Term
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Definition
Public health, as a profession and a discipline, focuses on population and
society’s role in monitoring and achieving good health and quality of life. |
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Term
| Communications and Informatics |
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Definition
The ability to collect, manage and organize
data to produce information and meaning that
is exchanged by use of signs and symbols; to
gather, process, and present information to
different audiences in-person, through
information technologies, or through media
channels; and to strategically design the
information and knowledge exchange process
to achieve specific objectives. |
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Term
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Definition
The ability to interact with both diverse
individuals and communities to produce or
impact an intended public health outcome. |
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Term
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Definition
The ability to create and communicate a
shared vision for a changing future; champion
solutions to organizational and community
challenges; and energize commitment to
goals. |
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Term
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Definition
The ability to demonstrate ethical choices,
values and professional practices implicit in
public health decisions; consider the effect of
choices on community stewardship, equity,
social justice and accountability; and to
commit to personal and institutional
development. |
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Term
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Definition
The ability to plan for the design,
development, implementation, and evaluation
of strategies to improve individual and
community health. |
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Term
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Definition
Public health biology is the biological and
molecular context of public health. |
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Term
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Definition
The ability to recognize system level
properties that result from dynamic
interactions among human and social systems
and how they affect the relationships among
individuals, groups, organizations,
communities, and environments. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Monitor environmental and health status to identify and solve community environmental health problems
2. Diagnose and investigate environmental health problems and health hazards in the community |
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Term
| Core Function-Policy Development |
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Definition
3. Inform, educate, and empower people about environmental health issues
4. Mobilize community partnerships and actions to identify and solve environmental health problems
5. Develop policies and plans that support individual and community environmental health efforts |
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Term
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Definition
6. Enforce laws and regulations that protect environmental health and ensure safety
7. Link people to needed environmental health services and assure the provision of environmental health services when otherwise unavailable
8. Assure a competent environmental health workforce
9. Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population-based environmental health services
10. Research for new insights and innovative solutions to environmental health problems |
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Term
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Definition
social justice
human rights
health equity |
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Term
| Direct provision of services |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| State Level-the power of a government to impose what it considers reasonable restrictions on the liberties of its citizens for the maintenance of public order and safety |
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Term
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Definition
| Federal Level-money coming from central government for a specific project. This kind of funding is usually used when the government and parliament have decided that the recipient should be publicly funded but operate with reasonable independence from the state. |
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Term
| The 10th Amendment to the US Constitution states |
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Definition
| which gives states the rights and powers "not delegated to the United States.". States are thus granted the power to establish and enforce laws protecting the welfare, safety, and health of the public. |
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Term
| Public Health Accreditation Board (PHAB) |
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Definition
| nonprofit organization dedicated to improving and protecting the health of the public by advancing and ultimately transforming the quality and performance of state, local, tribal, and territorial public health departments. VOLUNTARY |
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Term
| Social-Ecological Model: A Framework for Prevention |
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Definition
| This model considers the complex interplay between individual, relationship, community, and societal factors. It allows us to understand the range of factors that put people at risk for violence or protect them from experiencing or perpetrating violence. The overlapping rings in the model illustrate how factors at one level influence factors at another level. |
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Term
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Definition
| aims to prevent disease or injury before it ever occurs. This is done by preventing exposures to hazards that cause disease or injury, altering unhealthy or unsafe behaviours that can lead to disease or injury, and increasing resistance to disease or injury should exposure occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| aims to reduce the impact of a disease or injury that has already occurred. This is done by detecting and treating disease or injury as soon as possible to halt or slow its progress, encouraging personal strategies to prevent reinjury or recurrence, and implementing programs to return people to their original health and function to prevent long-term problems. |
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Term
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Definition
| aims to soften the impact of an ongoing illness or injury that has lasting effects. This is done by helping people manage long-term, often-complex health problems and injuries (e.g. chronic diseases, permanent impairments) in order to improve as much as possible their ability to function, their quality of life and their life expectancy. |
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Term
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Definition
provides science-based, ten-year national objectives for improving the health of all Americans, managed by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. For three decades, Healthy People has established benchmarks and monitored progress over time in order to:
Encourage collaborations across sectors,
Guide individuals toward making informed health decisions, and
Measure the impact of prevention activities. |
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Term
| Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) |
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Definition
1.To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2. To achieve universal primary education
3. To promote gender equality and empower women
4. To reduce child mortality
5. To improve maternal health
6. To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
7. To ensure environmental sustainability
8. To develop a global partnership for development |
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Term
| Sentinel Event:John Graunt’s Bills of Mortality |
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Definition
| His book Natural and Political Observations Made upon the Bills of Mortality (1662 Old Style or 1663 New Style) used analysis of the bills of mortality (weekly statistics of deaths) in early modern London as Charles II and other officials attempted to create a system to warn of the onset and spread of bubonic plague in the city. Though the system was never truly created, Graunt's work in studying the rolls resulted in the first statistically based estimation of the population of London. His work ran to five editions by 1676. |
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Term
| Sentinel Event:John Snow and the pump handle |
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Definition
