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Basic Science
Basic Science Quiz
164
Science
Undergraduate 1
10/03/2012

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Term
Earth
Definition
includes the surface, below the surface, in oceans and lakes, and in the atmosphere
Term
Arguments for Existence of Extraterrestrial Life
Definition
There is nothing unusual about the earth
The milky way and sun are ordinary
Plants are known to orbit most stars
Some planets are similar to earth
Term
Arguments against Existence of Extraterrestrial Life
Definition
Maybe the earth is unusual in ways that we dont fully appreciate
We have not discovered any evidence for life
Term
Scientific Method
Definition
Will disprove a Hypothesis, but never prove it.
Term
Theory
Definition
A broad overaraching conceptual framework that incorporates many related hypotheses and is well-supported by experimental Data. We are quite confident that it is "correct"
Term
1 thousand
Definition
1,000 = 10^3
Term
1 million
Definition
1,000,000 = 10^6
Term
1 Billion
Definition
1,000,000,000 = 10^9
Term
1 Trillion
Definition
1,000,000,000,000 = 10^12
Term
Meter
Definition
measured Distance or Lenth
Term
1 km = ? meters
1 km = how many miles
Definition
1000 meters
about .62 miles
Term
1m =
Definition
about 39 inches, a little over 3 feet
Term
Grams
Definition
Measure Mass
Term
1 kg = ? g
Definition
1000g
Term
1 kg = how many pounds
Definition
abound 2.2
Term
Seconds
Definition
Measure of time
Term
1 year = ? sec
Definition
3.16 x 10^7s
Term
What is the formula for Speed?
Definition
Speed = Distance/Time
Term
What is the speed of light?
Definition
3 X 10^5 km/s
Term
What is one light year?
Definition
Speed that light travels in a year
905 X 10^12
Term
What is Acceleration?
Definition
A change in speed and/or direction
Speeding up
Slowing Down
Changing Direction
Term
What would give an object no Acceleration?
Definition
Moving at a constant speed and in a straight line or at rest
Term
What is a force
Definition
A push or pull
Term
How forces affect mottion
Definition
-With motion comes force.

-Force does not exist without motion.

-With more motion, more force takes place.

-Force is mass times acceleration.

-So if you increase the mass or speed/acceleration, you increase the force.
Term
Several forces action an object they will?
Definition
combine to produce a net force or total force
Example - two equal forces pulling opposite directs will equal a net force of zero
Term
Net forces cause ____________ if the net force is not __________
Definition
Acceleration
Zero
Term
If net force on an object is zero the acceleration will be?
Definition
Zero
Term
How much force is necessary to keep an object moving?
Definition
none
an object in motion stays in motion until an force stops it
Term
What is the equation for Force
Definition
F=ma
Force = mass x acceleration
Term
What is Gravitational Force
Definition
Occurs between Masses
The larger the mass the stronger the force
THE LARGER THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE
MASSES, THE WEAKER THE FORCE
The force always pulls masses together
Term
Electrical Force occurs between ________ _____________
Definition
Electric Charges
Term
Electrical Force
The larger the charge the _________ the force
Definition
stronger
Term
Electrical Force
The Larger the distance between the charges the ________ the force
Definition
weaker
Term
Electrical Force
(Like a magnet) If both are the same charge then they will _______
Definition
Repulse
Term
The electrical force of the _________ of an atom is __________ charge, while the Electors are ________ charged keeping them in orbit around the ________
Definition
Nucleus
Positively
Negatively
Nucleus
Term
Matter
Element
Definition
Elements are the fundamental type o substance and can be found of the Periodic Table
Term
Matter
Atom
Definition
Compose of a nucleus and the orbiting Electorns
Term
Matter
Nucleus
Definition
Part of Atom that contains the Protons and Neutrons
Term
Matter
Protons
Definition
Positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom
Term
Matter
Electron
Definition
Negatively charged particle orbiting around the nucleus
Term
Matter
Neutron
Definition
Particle in Nucleus
Has no electric charge
Adds mass to nucleus
Determines the isotope
Term
Matter
Isotope
Definition
Variety of an element with a specific number of neutrons
Term
Matter
Ion
Definition
an atom in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons, giving it a net positive or negative electrical charge.
