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| The combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems. |
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| One of the main organ systems of the body and consists of a network of specialized cells called neurons that transmit and coordinate signals, providing a communication network within the human body. The nervous system is divided into two parts, the central and peripheral nervous systems. The central nervous system (CNS) is composed of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) contains only nerves and connects the brain and spinal cord (CNS) to the rest of the body. |
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| The ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment, such as a stretch placed on a muscle (internal) or the change from walking on the sidewalk to walking on sand (external). |
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| The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret the sensory information to allow for proper decision making, which produces an appropriate response. |
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| The neuromuscular (or nervous and muscular systems) response to the sensory information, such as causing a muscle to contract when stretched too far, or changing one’s walking pattern when walking in the sand as opposed to the sidewalk. |
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| The body’s ability to sense the relative position of adjacent parts of the body |
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| The functional unit of the nervous system is known as the.... |
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| Sensory (afferent) neurons |
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| ...respond to touch, sound, light, and other stimuli and transmit nerve impulses from effector sites (such as muscles and organs) to the brain and spinal cord. |
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| ....transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another. |
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| ...transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the effector sites such as muscles or glands |
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| The central nervous system |
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| ...consists of the brain and the spinal cord, and its primary function is to coordinate the activity of all parts of the body |
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| Peripheral Nervous System |
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| ...(PNS) consists of nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body and the external environment. The nerves of the PNS are how the CNS receives sensory input and initiates responses. The PNS consists of 12 cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves (which branch out from the brain and spinal cord), and sensory receptors. |
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| ...are specialized structures that respond to mechanical pressure within tissues and then transmit signals through sensory nerves (14–19). Mechano-receptors respond to outside forces such as touch, pressure, stretching, sound waves, and motion, and transmit impulses through sensory nerves, which, in turn, enable us to detect touch, sounds, and the motion of the body and to monitor the position of our muscles, bones, and joints (proprioception). Mechanoreceptors are located in muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joint capsules and include muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, and joint receptors |
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| ...are sensory receptors within muscles that run parallel to the muscle fibers and are sensitive to change in muscle length and rate of length change.When a specific muscle is stretched, the spindles within that muscle are also stretched, which in turn conveys information about its length to the CNS via sensory neurons. Once information from muscle spindles reaches the brain it can then determine the position of various body parts. Muscle spindles also help in regulating the contraction of muscles via the stretch reflex mechanism. The stretch reflex is a normal response by the body to a stretch stimulus in the muscle. When a muscle spindle is stretched, an impulse is immediately sent to the spinal cord, and a response to contract the muscle is received within 1 to 2 milliseconds. The rapid neural response is designed as a protective mechanism to prevent overstretching and potential muscle damage. |
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| (GTOs) are specialized sensory receptors located at the point where skeletal muscle fi bers insert into the tendons of skeletal muscle. GTOs are sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of the tension change. Activation of the Golgi tendon organ will cause the muscle to relax, which prevents the muscle from excessive stress or possibility of injury. |
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| ...are located in and around the joint capsule, and they respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint. These receptors act to signal extreme joint positions and thus help to prevent injury. They can also act to initiate a reflexive inhibitory response in the surrounding muscles if there is too much stress placed on that joint. Joint receptor examples include Ruffini endings and Pacinian corpuscles. |
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| The skeletal system serves many important functions; it provides the shape and form for our bodies in addition to supporting, protecting, allowing bodily movement, producing blood for the body, and storing minerals. There are 206 bones in the skeletal system, of which approximately 177 are used in voluntary movement. The bones in the human body form more than 300 joints. |
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| ...form junctions that are connected by muscles and connective tissue. |
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| ...are the sites where movement occurs as a result of muscle contraction |
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| ...is made up of the skull, the rib cage, and the vertebral column. There are approximately 80 bones in the axial skeleton |
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| ...is made up of the upper and lower extremities as well as the shoulder and pelvic girdles. |
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| Throughout life, bone is constantly renewed through a process called remodeling. |
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| During resorption, old bone tissue is broken down and removed by special cells called... |
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| During bone formation, new bone tissue is laid down to replace the old. This task is performed by special cells called... |
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