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Definition
| Substance that is capable of eliciting an immune response when introduced in-vivo. |
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Definition
| Protein substance secreted by plasma cells in response to, and interacting sepcefically with an antigen. |
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Definition
| The ability of antigens to stimulate an immune response. |
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Definition
| Biological unit of heredity, located at a definite position on a particular chromosome. |
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Definition
| Specific location of a gene on a given chromosome. |
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Definition
| Listing of genes actually found on a pair of chromosomes. |
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Definition
| Listing of antigens expressed. |
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Definition
| Alternate form of a series of genes that occupy a single locus on either of a pair of chromosomes. |
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Definition
| Gene loci located so close together they are inherited together as a single unit. |
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Definition
| Two identical genes in a gene pair. |
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Definition
| Two unlike genes (alleles) in a gene pair. |
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Definition
A trait or characteristic that will be expressed in the offspring even though it is only carried on one of the homologous chromosomes.
For example, If only one gene in a heterozygous gene pair is expressed, the expressed gene is considered to be dominant. |
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Term
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Definition
A type of gene that, in the presence of it's dominant allele, does not express itself; expression occurs when it is inherited in the homozygous state.
If one gene in a heterozygous gene pair is not expressed it is considered to be recessive. Recessive genes are only expressed as phenotypes when they occur as a homozygous gene pair. |
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Definition
| Charachteristics determined by the genes on both chromosomes are both expressed - either is dominant over the other i.e. A/B types as AB |
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Definition
| A gene that does not cause production or expression of anything. |
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Definition
| Antibodies produced without exposure to an antigen. Also called iso-antibodies. |
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Term
| Who discovered the ABO system and when? |
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Definition
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Term
| Biochemical Structure of the ABO Blood Group Antigens. |
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Definition
A backbone molecule inserts into the RBC membrane.
- Four terminal sugars of the backbone.
- Glucose
- L-Fructose
- N-Acetylglucosamine
- D-Galactose
- The backbone exists in four forms, two of which are predominantly seen.
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Term
| In the biochemical structure of the ABO blood group antigens, what are the four terminal sugars of the backbone? |
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Definition
- Glucose
- L-fructose
- N-acetylglucosamine
- D-galactose
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Term
| In the biochemical structure of the ABO blood group antigens, the backbone exists in how many forms, and which two are predominantly seen? |
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Definition
There are four forms,
Type I and Type II are predominantly seen. |
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Term
| The genetic structure of the ABO blood group antigens. |
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Definition
The H system has two genes H and h, and one antigen, H, which serves as the precursor molecule on which A and B antigens are built.
On group O red cells, the H antigen is not converted into A or B antigen, and the membrane expresses abundant H.
- Hh locus on chromosome #19
- ABO locus on chromosome #9
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Term
| Which gene is necessary for the formation of A and B antigens? |
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Definition
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Definition
causes production of L-fucosyl-transferase which binds L-fucose to the Type II chain creating the ABO precursor.
The H gene is necessary for the formation of A and B antigens. |
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Term
| Which gene is a rare Amorph that produces no enzyme? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which genotype is extremely rare and is called Bombay? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- Bombay cells cannot be converted to group A or B by the specific transferases.
- Bombay cells fail to react with anti-A and anti-B and anti-H.
- Bombay individuals can only be transfused with other Bombay cells because of the anti-H
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Term
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Definition
| Causes production of N-acetylgalactosamine to the ABO precursor. |
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Term
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Definition
| This causes production of galactosyl transferase, which bonds D-galactose to the ABO precursor. |
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Term
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Definition
| An Amorph, no enzyme or product expressed. The H antigen remains unchanged. |
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Term
| Genetic Structure of the ABO Blood Group Antigens |
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Definition
| Each person inherits one gene (A, B, O) from each parent. A and B genes are co-dominant to each other, and dominate the O amorphic gene. |
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Term
| What are four subgroups of ABO phenotypes that differ in the amount of antigen carried on red cells? These subgroups represent 99% of all A subgroups. |
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Definition
A1 - Most common
A2 - Second most common
A3 - Third most common
Aint - intermediate between A1 & A2 |
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Term
| Charachteristics of the A subgroups. |
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Definition
All A subgroups are made from a type II backbone.
The subgroups differ in the amount of A antigen that they have. (A1 - most/A3 - least)
A cell that has small amounts of A antigen (A3) will have large ammounts of H antigens. |
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Term
| What are two types of Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions (HTRs)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What diseases affect ABO antigens? |
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Definition
- leukemia depresses antigen expression/strength
- Carcinoma of the stomach or pancreas can cause the antigens to be undetectable.
- Diseases that can cause Acquired "B" phenomenon.
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Term
| What are the diseases that affect the ABO antibodies? |
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Definition
Various Lymphomas, i.e. malignant non-Hodgkin's
Very young / elderly patients.
immunosuppressant therapy |
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Term
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Definition
| Patient cells are exposed to known antibodies in commercially prepared antisera. |
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Term
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Definition
| When patient serum is exposed to commercially prepared red cells containing known antigens. |
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Term
| What are the four Non-Technical ABO discrepancies? |
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Definition
Group 1 - antibodies
Group 2 - antigens
Group 3 - proteins
Group 4 - Misc. |
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