Term
Matter
Molecule
Definition
Several Atoms bound together by chemical bonds. Example H2O or O2
Term
Compound
Definition
A substance whose molecules consist of Atoms of two or more different elements. A group of molecules
Term
Chemical Bonds can happen when..
Definition
Atoms share some of their electrons
Atoms transfer some electons making one atom negatively charged and the other positively which makes the "attack" each other and hold together
Term
Size of an atom
The Nucleus is much ________ then the Entire atom, but contains the most _________
Definition
smaller
mass
Term
Temperature
Molecules are always in ________
Definition
Motion
Term
Temperature
Temperature of an object increase when..
Definition
molecules move faster
Term
Temperature
At the __________ Temperature, not all Molecules move the same speed. The _______ molecules will move faster.
Definition
same
lighter
Term
Every substance can be in what three phases?
Definition
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Term
Fahrenheit
Absolute Zero
Water Freezes
Water Boils
Definition
0
273
373
Term
DENSITY =
Definition
MASS / VOLUME
– MASS IS HOW HEAVY SOMETHING IS
– VOLUME IS THE AMOUNT OF ROOM (IN 3 DIMENSIONS)
THAT SOMETHING TAKES UP
– DENSITY DESCRIBES HOW TIGHTLY THE MASS IS
SQUEEZED TOGETHER
Term
PRESSURE = FORCE / AREA
Definition
The area is where the force is spread
– EXAMPLE: IF I PUSH ON A TABLE WITH A PALM OF MY HAND, THE AREA IS THE AREA OF THE PALM OF MY
HAND. IF I PUSH JUST AS HARD (SAME FORCE), BUT
JUST WITH ONE FINGER INSTEAD OF MY ENTIRE PALM, THE AREA IS LESS, SO THE PRESSURE IS LARGER
Term
Types of Engergy
Definition
Kinetic
Potential
Light
Sound
Thermal
Mass
Term
Kinetic Engegy
Definition
Energy of Motion
Term
POTENTIAL Energy
Definition
Stored Energy
– ELASTIC (EXAMPLE: STRETCHED OR
COMPRESSED SPRING)
– GRAVITATIONAL
– ELECTRICAL
– CHEMICAL
– NUCLEAR
Term
Mass =
Definition
MC^2
Term
WAVELENGTH =
Definition
Distance between two adjacent peaks
Term
FREQUENCY =
Definition
Number of waves or peaks passing by a given locations per second
Term
SPEED OF WAVE =
Definition
Wavelength x frequency
Term
AMPLITUDE =
Definition
Height of the wave (half of the total height)
Term
PHOTON
Definition
A partial of light and carries energy
Term
THE LARGER THE ENERGY PER PHOTON
Then...
Definition
The shorter the wavelength
The higher the frequency
The bluer the coler
Term
THE SMALLER THE ENERGY PER PHOTON
Then...
Definition
The Longer the wavelength
The lower the frequency
The redder the color
Term
THE BRIGHTNESS OF THE LIGHT IS RELATED TO...
Definition
The number of Photons
Term
STAR:
Definition
A Very large, hot ball of gas that emits large amounts of light. The light and hear are produced by nuclear fusion (small nuclei combining to produce larger nuclei)occurring in the center of the star
Term
PLANET:
Definition
A fairly large object (but not much smaller than a star) that orbits around a star (sun). It can be rocky or gaseous. There is no nuclear fusion occurring inside
Term
Moom
Definition
smaller object that orbits around a planet
Term
Solar System
Definition
The sun, the 8 planets and smaller bodies (dwarf planets, comets, asteroids...) that orbit the sun and the moons that orbit the planets
Term
Galaxy
Definition
A large cluster of stars (1 million to 1 trillion stars). Many of these stars have their own solar systems.
Term
The Milky Way
Definition
The galaxy in which our solar system is located.
