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Basic Terms
Basic terms for Biology 1 as a freshman in college.
43
Biology
Undergraduate 1
08/25/2010

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Term
matter
Definition
anything that possesses mass and occupies volume
Term
element
Definition
cannot be broken down in a chemical reaction
Term
compound
Definition
contains two or more elements in a fixed ratio
Term
atom
Definition
smallest unit of matter; retains properties of an element
Term
nucleus
Definition
the center of an atom, containing protons and neutrons (except for H2)
Term
atomic number
Definition
a number referring to the number of protons in a given element
Term
mass number
Definition
a number that equals the sum of protons and neutrons in a given atom
Term
atomic weight
Definition
the ratio of the average mass of atoms of an element (from a given source) to 1/12 of the mass of an atom of carbon-12
Term
isotopes
Definition
different types of atoms of the same element, each having a different number of neutrons
Term
electron shells
Definition
a group of orbitals of electrons with similar energies. Electron shells are arranged in roughly concentric layers around the nucleus of an atom, with electrons in outer shells having mroe energy than those in inner shells. Electrons in the outermost shell (the valence shell) often are involved in chemical bonding.
Term
chemical bonds
Definition
an attractive force binding two atoms together
Term
polar covalent bond
Definition
when one atom holds the shared electron more tightly then the others
Term
polar molecule
Definition
Term
cohesion
Definition
the tendency of certain like molecules (e.g., water molecules) to cling together due to attractive forces
Term
surface tension
Definition
the cohesive force that causes molecules at the surface of a liquid to stick together, thereby resisting deformation of the liquid's surface and minimizing its surface area
Term
solution
Definition
the mix of solvent and solute
Term
solute
Definition
what you add to solvent
Term
molecule
Definition
two or more atoms joined by chemical bonds
Term
covalent bond
Definition
when electrons from other element are shared in bond
Term
ionic bonds
Definition
form when electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another
Term
hydrogen bond
Definition
shared but not completely, weak linkages in polar molecules
Term
non-polar covalent bond
Definition
forms when electrons are evenly shared between atoms
Term
cation
Definition
an atom that loses an electron and thus becomes positively charged
Term
anion
Definition
an atom that gains an electron and thus becomes negatively charged
Term
solvent
Definition
what something is being dissolved in
Term
acide
Definition
a compound that can donate H+ ions to solutions
Term
base
Definition
a compound that can accepts H+ ions from a solution
Term
homeostasis
Definition
the state of balance in the human body
Term
reactant
Definition
any of the starting materials in a chemical reaction
Term
product
Definition
any of the final materials formed in a chemical reaction
Term
metabolism
Definition
all the chemical reactions that go on in a cell
Term
electronegativity
Definition
a measure of the ability of an atom to attract electrons toward itself from an atom to which it is bonded
Term
ion
Definition
an atom or molecule that carries a charge
Term
hydrophilic compounds
Definition
compounds that interact with water (hydrogen bond)
Term
hydrophobic compounds
Definition
compounds that do not interct with water
Term
ethnic enclave
Definition
a census tract (and any similar adjoining tracts) with a comparatively high ethnic density, compared to the average concentrations in that county
Term
"food desert"
Definition

a neighborhood with poor access to fresh, affordable, and heathy foods

 

USDA definition: A low-income censu tract with 33% or more of the population residing at leaset 1 mile (10 miles if rural) from a supermarket or grocey tores

Term
how do food deserts evolve?
Definition

urban areas: suermarkets move to suburb;  they leave behind fast-food and convenience stores

 

suburban areas: the number of supermarket increease, out of walking distance though

Term
the Bronx Paradox
Definition

One of the nation's most severe hunger-related problems is also one of thenation's most obese area.

 

 

Term
Food and Energy Density
Definition

Some of the most energy dense foods are also the eunhealthiest, e.g. cookies, peanut butter, popcorn. 

 

This causes a problem b/c low-income individuals usually eat these uhealthy foods, b/c they are more energy dense (fill them up), and end up obese.

 

These high density foods also tend to be much less epensive then healthy low density foods, persuading low-income indivdiuals to purhcase them.

Term
Why does food cost more in poorer communities?
Definition
  • There tend to be fewer chain stores (w/ cheaper prices) and more small/non-chain stores
  • Price per ounce: 
    • Supply:These small grocers stock smaller quanitities and smalle quantities cost more per ounce
    • Demand: Poorer indviduals buy in smaller quantities (e.g. not bulk) and thus these small products are more expensive

 

Term
The Urban Health Advantage
Definition

Rurual residents tend to have higher rates of age-adjusted mortality, disability, and chronic disease than residents ofurban areas.

 

Why?Relative to metro residents, rural residents:

- Are older

- Have lower education levels & lower income

- Have higher incidence of smoking, obesity, & lower levels of physical activity

- Experience lower access to helath care (affordability,

  proximinty & quality)

- Are more likely to be self-empoloyed --> lack health 

  insurance

- Have lower levels of social support/cohesion

 

Term
Benefifits of Ethnic Enclaves
Definition
  • Social support b/t ethnicities
  • This support can assist & guide with financial needs
  • Concentrated academic support
  • The ethnicities will likely be in similar social classes so lower comparison of themselves (an ethnicity) to others --> lower stress
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