| halted a London Cholera epidemic by removing the handle on a public water pump thereby eliminating the mode of disease transmission |
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Term
| Sentinel Event: Jacobsen versus Massachusetts |
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Definition
| The Massachusetts law requiring that individuals receive a smallpox vaccination was a legitimate exercise of the Commonwealth’s police power |
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Term
| Sentinel Event: 1964 Surgeon General's Report |
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Definition
| the first report of the Surgeon General's Advisory Committee on Smoking, Tobacco, and Health. |
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Term
| Sentinel Event: Lalonde Report |
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Definition
| the first report of an industrialized nation to suggest that health is determined by more than biological factors, citing the roles of lifestyle choices, access to health care services and the environment as also important to health |
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Term
| Sentinel Event: Welch-Rose Report of 1915 |
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Definition
outlined the purpose and
content of schools of public
health and spawned the first
formal schools of public
health in the US |
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Term
| Communications and Informatics-Risk Communication |
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Definition
| is the process of informing people about potential hazards to their person, property, or community. Scholars define risk communication as a science-based approach for communicating effectively in situations of high stress, high concern or controversy. |
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Term
| Diversity and Culture-Cultural Competence |
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Definition
| a set of congruent behaviors, attitudes, and policies that come together in a system, agency, or among professionals and enables that system, agency, or those professionals to work effectively in cross-cultural situations. |
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Term
| Diversity and Culture-Health Disparities |
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Definition
| the inequalities that occur in the provision of healthcare and access to healthcare across different racial, ethnic and socioeconomic groups. |
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Term
| Diversity and Culture-Community-based participatory research (CBPR) |
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Definition
| a partnership approach to research that equitably involves, for example, community members, organizational representatives, and researchers in all aspects of the research process and in which all partners contribute expertise and share decision making and ownership.The aim of CBPR is to increase knowledge and understanding of a given phenomenon and integrate the knowledge gained with interventions and policy and social change to improve the health and quality of life of community members. |
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Term
| Diversity and Culture-Environmental justice |
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Definition
| the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies. EPA has this goal for all communities and persons across this Nation. It will be achieved when everyone enjoys the same degree of protection from environmental and health hazards and equal access to the decision-making process to have a healthy environment in which to live, learn, and work. |
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Term
| Diversity and Culture-Health Equity |
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Definition
| the study and causes of differences in the quality of health and healthcare across different populations |
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Term
| Diversity and Culture-Cultural Awareness |
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Definition
| the understanding of the differences between themselves and people from other countries or other backgrounds, especially differences in attitudes and values. |
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Term
| Diversity and Culture-Race |
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Definition
| A group of people identified as distinct from other groups because of supposed physical or genetic traits shared by the group. |
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Term
| Diversity and Culture-Ethnicity |
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Definition
| a category of people who identify with each other based on similarities, such as common ancestral, language, social, cultural or national experiences. |
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Term
| Leadership-Contingency Theory of Leadership- |
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Definition
| claims that there is no best way to organize a corporation, to lead a company, or to make decisions. Instead, the optimal course of action is contingent (dependent) upon the internal and external situation. A contingent leader effectively applies their own style of leadership to the right situation. |
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Term
| Leadership-Expectancy Theory of Leadership |
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Definition
| proposes an individual will behave or act in a certain way because they are motivated to select a specific behavior over other behaviors due to what they expect the result of that selected behavior will be. |
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Term
| Leadership-Path–goal theory |
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Definition
| that a leader's behavior is contingent to the satisfaction, motivation and performance of her or his subordinates. |
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Term
| Leadership-Situational leadership theory |
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Definition
Situational leadership is flexible. It adapts to the existing work environment and the needs of the organization. Situational leadership is not based on a specific skill of the leader; instead, he or she modifies the style of management to suit the requirements of the organization.
One of the keys to situational leadership is adaptability. Leaders must be able to move from one leadership style to another to meet the changing needs of an organization and its employees. These leaders must have the insight to understand when to change their management style and what leadership strategy fits each new paradigm. |
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Term
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Definition
| activity by an individual or group which aims to influence decisions within political, economic, and social systems and institutions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory X assumes humans inherently dislike working and will try to avoid it if they can. The required management style in this model would be authoritarian and hard. |
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Term
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Definition
| theory that employees are capable of being ambitious and self-motivated under suitable conditions |
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Term
| Professionalism/Ethics-Beneficence |
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Definition
| Fair distribution of burdens and benefits |
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Term
| Professionalism/Ethics-nonmalefience |
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Definition
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Term
| Professionalism/Ethics-justice |
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Definition
| the quality of being just; righteousness, equitableness, or moral rightness |
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Term
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Definition
| One who gives oneself his own law) means freedom from external authority. In moral and political philosophy, autonomy is often used as the basis for determining moral responsibility for one's actions. |
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Term
| Ethics-Institutional review board (IRB) |
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Definition
| also known as an independent ethics committee (IEC), ethical review board (ERB), or research ethics board (REB), is a type of committee used in research in the United States that has been formally designated to approve, monitor, and review biomedical and behavioral research involving humans. |
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Term
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Definition
one of the leading works concerning ethics and health care research. It allows for the protection of participants in clinical trials and research studies.