Term
Big Bang
Definition
An explosion that started the universe approximately 13.7 billion years ago. All of the matter in the universe was expelled outward from the explosion. Galaxies are still moving apart from each other as a result
Term
How old is the universe
Definition
13.7 billion years old
Term
When did the galaxies from
Definition
the first couple billion years
Term
How old is our sun and solar system
Definition
about 4.6 billion years old
Term
Astronomical Unit (AU)
Definition
Distance between the Earth and Sun
About 150,000,000km
A unit of distance used within the solar system
Term
Light Year (LY)
Definition
The distance light travels in on Year
About 9.5 x 10^12 km or 63,300 AU
A unit of Distance used for stars
Term
Parsec (PC)
Definition
About 3.26 Light Years
Another Unit of Distance used for stars
Term
How long does it take light to travel from the moon to earth
Definition
Moon's distance = 239,228 miles
divided by the speed of light
1.3 seconds
Term
Light travel from Sun to Earth
Definition
8 minutes
Term
Light travel across the solar system
Definition
Few Hours
Term
light travel from nearby stars to earth
Definition
4 years
Term
light travel across milky way
Definition
100,000 years
Term
light travel from nearby galaxies to earth
Definition
2 million yrs
Term
light travel from farthest galaxies from earth
Definition
13 Billion
Term
The moon orbits around the
Definition
Earth
Term
The earth orbits around the
Definition
Sun
Term
Planets in our Solar System
Definition
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Term
The Solar system is shaped like a _______
Definition
Flattened Disk
because all planets orbit the sun in the same direction and their orbits are nearly in the same plane
Term
Types of Galaxies
Definition
Spiral
Elliptical
Irregular
Term
What shape is the Milky way
Definition
Spiral
Shaped like a flattened disk with spiral arms
Where must bright stars are in the spiral arms
Term
O B A F G K M
Definition
a classification of stars based on their spectral characteristics
Hotter to colder
bluer to redder
Sun is a G2 Star
Term
HERTZSPRUNG-RUSSELL
(HR) DIAGRAM
Definition
Plot of brightness of the vertical axis and spectral type (or temperature or color on the horizontal axis.
- THE HIGHER UP THE DOT, THE BRIGHTER THE
STAR. THE LOWER THE DOT, THE FAINTER THE
STAR.
- THE FARTHER THE DOT IS TO THE LEFT, THE
HOTTER AND BLUER THE STAR. THE FARTHER
THE DOT IS TO THE RIGHT, THE COOLER AND
REDDER THE STAR.
Term
On the Hertzprung-Russel diagram, most star are in the "main sequence", meaning?
Definition
A HOTTER STAR IS
ALSO BRIGHTER (UPPER LEFT). A COOLER STAR IS
ALSO FAINTER (LOWER RIGHT).
Term
GIANTS AND SUPERGIANTS.
Definition
A MAIN SEQUENCE
STAR EVENTUALLY EVOLVES INTO A GIANT OR
SUPERGIANT. THEY ARE LARGE AND COOL RED OR ORANGE).
Are cooler (Redder), but very bright; which means they are larger in size
They are located in the top right of H-R diagram
Term
White Dwarfs
Definition
“DEAD” STARS, END STAGES OF
STELLAR EVOLUTION.
THEY ARE YELLOW TO WHITE IN COLOR AND
FAINT. They are smaller in size They are located in the bottom left of teh H-R diagram.
Term
Main Sequence Stars
Definition
MOST STARS ARE THIS TYPE,
INCLUDING THE SUN. THE SIZE, TEMPERATURE,
AND BRIGHTNESS OF A MAIN SEQUENCE STAR
REMAINS RELATIVELY CONSTANT FOR A LONG
PERIOD OF TIME (MILLIONS TO BILLIONS OF
YEARS)
Term
What causes absorption lines?
Definition
as light passes through the cooler, less dense gas near the "Surface" certain wavelength are absorbed.
Term
What can be learned from absorption lines?
Definition
you can determine the composition of the star
Term
Many aspects of a stars life depend on?
Definition
their mass
Term
NEBULAE
Definition
a space cloud full of mostly hydrogen and then helem
Term
How does a star form..
Definition
AS THE NEBULA CONTRACTS, GRAVITATIONAL
POTENTIAL ENERGY IS LOST. SOME OF THE
ENERGY CHANGES TO KINETIC ENERGY OF
ROTATION AS THE CLOUD'S ROTATION SPEEDS UP.
SOME OF IT CHANGES TO THERMAL ENERGY
(HEAT).
