Term
| Why is it that birds know when to fly south and squirrels know to put on extra weight before hibernation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Endogenous cycles are ______ _______.
Endogenous means ______ from _______. |
|
Definition
Endogenous cycles are internally regulated.
Endogenous means internally regulated. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of Endogenous Cycles? |
|
Definition
| Circannual Rhythms and Circadian Rhythms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rhythms related to how animals prepare themselves for seasonal changes. |
|
|
Term
| Circadian Rhythms- what are they and some examples |
|
Definition
Rhythms related to how an animal prepares itself for changes that last over the course of a day.
Ex. Eating, drinking, hormone release, urination, mood and temperature regulation |
|
|
Term
| Biological Clock is impacted by ______. |
|
Definition
| Sunlight (sets our clocks) |
|
|
Term
| What happens to our biological clock without light? |
|
Definition
| body rhythm drifts, affecting our biological clock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any stimulus that resets the circadian rhythm |
|
|
Term
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
Function?
Consists of?
Part of _____ located ______. |
|
Definition
Controls the biological clock
Consists of ~20k neurons
Part of the hyothalamus, located just above the optic chiasm |
|
|
Term
| How does the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) work? |
|
Definition
| It generates circadian rhythms in a genetic manner? |
|
|
Term
| What happens if the SCN is damaged? |
|
Definition
| Body rhythms become erratic |
|
|
Term
| Retinohypothalamic Pathway is a special population of _____ ______ leading to the ________. It contains _______. |
|
Definition
| Retinohypothalamic Pathway is a special population of ganglion cells leading to the SCN. It contains melopsin. |
|
|
Term
| What allows blind people to have circadian rhythms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a photopigment that reacts to light in the retinohypothalamic pathway |
|
|
Term
| The Pineal Gland is located _______ the _________ and releases _______. |
|
Definition
| The Pineal Gland is located just behind the thalamus and releases melatonin. |
|
|
Term
| "Discovery News" (A phenomenon about how sleep affects our bodies) |
|
Definition
| If you don't get enough sleep, you're more at risk for obesity. |
|
|
Term
| How were the cycles of sleep discovered? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Stage 1 Sleep:
#### _____ waves per second
What is this state characterized by? |
|
Definition
8-12 ALPHA waves per second
Relaxed state but you aren't awake |
|
|
Term
Stage 2 Sleep:
-Characterized by _____ _____ which is a _____ of #### ____ waves.
-Contains a _______ |
|
Definition
Characterized by the SLEEP SPINDLE aka a burst of 12-14 Hz waves.
Contains the K-Complex (sharp wave that marks temporary inhibition of neuronal firing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In Stage 2 Sleep: sharp wave that marks temporary inhibition of neuronal firing. |
|
|
Term
| These are the stages of sleep that are both slow wave length sleep |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Slow Wavelength Sleep (Stage # and #) indicates _________________ |
|
Definition
| Slow wavelength sleep (Stage 3/4) indicates low activity in the brain |
|
|
Term
| In REM/Paradoxical Sleep, the brain is _____ and the body is ______. (A neurotransmitter called ______) increases causing _____. |
|
Definition
| In REM/Paradoxical Sleep, the brain is extremely active, but the body is relaxed. Increases in GABA cut down activity. |
|
|
Term
| What three areas of the brain are particularly active in REM and why? |
|
Definition
| Pons, LGN of thalamus, and occipital cortex because of dreaming. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Pons' role in REM sleep? |
|
Definition
| It sends signals to the brain that block movement while we sleep. |
|
|
Term
| Sleep Apnea is a type of ______ characterized by _________. It describes periods of _______ that last __________. Its symptoms are ________ and ________. |
|
Definition
| Sleep Apnea is a type of insomnia characterized by inadequacy. It consists of periods that last ~1min w/o breathing. Its symptoms are sleepiness during the day and depression. |
|
|
Term
| 3 Treatments for Sleep Apnea |
|
Definition
| Sleep Mask, Weight Loss, Avoidance of Alcohol |
|
|
Term
| Someone has sudden attacks of sleepiness, or sleep paralysis. Tests show they lack orexin. What's your diagnosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Narcoleptics can be treated with ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cataplexy, sleep paralysis, hallucinations, and sudden attacks of sleepiness are four symptoms of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| People with Narcolepsy often lack what neurotransmitter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sleep in general is important for ______ and ______ _______. |
|
Definition
| Sleep is important for memory and energy conservation. |
|
|
Term
| Patterns recorded in the _______ during learning are recorded in the brain while sleeping. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do humans sleep at night? (Basic functional reason) |
|
Definition
| We rely on vision during the day time. |
|
|
Term
| What is REM sleep particularly important for? |
|
Definition
| Consolidating learned motor skills. |
|
|
Term
| What rhythms are related to day to day changes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The part of the brain that is the biological clock is called... |
|
Definition
| Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Internal conscious states that we infer about ourselves and others. |
|
|
Term
| What distinction must be made to study emotions? |
|
Definition
| Emotions are observable actions, separate from feelings |
|
|
Term
| In order to study emotions we must give them _______ ______ (not the distinction) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three components of an emotional state (and briefly describe the first 2, the third is self evident)? |
|
Definition
1) COGNITION- (something is good or bad)
2) Action- (Accomplished by the Autonomic Nervous System)
3) Feeling |
|
|
Term
What's the common sense view of how the ANS relates to emotions?
