natural

1. Ambience
2. Pitch/Key
3. Volume
4. Pacing/Rhythm
5. Content

• Relative changes in background noise
• Space or room tone
• Noise criteria

• Relative highness/lowness across the edit
• Vocal tone across edit
• Musical key across edit (Down beat to down beat, up to up)

• Relative loudness/softness across edit
• Musical intensity across edit

• Relative difference in changes across edit
• Vocal pacing across edit (Match voice and music rhythms)
• Musical rhythm across edit

• Make sense across edit
• Vocal content of information across edit
• Grammatical sense across edit
• Preserve musical phrasing across edit
• Preserve instrumentation across edit

• Editing in sequential order
• Cut-and-splice editing (analog tape)

• Easier to keep the flow constant
• Easier to keep original sequence

• Harder to reorder events
• Harder to move around in the piece

• Random access to any point in the piece
• Easily move sound clips around

• Cannot undo the edit or cut
• Cannot get back to original form

• Can undo the edit
• Can get back to original form

• Remote
• On Location
• ENG (Electronic News Gathering)
• EFP (Electronic Field Production)

• Microphones
• Recorders
• Transmitters
• Consoles
• Cables
• Headphones
• Power Source/Batteries

1. Pre-Production: Planning
2. Production: Doing it
3. Post-Production: Editing/Evaluating

• Define Objective
• Arrange logistics
• Survey location
• Equipment list
• Identify all possible problems
• Trouble-shooting plans

• Set-up equipment
• Test equipment
• Actual production
• Tear down equipment
• Location check

• Editing
• Mixing
• Sweetening
• Evaluation

• Coincidenc (X-Y)-Close to sound source
• Near Coincidence-Further away from sound source
• Spaced-Pair (Binaural)-Perception of ears (right/left)
• Middle-Side (M-S)-Cardiod and bi-directional
• Cardiod
• Bi-Left
• Bi-Right

• Not allowed unless permission
• Tangible ideas and artistic expressions
• Copyright Office (in Library of Congress)
• Protects duplication without compensation
• Protects unauthorized use or artistic expressions

• Author Copyright Protection-Life + 70 years
• Non-Author Copyright-95 years from 1st, not exceeding 120 years from creation of copyright
• Fair Use Provisions-Criticism, comment, news, educational, scholarship or research
• Public Domain-After copyright is over, free use

• ASCAP (American Society of Composers, Authors & Publishers)
• BMI (Broadcast Music Inc.)-Radio pays BMI, 3-day log
• SESAC (Society of European Stage Authors & Composers)

*Collect and distribute royalties 

• Gain permission from copyright owner
• Music Publisher
• Clearing House
• Harry Fox Agency
• The Music Bridge

*Pay them to make deal w/ copyright 

• Pre-produced music tracks
• Buy-out/subscription
• Full, :60, :30, :15
• Fees based on scope of use
• Broadcast use (13 weeks)-Local, Regional, National
• Non-Broadcast-Number of copies

• Contract a composer
• Precise music for production
• Cost depends on composer/musicians

• Catchy musical ad slogan
• Specific to business
• Jingle Ranch-Josselyn Jingles (Idyllwild, CA)
• Donut-Singing in beg. & end, talking in middle
• Sing Tag-Tag out, starts w/ talking, ends w/ jingle
• Tag Line-Tag in, starts w/ jingle, ends w/ talking

• Copyrighted SFX-CD, movie, TV, Internet
• Sound Effects Library-CDs full of SFX
• Live Sound Effects

• Release Agreement-Verbal or written, no formal payment, broadcast and reproduce likeness
• Talent Contracts-Formal payment, scope of use, length of time

• Impersonations-In the style of, in the name of
• Using Legal Names-Public figures, private figures

• Station lotteries are ILLEGAL
• Contests must state rules, equal chance to win, announce winner by specific date

• Converts one form of energy into another
• Moving-Coil:Most durable
• Ribbon:Smoothest sound, blow out the least
• Capcitor:Very rare & expensive

• Woofer-Low frequencies (60-650 Hz)
• Midrange (650 Hz-3 kHz)
• Tweeter-High frequencies (3 kHz-20 kHz)
• 3-Way Speaker
• 2-Way Speaker

• Midrange-Between high & low frequencies
• Crossover Network-Divides input signal into different frequency bands
• Crossover Frequencies-The point at which the signal crosses from one driver to the next

• Frequency Response: 80 Hz-20 kHz
• Crossover Frequency: 4000 Hz
• Woofer: 80 Hz-4 kHz
• Tweeter: 4 kHz-20 kHz

• Passive-External Amplifier
• Active-Self-Powered

*More watts = clearer sound

• 2.1 Stereo Sound-Left, Right, Subwoofer
• 5.1 Surround Sound-Left, Right, Center, Left Rear, Right Rear, Subwoofer

• Open-Back-Allows ambient noise to mix with recording
• Closed-Back-Eliminates ambient noise
• In Ear Monitors (IEM)- iPods, live on stage

• Voice Overs
• Commercials
• PSAs

• Today's date
• Start date
• End date
• Length-15, 30 or 60 seconds
• Misc. info.

• No calls to action. (Can't say, "Go to Subway")
• Cannont mention money/free (Complimentary is fine)
• No qualitative statements
• Usually include "sponsored by", address, hours, #
• Tax deductible