Term
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Definition
| Once they start, they can't be altered |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Proteins are unstable at what temp |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 categories of vertebrae muscles and what they're associated with |
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Definition
1 Smooth- Digestive system and other organs
2. Skeletal (striated)- bodily movements
3. Cardiac- Heart muscles |
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Term
| NMJ (def and what's released/why?) |
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Definition
Neuromuscular junction- where axons synapse onto muscular fibers.
Ach is release to initiate contractions (skeletal muscles) |
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Term
Deficits in Ach are called ______ which is a _______ where ______ attacks________.
Symptoms? Treatment? |
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Definition
| Deficits in Ach are called Mysenthia Gravis which is an autoimmune disease where the body attacks Ach receptors at the NMJ. Its symptoms include rapid muscle fatigue and can be treated with drugs that suppress the immune system or inhibit Ach esterace. |
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Term
| Muscle Movement in 2 directions requires ___ and ____ to ___ and __ |
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Definition
Flexor- flexes/raises
Extensor- extends/straightens |
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Term
| Types of Skeletal Muscles and what they do |
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Definition
Fast Twitch- ANEROBIC ...sprinting, rapid fatigue, lactic acid
Slow Twitch- lips talking, don't fatigue AEROBIC |
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Term
| What are proprioceptors and their two types |
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Definition
Sensors/receptors that detect the position/movement of body (balance and posture.
1. Muscle spindle- (sense stretch) sends info to motor neuron to contract...involuntary stretch reflex
2. Golgi Tendon Organ- Sense increase in muscle tension. Sends info to inhibit motor neuron |
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Term
| Central Pattern Generators |
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Definition
| Neural Mechanisms in the SC that generate rhythmic patterns w/o sensory feedback. Fixed sequences built into nervous system (yawning) Can be consciously disrupted. |
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Term
| Primary Motor Cortex. Where? Projects to? Short Stim does what? Long stim does what and example? |
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Definition
Where? Precentral gyrus in frontal cortex
Projects to? Basal Ganglia, brainstem, and SC
Short Stim leads to twitching on opposite side
Long stim leads to complex motor patterns w/ an outcome like grasping an object. |
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Term
| Posterior Parietal Cortex... what does it do? Damage? |
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Definition
Function: keeps track of body relative to environment
Damaged? Ppl can describe what they see but not where (impairs movement) |
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Term
| Mirror Neurons are used for? Located where? |
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Definition
Used for movement and watching others move
Located on Inferior Parietal Cortex, Premotor Cortex and Supplementary Motor Cortex |
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Term
| Role of Primary SS Cortex |
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Definition
| Receiving area for touch and body info. Sends sensory info to Primary Motor Cortex |
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Term
| Role of Prefrontal Cortex... Damage? |
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Definition
Calculates possible outcomes of actions
Damage? Trouble with planned movement |
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Term
Role of Premotor Cortex
Output to... |
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Definition
Active during preparations for movement
Outputs to primary motor cortex and SC to organize direction of movements in space |
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Term
Supplementary Motor Cortex
When's it active? Damage? |
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Definition
Active during rapid movements
Damage: impaired organization of smooth sequences like piano playing |
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Term
Connections from Brain to SC (Cortex--Medulla--SC)
- The 2 paths and their 1. Origin 2. Function 3. Damage? |
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Definition
1. Lateral Corticospinal: Origin= Primary Motor Cortex+Red Nucleus (Midbrain)........Function= controls movement in peripheral areas.....Damage= loss of fine movements.
2. Medial Cortiocospinal: Origin= Many Areas (vestibular too), Function= trunk and neck movements.....Damage= several disorders in SC |
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Term
| Cerebellum is important for? Damage? Two tests for impairment? Similar to? |
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Definition
| Important for motor control, damage= trouble with ballistic movement, sequential behaviors....tests= checking eye movement and finger to nose test....symptoms are similar to being drunk |
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Term
Cerebellar Cortex.
Input from where? 2 types of cell types? Output of the second cell type controls what? |
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Definition
Input from SC, sensory systems and cerebral cortex.
1. Parallel Cells 2. Purkinje Cells, which control timing of a movement |
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Term
Basal Ganglia
Input from ___+____
Output to
Function?
Linked to what disorder |
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Definition
Input: Caudate and Putamen
Output to Globus Pallidus in forebrain which projects to thalamus, M.C. and PFC (movement)
Function: Habit learning
Linked to OCD |
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Term
| Parkinsons symptoms, prevalence and causes (immediate and possible) |
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Definition
| symptoms: tremors, slowed movement, memory reasoning problems. Prevalence= 1 or 2 in 1000 age 40+. Immediate cause is progressive death of neurons in substantia nigra; sends dopamine neurons to caudate and putamen. Possible genetic causes and exposure to toxins like MPTP |
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Term
| Parkinsons Treatment and problems with said treatments |
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Definition
Durgs: L- Dopa (precursor to dopamine). Varying effectiveness and doesn't prevent continued death of neurons. also side effects.
alternatively: antioxidants and fetal transplants |
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Term
| Huntingtons disease? What is it? Symptomps? Cause? |
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Definition
Severe motor system impairment
symptoms include twitching, tremors, writhing movements, depression.