(Stimuli evokes _____. We respond by ____, causing _____.) |
|
Definition
| A scary situation leads to fear. We run away which causes an increased Heart Rate |
|
|
Term
| What's James Lange's theory of how the ANS relates to emotions? (Sequence of one/two word steps) |
|
Definition
| EVENT>APPRAISAL>ACTION>EMOTIONAL FEELING |
|
|
Term
Is Physiological arousal NECESSARY for emotions?
What's James Lange's first prediction (deals with autonomic responses and people's emotions) |
|
Definition
| People with weak autonomic responses should "feel" less emotion. |
|
|
Term
| What evidence is there for James Lange's first Prediction: "People with weak autonomic responses should "feel" less emotion." |
|
Definition
| People with Pure autonomic failure (ANS failure) report emotions but don't feel them. Heart pumps harder when we stand up. Emotions have cognitive and feelings aspects as arousal is necessary for feeling. |
|
|
Term
| Emotions have _____ and ______ aspects, and ______ is necessary for feeling. |
|
Definition
| Emotions have COGNITIVE and FEELING aspects, and AROUSAL is necessary for feeling. |
|
|
Term
| Is Physiological arousal SUFFICIENT for emotions? What's James Lange's second prediction? |
|
Definition
| Increasing body responses should enhance an emotion. |
|
|
Term
| What evidence is there for James Lange's second Prediction: "Increasing body responses should enhance an emotion." |
|
Definition
1) Panic disorder- Extreme SNS episodes interpreted as fear
2) Smiling increasing happiness
3) Frown experiment- people found photos less pleasant while THEY were frowning
4) Stimulation of frontal cortex in epileptic patient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sympathetic Nervous System |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Characterized by facial paralysis, which makes expressing emotions facially an impossibility. |
|
|
Term
| The Limbic System is a region critical for _______, specifically _________. |
|
Definition
| The limbic system is critical for emotion, specifically the amygdala. |
|
|
Term
| The cingulate cortex, hypothalamus, parts of the SS cortex, and PFC are SOME of the key areas of _____ associated with ____ |
|
Definition
| The cingulate cortex, hypothalamus, parts of the SS cortex, and PFC are SOME of the key areas of ....THE LIMBIC SYSTEM associated with EMOTION |
|
|
Term
| What two things could we use to answer the question "Do different emotions rely on different brain areas?" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| By looking at an fMRI to localize specific emotions to specific parts of the brain, we find that.... |
|
Definition
| Many areas are activated by different emotions, with significant overlap. |
|
|
Term
| If we were attempting to localize emotions to parts of the brain by having subjects look at photos, listen to stories, and recall emotions associated with their experiences, we would use WHAT TECHNIQUE. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If we were attempting to localize emotions to parts of the brain by measuring activity of brain areas in response to emotional stimuli, we would use WHAT TECHNIQUE. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Using EEG to localize emotions to parts of the brain, it was found that... |
|
Definition
| DIfferent emotions activate different brain areas, and temporarily deactivate areas. |
|
|
Term
| In localizing parts of the brain for emotional response, it was discovered that through MEDIAL FRONTAL Cortex inactivation, the MFC |
|
Definition
| Cannot recognize angry expressions |
|
|
Term
| Through localizing specific emotions to parts of the brain using EEG, it was discovered that DISGUST has a strong localization in the ---- |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Individuals with more emotional activity in the left hemisphere of the brain tend to be... |
|
Definition
| happier and more outgoing |
|
|
Term