- AS A RESULT, THE CENTRAL PART OF THE CLOUD GETS HOT ENOUGH:
•FOR MOLECULES TO BREAK APART INTO ATOMS
•THEN FOR ATOMS TO IONIZE (ELECTRONS REMOVED)
•THEN FOR HYDROGEN NUCLEI TO START TO FUSE TO FORM HELIUM NUCLEI.
- ONCE FUSION OF H TO He BEGINS, THE OBJECT BECOMES A MAIN SEQUENCE STAR. SO FAR, THE ELAPSED TIME IS A FEW MILLION YEARS.
Term
How does a star stay stable
Definition
becaue of the outward pressure and inward gravity (tem is maintained by energy release from nuclear reation) star is stable for millions to billions of years
Term
Formation of plants
Definition
were partials that were not "pulled" into center (star)
Term
What happens at the end of the main sequence lifetime?
Definition
Hydrogen in the core runs out
the more mass the shorter the life span b/c it hydrogen is used up more quickly
Term
When happens when a star begins to die (leaves main sequence)
Definition
Outer part of star expands, brightens, and cools becoming a red Giant (or for bigger stars a super giant)
The core contracts, gets hotter and helium fuses to create carbon. In massive stars (super giant) it goes further and creates iron.
Term
Late stages of low mass stars
Definition
*the outer part of star is ejected into space; which ools and leaves...
*the core (White Dwarf); very dense and small. It cools and dims until it becomes...
*Black Dwarf; emits no more light, its is made of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen.
Term
Late stages of massive stars
Definition
Super Nova
*the iron core of the Red supergiant collapses until the nuclei collides w/each other
*This causes them to bounce apart and explode
*this explosion causes the star to become really bright
*explosion cause fusion of heavy elements which go into the interstellar medium.. The star becomes a Neutron Star
Term
Neutron Star
Definition
*core of star left after supernova explosion
*ball of neutrons
*one teaspoon = billion tons
*Pulsars are radio waves from neutron stars
*Massive star go on to become Blackholes
Term
Pulsars
Definition
radio wave from neutron star
Term
Blackhole
Definition
Neutron star that is massive and collapses even further
Has and escape velocity that exceeds the speed of light.. which means nothing can escape, not even light
Term
Escape belocity
Definition
speed needed to leave a star
the more massive but small an ovject the larger the E.V.
Term
Life Cycle of small mass stars (under 5 solar mass)
Definition
– Formation from a nebula
– Main sequence (cooler, redder, fainter)
– Red giant
– Planetary nebula
– White dwarf
– Black dwarf
Term
Life Cycle of large mass stars (over 5 solar mass)
Definition
– Formation from a nebula
– Main sequence (hotter, bluer, brighter)
– Red giant/supergiant
– Supernova explosion
– Neutron star or black hole
Term
Organic Molecule
Definition
A MOLECULE COMPOSED OF CARBON AND
HYDROGEN ATOMS
Term
MONOMER
Definition
A SIMPLE ORGANIC MOLECULE SUCH AS AN AMINO ACID, SIMPLE SUGAR, FATTY ACID, OR GENETIC BASE
Term
Polymer
Definition
A LARGE ORGANIC MOLECULE COMPOSED OF A CHAIN OF MONOMERS STRUNG TOGETHER
Term
Protien
Definition
A PROTEIN IS A LONG POLYMER MADE OF
MONOMERS CALLED AMINO ACIDS.
 EACH PROTEIN IS COMPOSED OF A CHAIN OF
HUNDREDS OF AMINO ACIDS.
 PROTEINS USED IN LIFE ON EARTH ARE FORMED
FROM ONLY DIFFERENT 20 TYPES OF AMINO
ACIDS.
 ADDITIONAL TYPES OF AMINO ACIDS EXIST AND
COULD BE USED BY LIFE ELSEWHERE.
Term
Amino Acids
Definition
ARE THE MONOMERS THAT
MAKE UP PROTEINS.