Hereditary causes, protein abnormalities.
Can be screened for effectively way in advance |
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Term
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Definition
| Energy you use to maintain a constant body temp. About 2/3 of your calories go to this |
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Term
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Definition
| Internal Balance. Processes that keep body variable in a fixed range (calcium, O2, H20) |
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Term
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Definition
| Processes that reduce discrepancies from the set point |
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Term
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Definition
| dynamic/adaptive changes in set print in response to changes in life or environment |
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Term
| 2 methods of controlling body temperature |
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Definition
Poikilothermic- Body temp= environment temp like fish and reptiles
Homeothermic- physiological regulation like humans |
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Term
| How does a fever defend against illness? |
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Definition
| Leukocytes release cytokines to fight bacteria on the preoptic area and anterior hypothalamus to increase body temp b/c certain bacteria struggle in heat |
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Term
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Definition
| Fluid is needed for chemical reactions, blood pressure, and survival. |
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Term
| Strategies for water conservation and the specifics of the second one |
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Definition
1. sweat less; more concentrated urine
2. Posterior pituitary produces hormones ADH/AVP which increase blood pressure and enable kidneys to absorb water |
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Term
| Osmotic thirst. An example, The response, and what happens in the hypothalamus |
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Definition
Salty food. Receptors in OVLT and Subfornical Organ.
Hypothalamus? SON+PVN release ADH/AVP; LPOA controls thirst |
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Term
| What is Hypovolemic Thirst and what mechanisms help maintain homeostasis |
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Definition
Thirst based on blood volume being too low.
Mechanisms: 1. Increased renin production/ Angiotensin II
2. Aldosterone causes sidium specific hunger so organs conserve Na+ |
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Term
| Name the region(s): Temperature Regulation |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the region(s): osmotic thirst/release AVP/ADH (2) |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Name the region(s): Thirst |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the region(s): Satiety and Hunger |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Name the region(s): Satiety (2) |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Name the region(s): Hunger |
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Definition
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Term
| Digestive System Sequence |
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Definition
| Mouth---Espophagus---stomach (Hcl +enzymes---small itestine (Absorption)---- Large intestine OR Blood Stream |
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Term
| What's the stomach's signal to end a meal |
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Definition
| distension of the stomach via the vagus nerve |
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Term
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Definition
| Junction of the stomach and Small intestine. The first digestive site to absorb nutrients. Releases CCK to inhibit appetite. |
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Term
| Melanocortin is released by |
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Definition
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Term
| What helps transport glucose? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone produced by fat cells as a satiety signal to the brain. Some mice don't produce leptin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Low levels indicate hunger. It also stimulates the secretion of Glucagon, which acts on the liver to convert glycogen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Neuromodulator that inhibits the PVN. Makes people eat LARGER MEALS |
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Term
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Definition
Stimulates onset of meals in LH in near starving animals.
Sundae effect- reward props of food |
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Term
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Definition
| Released from stomach/neurons during food deprivation |
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Term
| Arcuate Nucleus has _____ and ____ |
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Definition
| Hunger sensitive and satiety sensitive cells. Glucose Insulin CCK Leptin and Ghrelin work here |
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Term
Hunger or Satiety for the following?
AgRP, NPY, Melanocortin |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Brain Areas involved in Satiety |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| overeating more generally/weight gain |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Ventromedial Hypothalamus |
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Term
| Brain area involved in Hunger |
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Definition
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Term
| Lesion Lateral Preoptic Area of Hypothalamus |
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Definition
| Deficit in Osmotic Thirst |
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Term
| Lesion Lateral Hypothalamus |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Bulimics tend to have increased levels of ___ and ____, but lower levels of _____ |
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Definition
Increase: NPY and ghrelin
Decrease: CCK |
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Term
Hunger or satiety signal? (long, intermediate or short term?)
ghrelin |
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Definition
|
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Term
Hunger or satiety signal? (long, intermediate or short term?)
leptin |
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Definition
|
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Term
Hunger or satiety signal? (long, intermediate or short term?)
insulin |
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Definition
| intermediate term satiety signal |
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Term
Hunger or satiety signal? (long, intermediate or short term?)
CCK |
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Definition
| short term satiety signal |
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Term
Hunger or satiety signal? (long, intermediate or short term?)