| Individuals with more emotional activity in the right hemisphere of the brain tend to be... |
|
Definition
| withdrawn, less satisfied, more prone to unpleasant emotions |
|
|
Term
| The right amygdala is activated more than the left by _____/_____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inactivating a hempisphere during brain surgery |
|
|
Term
| If the right hemisphere is inactive through a Wada Procedure,... |
|
Definition
| people do not experience strong emotions |
|
|
Term
| What part of the brain is involved in processes related to Emotions and Decision making? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Iowa Gambling task found that people with PFC or amygdala damage.... which leads to.... |
|
Definition
| have no nervous tension drawing a card in a highly volatile gambling task, which leads to poor decisionmaking as they don't anticipate unpleasantness. |
|
|
Term
| An increase in aggression could be a result of.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormonal abnormality exists in violent criminals when compared to non violent criminals? |
|
Definition
| Violent criminals have abnormally high testosterone levels |
|
|
Term
| Testosterone facilitates activity in what two brain areas, which can ultimately result in violent behavior? |
|
Definition
| The Temporal Lobe and the Prefrontal Cortex |
|
|
Term
| Intermittent Explosive Disorder, and an explanation involving a part of the brain and a hormone |
|
Definition
| Occasional Outbursts of violent activity w/ little or not provocation. High T leading to abnormalities in the Temporal Lobe |
|
|
Term
| What behavioral impact can a damaged Prefrontal Cortex have? |
|
Definition
| Increases in fighting/threatening behavior w/o provocation |
|
|
Term
| The Damasio Case Study found that __________ relies on _____ and _____, and that damage to the _________ can inhibit a person's ability to make simple decisions. (Generalx3, 1xspecific) |
|
Definition
| Decisionmaking relies on emotion and reason, and damage to the PFC can ruin a person's simple decisionmaking ability |
|
|
Term
| What relationship exists between 5HT and Aggression? |
|
Definition
| Lower Serotonin = Higher Aggression |
|
|
Term
| How was low serotonin release (turnover) studied in 2 non human species, and what was found in the second one (think of a NT)? |
|
Definition
| Social Isolation Studies in mice. In monkeys, lowest levels of 5HT were the most aggressive |
|
|
Term
| In studying Serotonin Synapses/Aggression in Humans, Correlational studies found that lower serotonin turnover (5H1AA) was linked to violent behavior and ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's a possible treatment for low serotonin turnover in humans? Why? |
|
Definition
| Altering your diet. When diet is high in other AAs, tryptophan can't get through. (This card's a little sketchy on details) |
|
|
Term
| Other than 5HT, what other neurotransmitters/chemicals may be correlated with aggressive behavior in humans? |
|
Definition
| Tryptophan and Hyroxylase |
|
|
Term
| Escape Emotions: Fear (definition) |
|
Definition
| Tendency to escape from an immediate threat |
|
|
Term
| Escape Emotions: Anxiety (definition) |
|
Definition
| General sense that something dangerous might occur |
|
|
Term
| Escape Emotions: Startle Response (definition) |
|
Definition
| Built in/unlearned fear. It's more vigorous if you're already tense, like if you're watching a horror movie. |
|
|
Term
| Rodent Studies of the Startle reflex/ fear found that.... |
|
Definition
| The amygdala is associated with learned fears and anxiety. |
|
|
Term
| Rodent Studies of the Startle reflex/ fear found that Input came through (3 sensory inputs) ...... and output went through (4 brain structures/areas) |
|
Definition
Input: Pain, Vision, Hearing Fibers
Output: Hypothalamus(ANS), PFC, midbrain, pons |
|
|
Term
With regards to Emotional Behaviors, what happens to mice with damaged Amygdalas?