Term
Amino acids are found in:
Definition
*ALL TERRESTRIAL FORMS OF LIFE
*METEORITES (ROCKS THAT FALL TO EARTH FROM
SPACE)
*COMETS (CHUNKS OF ICE IN SPACE)
*INTERSTELLAR CLOUDS OR NEBULAE
Term
EACH AMINO ACID CAN HAVE TWO
“ISOMERS” OR MOLECULAR
VERSIONS:
Definition
L(Levo) left-handed (Life on earth)
D(Dexto) right-handed (meteorites)
they are molecular mirrors of eachother
Term
DNA
Definition
 PROVIDES A “BLUEPRINT” OR “RECIPE” FOR MAKING PROTEINS
– CARRIES INFORMATION ABOUT THE SEQUENCE OF AMINO ACIDS IN A PARTICULAR PROTEIN
 FOUND IN EVERY CELL IN A LIVING ORGANISM
– IN “HIGHER” ORGANISMS, THE DNA IS
SEPARATED INTO LARGE PIECES CALLED
CHROMOSOMES (FOR EXAMPLE, 46 IN HUMANS)
 CAN REPLICATE ITSELF
– WHEN A CELL DIVIDES INTO TWO, AN IDENTICAL COPY OF THE ORIGINAL DNA (A COPY OF EACH CHROMOSOME) GOES INTO EACH CELL
Term
CODON:
Definition
A STRING OF 3 GENETIC BASES GIVING THE
CODE (OR INSTRUCTION) FOR PLACING A PARTICULAR
AMINO ACID INTO A PROTEIN THAT IS UNDER
CONSTRUCTION.
Term
Gene
Definition
A STRING OF ROUGHLY 1000 CODONS THAT IS
THE RECIPE FOR A PARTICULAR PROTEIN.
Term
CHROMOSOME:
Definition
A LARGE PIECE OF DNA CONTAINING A
LARGE NUMBER OF GENES.
Term
GENOME:
Definition
ENTIRE SEQUENCE OF DNA IN AN ORGANISM.
Term
Transcription
Definition
DNA UNZIPS AND ONE STRAND IS
USED AS A TEMPLATE FOR CONSTRUCTING A NEW
STRAND. THIS IS SIMILAR TO DNA REPLICATION,
EXCEPT THAT THE NEWLY CONSTRUCTED STRAND IS
RNA INSTEAD OF DNA. (RNA USES U INSTEAD OF T, AND THE SUGAR IN BACKBONE IS SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT.)
Term
Translation
Definition
RNA MOVES FROM THE NUCLEUS TO
A DIFFERENT PART OF THE CELL, WHERE THE GENETIC CODE IS READ AND CONVERTED TO AN AMINO ACID SEQUENCE BY A RIBOSOME.
Term
IGNEOUS Rock
Definition
MADE FROM MOLTEN ROCK (FROM A VOLCANO)
THAT COOLED AND SOLIDIFIED.
Term
SEDIMENTARY Rock
Definition
: MADE FROM SEDIMENTS (TINY CHIPS FROM
ROCKS THAT RESULT FROM EROSION) THAT ARE DEPOSITED
AND COMPRESSED GRADUALLY, USUALLY AT THE BOTTOM OF A BODY OF WATER. DEEPER LAYERS ARE OLDER, TOP LAYERS ARE YOUNGER.
Term
METAMORPHIC:
Definition
MADE FROM ROCK THAT HAS BEEN HEATED
(BUT NOT ENOUGH TO MELT IT) AND/OR COMPRESSED ENOUGH TO CHANGE ITS STRUCTURE.
Term
Cell Types
Prokaryotic Cell
Definition
Small
No Nucleus
DNA is single
Term
Cell Types
Eukaryotic Cells
Definition
Large
mulit-cell
has nucleus
DNA is in chromosomes in nucleus
Large
Term
Organelles
Definition
STRUCTURES WITHIN A EUKARYOTIC CELL
THAT ARE SEPARATED FROM THE REST OF THE
CELL BY MEMBRANES.
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Term
MITOCHONDRIA
Definition
 CARRY OUT CHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT RELEASE ENERGY
 PROVIDE A SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR THE CELL
 FOUND IN ALL EUKARYOTIC CELLS
Term
CHLOROPLASTS
Definition
FOUND IN CELLS OF PLANTS AND SOME BACTERIA (BUT NOT
ANIMALS)
 CARRY OUT PHOTOSYNTHESIS
 CO2
+ H20 --> O2
+ FOOD
Term
Domains:
Eukarya
Definition
Eukaryotic Cell
Single and Multi
Term
What are the Three Domains?