glucose |
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Definition
| short term satiety signal |
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Term
| Potential Cause for obesity? |
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Definition
| mutated receptors for melanocortin |
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Term
| mutated receptors for melanocortin result in.... |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| genetic condition marked by short stature, mental retardation, obesity, and high levels of ghrelin |
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Term
| Sex Hormones are produced by _____ and enter _____ to reach_____ |
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Definition
| Chemicals produced by the GONADS and enter the BLOOD to reach a TARGET ORGAN |
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Term
| What are male sex hormones called and give two examples |
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Definition
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Term
| What are female sex hormones. What's the most common one |
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Definition
| ESTROGENS and PROGESTERONES. Estradiol is the most common type of estrogen. |
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Term
| Sex hormones are _____ derived from _____. They bind primarily to ______ but also ________. They activate ______ inside the cell. |
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Definition
| Sex hormones are STEROID HORMONES derived from CHOLESTEROL. They bind primarily to INTRACELLULAR RECEPTORS but also MEMBRANE RECEPTORS. They activate KINASES inside the cell. |
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Term
| What are PROTEIN/PEPTIDE hormones and give a few examples |
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Definition
| Chains of amino acids that bind to membrane receptors. Ex: leptin, insulin, and somatosatin. |
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Term
| What do organizing effects of sex hormones do and when? |
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Definition
| Help brain and body develop as Male or female and occur a sensitive period around birth. |
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Term
| What are activating effects of sex hormones and when do they occur |
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Definition
| Temporarily activate a response at any time in life |
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Term
| How does the SRY gene fit into organizing effects? |
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Definition
| It's on the Y gene and helps develop testes in males |
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Term
| Males and Females develop from a ____ _____, which has _____ _____ in males. |
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Definition
| Undifferentiated gonad; wolfian ducts |
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Term
| Mullerian ducts degenerate if... |
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Definition
| MIH is present (female development |
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Term
| Testes make ____ and _____ |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Relationship between T, MIH, wolfian and mullerian ducts |
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Definition
| If T is present wolfian ducts develop, if it's not they regress. Same thing for mullerian ducts and MIH. |
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Term
| Brains are male and female in the size of the ______ and in areas of the _____ |
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Definition
| size of the SDN (INAH-3), areas of the cerebral cortex |
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Term
| Alfa-feto protein's role in development of sex |
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Definition
| Alfa-feto protein binds to estrogen and does not allow brain to masculinize |
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Term
| Congenital Adrenal Hypoplasia and its effects on males and females |
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Definition
| Overdevelopment of the adrenal glands. No effects on males, causes intermediate genitalia in women. HIGH T LEVELS |
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Term
XYs with a female appearance lack...
They tend to ____ attracted to ____ |
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Definition
functional androgen receptor
female; male |
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Term
Guevedoces: what is it?
At birth?
Raised as __ attracted to___ |
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Definition
lack 5-alpha reductase which converts T to DHT.
Small penis at birth, raised female, but tend to be males attracted to females. |
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Term
| Biological bases of homosexuality: twin studies found what relationship between MZ/DZ/adopted siblings and homosexuality |
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Definition
| Probability of homosexuality: MZ>DZ>Adopted |
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Term
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Definition
| Converts T to E (masculinizes brain) |
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Term
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Definition
| converts T to DHT masculinizes body |
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Term
| Basal Ganglia Movement cycle |
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Definition
| Substantia nigra----BG----GP----Thalamus----PFC,PMC----Movement |
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Term
| What's the relationship between the SDN Sexually dimorphic nucleus in males and females |
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Definition
| greater in males than females; greater in hetero than homo |
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Term
| What behavior is this region associated with: MPOA |
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Definition
| Maternal behavior; male sexual behavior |
|
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Term
| what brain structure is bigger in females |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what brain structure is bigger in males |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Sexually dimorphic nucleus |
|
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Term
| Castrations of males decreased sexual behavior (rapidly or gradually), removal of ovaries (rapidly or gradually) |
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Definition
gradually; rapidly
*reintroducing sex hormones increases sexual behaviors at the same rate |
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Term
|
Definition
| prolonging the effects of Nitric oxide |
|
|
Term
| What do cypoterone and triptorelin do to sex offenders |
|
Definition
| blocks T binding to And receptors; decreases T receptors, respectively |
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Term
| High estrogen leads to... Low estrogen leads to... |
|
Definition
| Breast Cancer; alzheimers |
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Term
| Oxytocin and Vasopressin and social behavior |
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Definition
oxytocin: social bonds/maternal behav, enhances trust, released in orgasm
Vasopressin: high lvls in prairie voles |
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Term
| Maternal behaviors in rats include |
|
Definition
| nesting, nursing, retrieval |
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Term
| Maternal behavior in rats involve what three hormones |
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Definition
| Estrogen, prolactin, oxytocin released in pregnacy to prepare the MPOA |
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Term
| The key area of the hypothalamus in male sexual behavior is the _____. Lesioning it results in _____. Stimulating it results in ______. |
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Definition
The key area of the hypothalamus in male sexual behavior is the MPOA.
Lesioning it results in NO COPULATION
Stimulating it results in MORE COPULATION |
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Term
| The key area of the hypothalamus in female sexual behavior is the _____. Lesioning it results in _____. Stimulating it results in ______. |
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Definition
The key area of the hypothalamus in female sexual behavior is the VMN/VMH.
Lesioning it results in NO COPULATION.
Stimulating it results in FACILITATION OF LORDOSES (sp?) |
|
|
Term
| 4 androgen dependent behaviors when studying animal's reproductive behaviors |
|
Definition
1. copulation
2. sexual motivation
3. Ultrasonic vocalizations/ mating calls
4. scent marking |
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