(Think signal>loud noise>startle response) |
|
Definition
| A signal before a loud noise doesn't enhance the startle response. |
|
|
Term
| What is the parasite in dog shit that is associated with a damaged amygdala (POSSIBLE BONUS QUESTION) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A monkey with a damaged Amygdala may... |
|
Definition
| lose its ability to understand consequences of its behavior. Think back to the first or second exam: Kluver Bucy Syndrome (monkey isn't afraid of snakes) |
|
|
Term
| The bottom line with regards to Amygdala damage is that if your amygdala isn't functioning correctly, |
|
Definition
| you will have trouble with LEARNED fear |
|
|
Term
| People with excessive fears tend to have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Drugs that target Amygdala/PFC Synapses: (NT,Chemical neuromodulator something along those lines from another test) |
|
Definition
| CCK (Satiety) the main excitatory neuromodulator |
|
|
Term
| What are three forms of evidence for CCK as a drug targeting Amygdala/PFC Synapses? |
|
Definition
1) Resident-Intruder test
2) Block CCK Receptor: Reduces fear/anxiety
3) Inject CCK- Increase Fear/Anxiety |
|
|
Term
| What's the relationship between the satiety neuromodulator CCK and Fear? |
|
Definition
| Increased CCK = Increased Fear |
|
|
Term
| Benzodiazepines. What are they used for? What did they replace? What are two (name brand) examples? |
|
Definition
| They're anxiety reducing drugs that replaced Barbiturates. Examples are Xanax and Valium |
|
|
Term
| Benzodiazepines modify_____ _______; allow ______ to _____ _____ ______. |
|
Definition
| Benzos modify GABA receptors; allow GABA to bind more tightly |
|
|
Term
| 2 Side effects of Benzodiazepines |
|
Definition
| Sleepiness, impaired memory |
|
|
Term
| What common substance works similarly to Benzodiazepines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This is a field that emphasizes the effects of diet, smoking, exercise, and stress on health. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can emotions/experiences influence illness and recovery? What field would deal with this phenomenon? |
|
Definition
| Yes. Behavioral Medicine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A non-specific response of the body to any demand made upon it. Events that are interpreted as threatening to an individual which elicit physiological and behavioral responses. (Don't memorize this, should be obvious in multiple choice) |
|
|
Term
| Generalized Adaptation Syndrome and its 3 stages |
|
Definition
Generalized Response to Stress
Stage1: Alarm, increased activity of SNS
Stage2: Reisistance; reduced activity of the ANS. Secretion of cortisol to fight infections
Stage3: Exhaustion: Body is exhausted. |
|
|
Term
| Stress activates what in the ANS quickly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the HPA Axis, and the three individual functions |
|
Definition
Hypothalamus: Secretes ACTH
Pituitary: ACTH
Adrenal Cortex: ^Cortisol; metabolic activity |
|
|
Term
| Chronic Stress can be harmful to ____________ and to _______ |
|
Definition
| immune system and memory formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the immune system? |
|
Definition
| Cells that protect the body against bacteria/viruses. |
|
|
Term
| What is autoimmune disease? |
|
Definition
| When the immune system is too strong it can attack itself |
|
|
Term
| 4 key components of the immune system (list them) |
|
Definition
| B Cells, T cells, Natural Killer Cells, White Blood Cells |
|
|
Term
| B cells mature in ______ and secrete ________ |
|
Definition
| B cells mature in the bone marrow and secrete antibodies |
|
|
Term
| Y shaped proteins that attach to unfamiliar ANTIGENS and attack the cells that contain them |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T cells mature in the _______ and attack intruders/_____ but don't secrete _______ |
|
Definition
| T cells mature in the THYMUS and attack INTRUDERS/ANTIGENS but don't secrete ANTIBODIES |
|
|
Term
| What function to cytokines serve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are natural Killler Cells? What do they do? |
|
Definition
| In the Preoptic Area. They attack tumor cells, deal with intruders |
|
|
Term
| White Blood Cells produce _______ to destroy _______s. They act on the ______ indirectly to elicit appropriate behaviors and are responsible for ________ _________ syndrome. |
|
Definition
| White Blood Cells produce ANTIBODIES to destroy PATHOGENS. They act on the BRAIN indirectly to elicit appropriate behaviors and are responsible for GENERAL ADAPTATION syndrome. |
|
|
Term
| What is Psychoneuroimmunology |
|
Definition
| The Study of ways in which experiences (stress), immune system, and the CNS interact |
|
|
Term
| What effects do minor and long term stress have on the immune system |
|
Definition
Minor Stress: Decreased appetite and sex drive
Long Term: Synthesis of proteins for the immune system goes down |
|
|
Term
| The Cohen Study found that |
|
Definition
| High levels of cortisol can damage hippocampus/memory |
|
|
Term
| Why does PTSD occur in some but not others? |
|
Definition
| Correlated with small hippocampus/lower levels of cortisol |
|
|
Term
| Classical Conditioning is often associated with.... And use the abbreviated terms to explain before during and after conditioning. |
|
Definition
Pavlov's dog.
