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Definition
| A poison used to kill vermin -kills via conversion to fluorocitrate |
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Definition
| A structure made using certain restriction enzymes (eg., PstI) |
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Definition
| A structure formed using certain restriction enzymes (eg., EcoRI) |
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Definition
| The first site covering 3 nucleotides in the ribosomes |
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Definition
| The absorbance of light at 260 nm can be used to determine the concentration of nucleotides (DNA and RNA) |
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Definition
| The absorbance of light at 280nm can be used to measure protein concentration non-destructively (aromatic amino acids) |
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Definition
| The wavelength of light absorbed by NADPH and NADH and not by NADP or NAD |
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Definition
| A 4 carbon ketone body that generates 19 ATPs |
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Definition
| A non-metabolizable ketone body |
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Definition
| A high energy intermediate formed in the linking reaction |
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Definition
| The enzyme that catalyzes the first committed step in fatty acid synthesis |
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Definition
| Citrate isomerase - inhibited by fluorocitrate in 1080 poisoning |
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Definition
| Acyl carrier protein linked to growing fatty acid chain |
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Definition
| A place on an enzyme where reaction is catalyzed |
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Definition
| The purine that is the base for adenosine in ATP or deoxyadenosine |
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Definition
| The diphosphate that can be converted to ATP |
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Definition
| The number of ATPs synthised per oxygen atom (pair of electrons) in ox. Phos. |
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Definition
| Anon-protein hormone that stimulates lipases and can act as a neurotransmitter |
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Definition
| Describes processes that occur in the presence of oxygen |
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Definition
| A measure of the attraction between an enzyme and its substrate |
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Term
| Agarose gel chromatography |
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Definition
| A commonly used technique to separate double stranded DNA fragments according to the lengths of the DNA fragments (smallest fragments migrate fastest). |
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Definition
| A small amino acid that carries amine groups from cells to the liver for excretion |
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Definition
| Involved in catalyzing the transfer of amine groups to pyruvate to make alanine- also used to detect liver damage |
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Definition
| Glycolysis under anaerobic conditions in which electrons from NADH are donated to acetaldehyde to form ethanol - occurs in yeast |
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Definition
| Catalyzes the breakdown/synthesis of F-1,6,BP in glycolysis or gluconeogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
| Catalyzes the breakdown of F1P to DHAP and glyceraldehyde during fructose metabolism and bypassing PFK1 |
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Term
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Definition
| A site on an enzyme that a regulator can bind remote from the active site |
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Definition
| A type of secondary protein structure |
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Definition
| An important intermediate in the TCA cycle and nitrogen metabolism |
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Definition
| A post-transcription process in which exons of a single mRNA can be joined in different orders and results in different proteins being translated from a single mRNA sequence. |
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Term
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Definition
| Made of NH2 -important to amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| The linking of the correct tRNA to the correct amino acid residue prior to translation and resulting in the production of AMP and PPi |
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Term
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Definition
| A potentially toxic waste product |
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Term
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Definition
| Adenosine monophosphate sometime formed when ATP is used during activation reactions and which stimulates a number of enzymes including PFK1 |
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Term
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Definition
| Describes a molecule with regions that are hydrophobic and hydrophilic |
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Definition
| The synthesis of larger molecules from smaller substrates |
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Definition
| Taking place in the absence of oxygen |
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Definition
| One of three reactions that serve to top up the TCA cycle (PEP carboxylase, pyruvate carboxylase, NADP-malic enzyme) |
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Term
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Definition
| The temperature used in PCR to allow binding of primers to a DNA template to minimize mis-binding |
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Term
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Definition
| Describes the directionality of the two strands of a DNA helix |
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Definition
| The three base sequence of tRNA molecules that bind to mRNA codons during translation |
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Definition
| An inhibitor of the ETC - inhibits cytochrome c binding to Complex IV |
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Definition
| A type of transporter that transports one solute in and another out of a cell |
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Definition
| The enzyme that catalyzes the release of urea from arginine in the urea cycle. |
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Term
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Definition
| A basic amino acid also involved in the urea cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| A urea cycle enzyme that produces arginine and fumarate |
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Term
| Arginosuccinate synthetase |
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Definition
| A urea cycle enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of arginosuccinate from aspartate and citrulline that releases AMP and PPi |
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Term
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Definition
| Tyrosine, tryptophan and phenylalanine -absorb light at 280nm |
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Term
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Definition
| Glycolysis inhibitor - mimics phosphate in its shape |
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Term
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Definition
| Can donate electrons to complex IV. |
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Definition
| An amino acid - a derivative of aspartate. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of two acidic amino acids that is involved in the urea cycle as well as the malate-aspartate shuttle |
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Term
| Aspartate aminotransferase |
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Definition
| An enzyme involved in the malate-aspartate shuttle - also used to diagnose liver damage |
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Term
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Definition
| A building block for RNA synthesis and a carrier of high energy covalent bonds |
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Definition
| The enzyme located in the inner mitochondrial membrane that uses the energy of a proton gradient to drive ATP synthesis from ADP and Pi |
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Definition
| The enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of citrate to OAA and acetyl~CoA in the cytosol in fatty acid synthesis |
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Definition
| An inhibitor of the ADP-ATP translocator in the inner mitochondrial membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| Able to synthesize organic compounds from inorganic compounds |
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Term
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Definition
| An inhibitor of the transfer of electrons from complex IV to oxygen. |
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Definition
| A type of secondary structure in proteins |
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Definition
| A water soluble ketone body that can be oxidized to form 21.5 ATPs- important source of energy for the brain and the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| A term used to describe the structure of membranes -being made of two layers of diglycerides. |
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Definition
| A vitamin involved in carboxylation reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| The type of ends generated when a restriction enzyme digests DNA without overhangs - all blunt ends are compatible; or when mung bean nuclease is used to remove single stranded DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Fat tissue containing mitochondria that is involved in generating non-shivering thermogenesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the substrates of urea cycle formed by the action of CPSI in the mitochondrial matrix |
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Term
