Attack rate

Immunity

5 types

Resistance to disease.

Natural Active Immunity

Passive Immunity

Natural Passive Immunity

Artificial Active Immunity

Artificial Passive Immunity

The probability that an event will occur during a specific time frame.

An ongoing observation of a population used to detect any rapid changes of

occurrence of specific disease.

The probability of remaining alive for a specific amount of time after having been

diagnosed with a particular disease.

Vital Statistics

4 Types

Statistical application pertaining to the vital facts of human existence.

Birth rate

Death rate

Specific mortality rate

Infant mortality

Number of deaths of a specific cause per 100,000 of population

Single most important factor showing the health of a community. It

correlates closely to the availability of housing, pure water, literacy, and the ability to achieve economic development.

is the prevention of disease or injury.

Health education encourages individuals to develop good health habits.

Environmental modification tries to help decrease injuries from falls, fires,

vehicle accidents, and to develop adequate sewage and clean drinking water.

is the early detection and proper treatment of a disease.

Screening programs are used to detect disease processes at an early stage.

limits itself with the disability or rehabilitation from diseases.

Public health can be defined as those activities of a government agency or community group

   that is not normally done by the private sector to improve the health status of the community or to individuals in the community.

Assesment

Policy Department

Assurance

Public health agencies are to perform certain functions.

systematic collection and analysis of available data that describes the

health status of the community.

based on scientific and technical knowledge along with public

values and opinions.

controls the Food and Drug Administration,

Centers for Disease Control, and United States Public Health Service.

is responsible for the safety of regulating health

products and restricts the product misrepresentation in the health advertising and

promotion.

compiles statistics on mortality and morbidity, and

also keeps track on epidemics.

is responsible for finance and research of health

products.

refers to the study of the distribution and determinants of diseases or conditions

in a defined population. How and why do individuals become sick?

1. Identify factors that cause disease or disease transmission.

2. Prevent the spread of communicable and non communicable diseases and conditions.

The goals of the epidemiologist are:

epidemiologist

medical doctor

An ____________ is trained to identify and prevent diseases in a given population while a

___________ is trained to identify and treat disease in an individual.

variables of a disease within the population

within a laboratory setting

An epidemiologist studies the _________________________________ while a basic scientist studies disease __________________________ working with one variable at a time.

are performed in order to explain acute outbreaks of a disease in relation to the variables of person, place and time. 

do not prove cause and effect but generate hypotheses as to the casual

relationships of the factors associated with the disease.

1. Viruses are encapsulated genetic materials of DNA or RNA.

2. For a virus to infect a human it must first attach itself to a cell and then inject its genetic material inside the cell.

3. Viruses are difficult to treat and cause destruction of cells resulting in permanent damage.

4. A reservoir is a host where a biologic agent can propagate.

Humans make good reservoirs as in the following conditions:

Clinical cases

Asymptomatic cases

cause problems by infecting other individuals without them

    knowing that they are infected. These are called carriers of the disease.

Carriers of disease are classified in four states:

Sub clinical cases

Incubatory carrier

Covalescent carrier

Chronic carrier

the individual never develops clinical symptoms of the disease.

patients are recovering from the disease however they are still

able to infect other individuals.

patients who develop chronic infections and transmit the infection

    for long periods of time.

A disease must have a portal of exit from the reservoir in order to be able to spread the disease to others. Types of portal of exits are:

1. Respiratory tract

2. Genitourinary tract

3. Alimentary tract

4. Skin

5. Utero transmission

is where the host and the reservoir are in close proximity.

  Direct contact transmission occurs from skin to skin contact

Indirect transmission

3 types

is where the host and reservoir are separated.

1. Vector spread

2. Vehicle spread

3. Airborne spread

Factors of resistance are:

1. Skin that is intact

2. Good cough reflex

3. Normal gastric juices

4. Diarrhea

5. Normal bacterial flora

The ________________________ states that for a disease to occur there must be a harmful agent

which comes into contact with a susceptible host in the proper environment.

Host factor

A _________________ is a determinant of an individual’s susceptibility to a disease and includes

biological traits and social traits.

Age

Environmental factors also help determine the occurrence of disease.

3

Physical factor

Biological factor

Social factor

refers to the process of determining the frequency at which a certain

disease occurs in a community by collecting data.

requires the total annihilation of the agent so the epidemiological triangle

will never occur.

Certificate of Live Birth must contain:

3

1.     Information of the event [time, place, date]

2.     Demographic data [age, race, and sex of father and mother]

3.     Information of the pregnancy medical risks, complications, congenital anomalies.

Certificate of death must contain:

3

1. Information of the event [time, place, date]

2. Information about the deceased [address, occupation]

3. Information on cause of death [immediate cause of death, underlying causes]

Time

refers to the date and in some cases the hour of disease onset.

       Some diseases have a periodicity which can be used to predict future behavior.

is more common is summer months because it occurs in

contaminated air-cooling systems.

a zoonotic disease common in winter months and is transmitted by ticks

which are living on rabbits.

describe the distribution of cases during short periods of time and can be

helpful in determining the source of infection and its mode of transmission.

 refers to a specific geographic point or area and the features, factors, or conditions which allow the disease to exist.

·      The purpose of an investigation is to describe the _________ a disease outbreak occurred.

1. Look for unrecognized or unreported cases in surrounding hospitals.

2. Determine the population at risk for the developing disease.

3. Compare the incidence of disease in the population with previous time periods.

1. Variable of time = to be able to construct an epidemic curve.

2. Variable of place = to detect a source of infection.

3. Variable of person = to examine the population at various angles.

Test the hypothesis:

1. Demonstrate differences in attack rates of various people exposed and not exposed.

2. Apply statistical tests to see if any variations are random or significant.

3. Collect clinical and environmental specimens to be processed in the laboratory.

4. Ignore the laboratory data if it does not support epidemiological data.

5. Formulate a conclusion based on collected evidence and the results of the tested hypothesis.

6. Finalize specific control measures

Beveridge

Bismarck

National Health insurance

Out-of-pocket

Healthcare provided by gov via tax payments

Many hospitals and clinicsowned by government

No doctor bills, low cost per capita

Insurance system "sickness funds"

Managed jointly by employees/employers

Familiar to U.S.

Covers everybody and dont make profit

Dr's and hospitals are private

Elements of Beveridge and Bismarck models

Private sector providers

Payments from Government run insurance

Citizens pay via tax

No marketing of insurance

Industrialized countries with established healthcare sytems

Rich get care, poor get sick and die