BEFORE: UCS>>>UCR
DURING: UCS+Neutral Stimulus = UCR
AFTER: CS>>>>CR |
|
|
Term
| In Operant Conditioning, a _____ or _______ will increase or decrease the future probability of the same response in the future. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Physiological representation of memory |
|
|
Term
| 1. What was Lashley's (wrong) hypothesis about learning, 2. how did he test it, and 3. what did he find? |
|
Definition
Hypothesis: Lashley thought that learning depended on new connections between 2 brain areas.
Test: Lesions w/ knife to the cortex of rats >>mazes
Found: No Major differences unless large portions of brain matter were removed. |
|
|
Term
| Who (2 ppl) does the term Engram refer to most closely in the slides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two principles did Lashley propose (wrongly) and what do they mean in simple terms? |
|
Definition
1 Equipotentiality: All parts of the cortex contribute equally to learning
2 Mass Action: Cortex works most effectively as a whole |
|
|
Term
| What were the two main flaws with Lashley's approach to finding an Engram? |
|
Definition
1. He never damaged the hippocampus
2. Maze studies were his only method used, and they only employ 1 type of memory |
|
|
Term
| Where did Thompson look for an engram of memory? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What test did Thompson use to look for an engram of memory and what did he find? (what's the key structure, and damage to it did what) |
|
Definition
| He looked at eye blink reflexes in rabbits and found the key structure to be the Lateral Interpostius Nucleus because damage to it caused a complete lack of blinking reflex. |
|
|
Term
| What type of process did Thompson use in his experiment on rabbits' blinking? |
|
Definition
| He used Classical conditioning to associate CS pen clicking with UCS blowing on eye to make pen clicking cause an eye blink. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of Memory? (Just list) |
|
Definition
1. Short Term (Working)
2. Long Term
3. Consolidation |
|
|
Term
| What brain structure is involved with Short Term/Working memory? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Consolidation? What's more likely to become consolidated? |
|
Definition
| The form of memory where ST memories are strengthened to the point that they commit to LT memories. Meaningful info attached to emotion is more likely to be consolidated. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of LT memory (list)? |
|
Definition
Explicit (Declarative)
Implicit (Non Declarative) |
|
|
Term
| What is Explicit (Delclarative) memory |
|
Definition
| Type of LT memory. Conscious memories that can be described in words. Semantic or Episodic. |
|
|
Term
| What is Implicit (Non Declarative) Memory |
|
Definition
| Unconscious LT memory. Procedural, or reflexive |
|
|
Term
| What part of the brain is involved in Consolidation of ST to LT memory? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Memory Loss produced by brain damage |
|
|
Term
HM/ Clive Wearing
What was done to him and why?