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Definition
| A collective name for sugars. |
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Term
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Definition
| Catalyzes the reversible hydration of CO2 and is important in the transport of CO2/bicarbonate by RBCs and the bloodstream |
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Term
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Definition
| A C=O group present in many molecules including glucose (on carbon 1) and fructose on carbon 2 |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme that catalyzes the addition of a carbon dioxide or bicarbonate group to a substrate. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group consisting of COOH found in all amino acids and many biochemical intermediates. |
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Term
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Definition
| A molecule that facilitates the transport of long chain fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| Integral proteins involved in membrane transport that are heat sensitive, saturatable and have a high substrate affinity |
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Term
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Definition
| The breakdown of molecules to smaller products |
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Term
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Definition
| Complementary DNA - often used in molecular biology - (cDNA libraries) |
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Term
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Definition
| A polymer of glucose joined by beta 1,4-linkages that animals cannot digest |
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Term
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Definition
| Integral transport proteins that transport ions across membranes and heat insensitive. |
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Term
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Definition
| The rule that in double stranded DNA A=T and G=C |
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Term
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Definition
| The use of a proton gradient to drive ATP synthesis in oxidative phosphorylation |
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Term
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Definition
| The property of having 4 different groups attached to a central carbon atom |
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Term
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Definition
| A lipid found in membranes that stabilizes the melting temperature of the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| The first product of the TCA cycle and the TCA cycle intermediate exported to the cytosol during fat synthesis |
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Term
| Citrate-malate-pyruvate shuttle |
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Definition
| The shuttle used to convert NADH to NADPH in fat synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| A carrier of acetyl and acyl groups during metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of three nucleotides that encode amino acids during translation |
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Term
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Definition
| The preference by specific organisms to use a certain codon during translation for multi-codon amino acids. |
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Term
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Definition
| A compound that is required for an enzyme to catalyze a reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| A first reaction in a metabolic pathway that is characteristic of that pathway. |
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Term
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Definition
| The end of a DNA fragment that is complementary to another end of DNA that allows the two fragments to be joined. |
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Term
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Definition
| The type if inhibition observed when a double reciprocal plot has a common Vmax. |
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Term
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Definition
| The term used to describe the bases on opposite DNA strands involved in hydrogen bonding |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA having a sequence that has been obtained by reverse transribing mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Catalyzed the transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone |
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Term
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Definition
| Catalyzes the transfer of electrons from FADH to ubiquinone |
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Term
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Definition
| Catalyzes the transfer of electrons from ubiquinone to cytochrome c |
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Term
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Definition
| Catalyzes the transfer of electrons from cytochrome c to oxygen to make water |
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Term
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Definition
| The cycle involved in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis that supplies red blood cells with energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| The link between electron transport and ATP synthesis via a proton gradient |
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Term
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Definition
| The sharing of electrons between two adjoining atoms in a compound |
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Term
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Definition
| Carbamoylphosphate synthetase 2- found in the cytosol and involved in pyrimidine synthesis - insensitive to N-acetylglutamate |
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Term
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Definition
| Carbamoylphosphate synthetase 1- found in the mito matrix - requires N-acetylglutamate - provides substrate of the urea cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibits flow of electrons from complex IV to oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| Amino acid with a free sulphydryl group capable of forming disulphide bond |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 electron water soluble carrier transfers electrons from Complex III to complex IV - gives brown colour to brown fat |
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Term
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Definition
| A pyrimidine base found in DNA and RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme that catalyzes the release of carbon dioxide from a substrate |
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Term
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Definition
| A word used to describe the genetic code indicating that more than one codon can encode a single amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme that catalyzes the removal or addition of hydrogens to or from a hydrogen donor or acceptor |
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Term
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Definition
| The removal of a nucleotide or nucleotides from a gene sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to describe the state of a protein in which the quaternary, tertiary or secondary structure has been destroyed (usually by heat) |
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Term
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Definition
| The 5-carbon sugar in DNA in which the 2'-carbon does not have a oxygen attached. |
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Term
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Definition
| The movement of a solute through a solvent down its concentration gradient |
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Term
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Definition
| A glycerol backbone attached to two fatty acids and the basic building blocks of membranes |
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Term
| Dihydroxyacetone phosphate |
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Definition
| A phosphorylated three carbon sugar involved in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle. |
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Term
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Definition
| An uncoupler - carries protons across a membrane down their concentration gradient. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 sugars joined together by dehydration (eg sucrose, maltose and lactose) |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to describe the synthesis of the lagging strand during DNA replication |
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Term
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Definition
| Formed between two sulphydryl groups under oxidizing conditions (eg., 2 cysteines form cystine) |
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Term
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Definition
| Deoxyribonucleic acid; the molecule that carries genetic code and composed of dexoyribose, bases (G,A,T,C) and a phosphate- can be single stranded but is usually double stranded |
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Term
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Definition
| The enzyme that catalyzes the joining of two Okazaki fragments- uses ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| A short length of single stranded DNA that has a label (fluorescent or radioactive) that is used to locate a complementary sequence in a strand of mRNA or DNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nucleotide triphosphates: A119A collective names to describe all four nucleotides used to synthesize DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| The name used to describe the structure of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| A graphical means of determining the Km nd Vmax of an enzyme -plot the reciprocal of the substrate concentration versus the rate of reaction rate; |
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