Definition
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Term
Bacteria
Definition
Prokaryotic
Single
Photosynthese
Term
Archaea
Definition
Prokaryotic
Single
Includes Extromphiles
Term
Five Domains for the Eukarya
Definition
– PROTISTA (SINGLE-CELLED EUKARYOTES)
– MONERA (SINGLE-CELLED EUKARYOTES)
– FUNGI (MULTICELLULAR EUKARYOTES)
– PLANTS (MULTICELLULAR EUKARYOTES)
– ANIMALS (MULTICELLULAR EUKARYOTES)
Term
Extremophile
Definition
is an organism that thrives in physically or geochemically extreme conditions that are detrimental to most life on Earth
Term
Panspermia
Definition
is the hypothesis that life exists throughout the Universe, distributed by meteoroids, asteroids and planetoids.
Term
approximately how long ago did life start?
Definition
3.8-4.2 bya
Term
Drake Equation
Definition
used to estimate the number of "Technological" Civilization in the Milky Way Galaxy
Term
Technological civilizaitons are defined as
Definition
one that is capable of (and interested in) engaging in interstellar communications with other civilizations.
Number is of civilizations that could be sending out radio (or other) signals that we might e able to receive.
Term
What does the N stand for in the Drake Equation?
Definition
Number of civilizations in the MW galaxy capable of communication (what we'd like to find)
Term
What does the N* stand for in the Drake Equation?
Definition
Number of stars in the MW glaxy
Term
What does the Fs stand for in the Drake Equation?
Definition
fraction of stars that are suitable stars (so the result of N*f(s)is number of suitable stars in MW galaxy)
Term
What does the N(p) stand for in the Drake Equation?
Definition
average number of planers that are suitable for life per each suitable star (N*f(s)n(p) is number of suitable planers in MW galaxy
Term
What does the f(l) stand for in the Drake Equation?
Definition
fraction of suitable planets on which life actually originates
N*f(s)n(p)f(l) is number of planets with life on which life exist
Term
What does the f(i) stand for in the Drake Equation?
Definition
N*f(s)n(p)f(l)f(i) is number of planets with life on which intelligent life evolves
Term
What does the f(c) stand for in the Drake Equation?
Definition
fraction of plants with intelligent life on which technology sufficient for interstellar communication develops
Term
What does the f(now) stand for in the Drake Equation?
Definition
fraction of those civilizations that exist NOW (as opposed to ones that existed in the past,but dont exist any more)
Term
f(now) =
Definition
L/t
L is the average lifetime of a technological civilization
t is the age of the Milky Way galaxy
This assumes that the probability of a civilization arising has remained constant over the lifetime of our galaxy - probably not true
Term
N* =
Definition
Number of stars in the MW galaxy
400 billion stars (may be off by ~30%)
Term
Properties of a suitable star are
Definition
main sequence
long enough main sequence lifetime
reasonable sized habitable zone
enough heavy elements (younger star)
not too close to center of galaxy
not in a binary/multiple star system
Term
F(s)
Definition
fraction of stars that are suitable
f(s) = 0.1 = 1/10 (optimistic case)
f(s) = 0.001 = 1/1000 (pessimistic case)
f(s) = 0.05 = 1/20 (my best estimate)
Term
n(p)
Definition
average number of suitable planets per suitable star
n(p) = 2 (optimistic case)
n(p) = 0.1 = 1/10 (pessimistic case)
n(p) = 0.5 = 1/2 (my best estimate)
Term
In order to develop a technological civilization, other thins such as:
Definition
-Hands
-Living on dry land
-Certain kinds of climate
-Certain natural resources
-Animals that ca be domesticated
Term
f(now) = L/t
Definition
t = age of MW galaxy
l = average lifetime of a technological civilizatoin (in years) = the average lifetime of civilization with ability and desire to communicate
Term
What is the least well-known factor in the Drake Equation?
Definition
L
Term
Result of Drake equation
Definition
N ~ L
Very roughly
(to within a factor of a few 100 or few 1000)
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