What was the result? (Still intact and lost) |
|
Definition
1. Had hippocampus and surrounding tissue removed to treat epilepsy.
2. Reduced epilepsy, but memory loss.
Lost Anterograde memories/ability to form explicit memories
He still had most retrograde memories and could form new implicit memories. |
|
|
Term
| In testing the role of the Hippocampus in episodic memory, what two tests were done on what species? |
|
Definition
Delayed-Match-To-Sample Task: Primates
Smelly Pile Test: Rats/Mice |
|
|
Term
| What tests were performed to determine the hippocampus' role in Spatial memory on what humans and non humans? |
|
Definition
Humans: Cab Driver Study
Non Humans: Radial Arm Maze and Morris Water Maze |
|
|
Term
| What did the Cab Driver Study find? |
|
Definition
| Hippocampus takes in large amount of navigation information important to Spatial Memory. |
|
|
Term
| What happened in the Radial Arm Maze test? |
|
Definition
| Rats with a damaged Hippocampus entered the same arm more than once. |
|
|
Term
| What did the Morris Water Maze find? |
|
Definition
| Rats with a damaged hippocampus took a longer time to find the platform to get out of the water |
|
|
Term
| What memory functions is the Basal Ganglia important for? |
|
Definition
| Habit Learning and Implicit memory |
|
|
Term
| What part of the brain is important for habit learning and implicit memory? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| People with Parkinson's have trouble making new _______ memories, because of damage to the _________ |
|
Definition
| Implicit memories; basal ganglia |
|
|
Term
| What part of the brain is important for emotional learning (fear)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The amygdala is important for what type of learning |
|
Definition
| emotional learning (fear) |
|
|
Term
| What type of learning is the Parietal Lobe important for? (Not technical) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of learning is the Temporal Lobe important for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of learning is the Prefrontal Cortex important for? (not exactly technical) |
|
Definition
| Rewards and Punishments (learning) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Brain damage caused by thiamine/vit B deficiency that results in brain cell loss causing memory loss/confusion |
|
|
Term
| People with Korsakoff's Syndrome have better _____ memory than ______ memory. |
|
Definition
| Better Implicit/unconscious than Explicit/conscious |
|
|
Term
| Confabulation definition and what syndrome |
|
Definition
| Misinterpreted memories; Korsakoff's Syndrome |
|
|
Term
| If someone misinterprets memories, has trouble remembering semantic information, and has a vitamin B deficiency what would you diagnose them with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alzheimer's Disease: Prevalence in 65-74 year olds? In People over 85? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What protein abnormalities are responsible for alzheimers? |
|
Definition
PLAQUES of AMYLOID on AXONS/DENDRITES
TANGLES of TAU in CELL BODIES |
|
|
Term
| 5 steps for treatment/prevention of Alzheimer's |
|
Definition
1. Stimulate ACh receptors (STIM ACH)
2. Take Antioxidants (ANTIOXIDANTS)
3. Stimulate Cannabinoid receptors (CANNABINOID)
4. Increase Blood Glucose (BLOOD SUGAR)
5. Ingest an Indian Spice called Curcumin (INDIAN) |
|
|
Term
| What term refers to "Storing information in the Nervous System?" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How did Hebb's proposed mechanism for change at the synapse work with regards to storing information in the NS? |
|
Definition
Repeated Stim of Presynaptic Neuron>>>Stim of Postsyn N
Should lead to some growth in one or both cells, increasing ability of Pre to excite Post |
|
|
Term
| Hebb's proposed mechanism can be boiled down to:... |
|
Definition
| Each time you repeat a thought or action, you strengthen the connection between neurons A and B |
|
|
Term
| What's the Professor's catchphrase for Hebb's proposed mechanism for change at the synapse (storing info in the nervous system)? |
|
Definition
| "Neurons that fire together, wire together" |
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Term
| Aplysia and what they're good for |
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Definition
| Sea Slugs; popular animal for the study of Physiology of Learning |
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Term
| Why are Aplysia good for studying the physiology of learning? |
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Definition
| They have few, but LARGE neurons which are easy to look at. They also have a strong WITHDRAWAL RESPONSE to TOUCH |
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Term
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Definition
| Reduced responsiveness to a stimulus that's presented repeatedly |
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Term
| Sensitization and funnyish example |
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Definition
Increased Responsiveness to a mild stimulus after an intense stimulus
e.g. Sibling punches you. Sibling lightly punches you and you react as if it was stronger because you were expecting more. |
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Term
| Long-term Potentiation (LTP), def, aka |
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Definition
| INCREASED responsiveness at a SNYNAPSE resulting from rapid stimulation (Sensitization) |
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Term
| EXAM QUESTION: 3 Properties of LTP (Just list to start) |
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Definition
| Specificity, Cooperativity, Associativity |
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Term
| EXAM QUESTION: What is Specificity? |
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Definition
| Specificity is a property of LTP, where only active synapses become strengthened. |
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Term
| EXAM QUESTION: What is Cooperativity? |
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Definition
| Cooperativity is a property of LTP, where nearly simultaneous stimulation of >/= 2 axons results in LTP |
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Term
| EXAM QUESTION: What is Associativity? |
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Definition
| Associativity is a property of LTP, where pairing a weak input with a strong input enhances later response to the weak input. |
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Term
| LTD (two synonyms and definition) |
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Definition
| REDUCED responsiveness at a synapse. AKA Depression, AKA Habituation |
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Term
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Definition
| activity at a low frequency |
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Term
| Weak Stimulus at the Synapse>>> Less likely to fire = what phenomenon? |
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Definition
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Term
| Strong Stimulus at the Synapse>>>>More likely to Fire = what phenomenon? |
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Definition
| LTP/ Long Term Potentiation |
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Term
| AMPA receptors in the Hippocampus ____ _____ channels |
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Definition
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Term
NMDA receptors in the Hippocampus:
____ blocks the channel
______ ______ leads to _____ leaving
_______ and _____ enter |
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Definition
MG+ blocks the channel
Partial Depolarization>>>>Mg+ leaves
Na+ and Ca++ enter |
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Term
| _____ is critical for LTP |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Ca++ activates LTP via activating these two |
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Term
Ca++ activates LTP via activating CaMKII, CAMP Kinases II:
makes AMPA receptors more responsive to _________ |
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Definition
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Term
Ca++ activates LTP via activating CaMKII, CAMP Kinases II:
makes _____ receptors more responsive to glutamate |
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Definition
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Term
Ca++ activates LTP via activating CaMKII, CAMP Kinases II:
Increasing the number of ______ receptors |
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Definition
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Term
Ca++ activates LTP via activating CaMKII, CAMP Kinases II:
Increasing the number of ________ __________ |
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Definition
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Term
Ca++ activates LTP via activating CaMKII, CAMP Kinases II:
Increasing the production of _______ ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| LTD occurs via __________ |
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Definition
| processes opposite of LTP |
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Term
LTD occurs via:
a. Shrinking of ________
b. Decreasing the number of ______ _______ |
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Definition
a. Shrinking of dendrites
b. Decreasing the number of Synaptic Receptors |
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Term
Presynaptic Changes in Hippocampus:
Stimulation of Postsynaptic cell releases _____ _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| A decreased threshold for producing Action Potentials and Increase in NT release is the result of.... |
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Definition
| The postsynaptic cell releasing Retrograde Neurotransmitters |
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Term
| Drugs that block LTP ______ _______ |
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Definition
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Term
Drugs that facilitate LTP ______ ______
(Verb, noun; very general) |
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Definition
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Term
| Increasing Blood flow may _____ ______. Example? |
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Definition
| Increasing blood flow may enhance memory. Caffein and Ritalin are examples. |
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Term
| What % of the population has major depressive disorder at any given time? What % will experience it during lifetime? |
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Definition
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Term
| Relationship between Serotonin and Depression |
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Definition
| Low 5HT = High depression, high aggression |
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Term
| One gene linked to Major Depressive disorder leads to a ____% reduction in the ability to produce 5HT. |
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Definition
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Term
| Another gene linked to Major Depressive Disorder controls the ____ transporter. Those with short form Major Depressive Disorder are more likely to have depression after ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| What % of mothers experience post partum depression? |
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Definition
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Term
| Major Depression is correlated with DECREASEDorINCREASED activity in LEFTorRIGHT ___Cortex and DEC/INC in L/R ____Cortex |
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Definition
| MD corr. w/ DEC activity in Left PFC, and INC act in R PFC |
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Term
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Definition
| Frantic activity/inactivity (like bipolar) in Horses. |
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Term
| ____ % of people w/ depression or schizophrenia test positive for borna disease |
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Definition
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Term
| Tricyclics treat depression by preventing the neuron from reabsorbing _____, ___, and _____ after release. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ treat depression by preventing the neuron from reabsorbing 5HT, DA, NE. |
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Definition
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Term
Side effects of Tricyclics: (2)
Overdose? |
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Definition
Drowsiness, drymouth
can be fatal |
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Term
| POSSIBLE BONUS: MAO stands for |
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Definition
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Term
| MAOIs inhibit breakdown of ___, ____, _____ and require patients to _______ because of ___ __ ____ |
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Definition
| 5HT, DA, NE; have a strict diet b/c of blood pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor |
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Term
| Examples of SSRIs and Side effects (2) |
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Definition
Prozac, Celexa, Paxil
Weight Gain, Dry Mouth |
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Term
SNRI inhibit reuptake of what?
Example (1) |
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Definition
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Term
Atypical Depressants inhibit reuptake of what?
One example? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| reduces effectiveness of other drugs |
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Term
| Benefit of Psychotherapy, Disadvantage is ____ work better for ______. |
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Definition
Less likely to relapse vs drugs alone
Dis: drugs work better for Dysthymia |
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Term
ECT (Major depressive Treatment)
what? How often? Disadvantage? |
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Definition
| Treatment through electrical shocks. Every other day for two weeks. Disadvantage is high relapse |
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Term
| Changing sleep patterns in what two ways can help treat major depressive and how |
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Definition
| one night total sleep deprivation/ going to sleep earlier than normal in order to reset biological clock via circadian rhythms |
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Term
Bipolar I is characterized by:
Bipolar II is characterized by: |
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Definition
Full blown mania
Milder mania e.g. shopping sprees |
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Term
| Two treatments (drugs) for bipolar. |
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Definition
| Lithium and anticonvulsant drugs |
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Term
| Lithium and anticonvulsant drugs work by ____ synthesis of _____ _______ |
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Definition
| blocking synthesis of Arachadonic Acid |
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Term
| The DSM IV defines Schizophrenia as the ______ ability to ____ in ______ _______. |
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Definition
| deteriorating ability to function in daily life |
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Term
| Positive symptoms of schizophrenia exist in two _______s. They are, and consist of... |
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Definition
Psychotic Cluster: Delusions and Hallucinations
Disorganized Cluster: Inappropriate emotions, bizarre behavior, thought disorder |
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Term
| Negative symptoms of schizophrenia example: |
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Definition
| Weak emotional experience/response |
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Term
______ Schizophrenia: _____ onset; _____ chance at returning to normal.
______ Schizophrenia: _____ onset; _____ chance at returning to normal. |
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Definition
Acute Schizo: sudden, good chance at recovery
Chronic: gradual, no chance |
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Term
| A _____ diagnosis is important for Schizo b/c_____ |
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Definition
| Differential diagnosis because its symptoms resemble many other disorders |
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Term
| A differential diagnosis of schizophrenia needs to rule out mood disorder w/ psychotic features, ______ ______, _____ ____, and _____ _____ |
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Definition
mood disorder w/ psychotic features
substance abuse
brain damage
nutritional abnormalities like scurvy |
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Term
| Schizo twin studies DZ or MZ is greater prevalence? |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ controls the rate of new neuron production in the hippocampus. It's a possible gene identified with a cause of schizophrenia. |
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Definition
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Term
| Hypothesis for Schizphrenia cause: May be due to more ______ or _______ in genetic code. |
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Definition
| Microdeletions or microduplications |
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Term
| Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis of Schizophrenia: It may be due to prenatal or neonatal abnormalaities like (what 3) |
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Definition
1. Rh compatibility (blood type)
2. Season birth effect/ getting sick
3. Birth complications |
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Term
| Schizophrenia may be due to what 2 mild brain abnormalities |
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Definition
1. Structural differences
2. Cell body size abnormalities |
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Term
| Schizophrenic's possible structural differences in what three brain areas? |
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Definition
| smaller PFC, smaller ventricles, abnormal hemispheres |
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Term
| Dopamine hypothesis of cause of schizophrenia |
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Definition
| may be caused by overactivity at DA synapses |
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Term
Antipsychotic durgs _____ ____ receptors.
examples: (hard to spell so approx) |
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Definition
block DA receptors
phenothazines, butyrophenones (halperidol) |
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Term
| Drugs that provoke SZ symptoms increase activity at ____ synapses. |
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Definition
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Term
| SZ brains tend to have more _____ receptors |
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Definition
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Term
| SZ is characterized by abnormally low levels of |
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Definition
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Term
| Possible explanation for SZ: Fewer ______ receptors in PFC and hippocampus |
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Definition
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Term
| In Schizophrenics, PCP effects block _____ _____ receptors |
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Definition
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Term
| The target system of the search for improved Schizophrenia drugs |
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Definition
| THe target is the Mesolimbocortical DA System |
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Term
| Tardive Dyskinesia brain pathway: |
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Definition
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Term
| Search for improved SZ drugs: Atypical Antipsychotics' side effects |
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Definition
| diabetes, immune system impairment |
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