The Belmont Report explains the unifying ethical principles that form the basis for the National Commission’s topic-specific reports and the regulations that incorporate its recommendations |
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Term
| Ethics-Ethical Principles |
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Definition
1. Respect for persons: protecting the autonomy of all people and treating them with courtesy and respect and allowing for informed consent. Researchers must be truthful and conduct no deception;
2. Beneficence: The philosophy of "Do no harm" while maximizing benefits for the research project and minimizing risks to the research subjects; and
3. Justice: ensuring reasonable, non-exploitative, and well-considered procedures are administered fairly — the fair distribution of costs and benefits to potential research participants — and equally. |
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Term
| Ethics-Tuskegee Syphilis Study |
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Definition
| was an infamous clinical study conducted between 1932 and 1972 by the U.S. Public Health Service. The purpose of this study was to observe the natural progression of untreated syphilis in rural African-American men in Alabama under the guise of receiving free health care from the United States government. |
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Term
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Definition
| Leadership is necessary to achieve goals and we should seek opportunities to provide it |
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Term
| Program Planning and Evaluation-Needs Assessment |
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Definition
| a systematic process for determining and addressing needs, or "gaps" between current conditions and desired conditions or "wants". The discrepancy between the current condition and wanted condition must be measured to appropriately identify the need. |
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Term
| Program Planning and Evaluaiton-Formative Assessment |
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Definition
| is a method for judging the worth of a program while the program activities are forming (in progress). |
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Term
| Program Planning and Evaluation-Process Evaluation |
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Definition
| a method of assessing how a program is being implemented. Process evaluation focuses on the program’s operations, implementation, and service delivery, whereas outcome evaluation focuses on the effectiveness of the program and its outcomes |
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Term
| Program Planning and Evaluation-Outcome Evaluation |
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Definition
measures program effects in the target population by assessing the progress in the outcomes that
the program is to address. To design an outcome evaluation, begin with a review of the outcome components of your logic
model |
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Term
| Program Planning and Evaluation-mission statement |
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Definition
| a short narrative or statement that describes the general focus and purpose of a program |
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Term
| Program Planning and Evaluation-Social Assessment |
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Definition
| Determine the social problems and needs of a given population and identify desired results. |
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Term
| Program Planning and Evaluation-Epidemiological assessment |
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Definition
| Identify the health determinants of the identified problems and set priorities and goals. |
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Term
| Program Planning and Evaluation-Ecological assessment |
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Definition
| Analyze behavioral and environmental determinants that predispose, reinforce, and enable the behaviors and lifestyles are identified |
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Term
| Program Planning and Evaluation-Summative evaluation |
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Definition
a process that concerns final evaluation to ask if the project or program met
its goals. |
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Term
| Program Planning and Evaluation-objective |
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Definition
| A specific, measurable statement of desired change in knowledge, behavior, biomedical measures or other intermediate characteristics that are expected to occur because of the intervention |
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Term
| Program Planning and Evaluation-MAPP |
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Definition
| Mobilizing for Action through Planning and Partnerships (MAPP) is a strategic approach to community health improvement. This tool helps communities improve health and quality of life through community-wide strategic planning. Using MAPP, communities seek to achieve optimal health by identifying and using their resources wisely, taking into account their unique circumstances and needs, and forming effective partnerships for strategic action. |
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Term
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Definition
| an infective agent that typically consists of a nucleic acid molecule in a protein coat, is too small to be seen by light microscopy, and is able to multiply only within the living cells of a host |
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Term
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Definition
| a member of a large group of unicellular microorganisms that have cell walls but lack organelles and an organized nucleus, including some that can cause disease |
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Term
| Biology-Antimicrobial resistance |
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Definition
| including antibiotic resistance, is the resistance of a microbe to an antimicrobial medication that used to be effective in treating or preventing an infection caused by that microbe. |
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Term
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Definition
| s the ability of a pathogen to establish an infection. More specifically, infectivity is a pathogen's capacity for horizontal transmission that is, how frequently it spreads among hosts that are not in a parent-child relationship. The measure of infectivity in a population is called incidence |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of an organism to cause disease (ie, harm the host). This ability represents a genetic component of the pathogen and the overt damage done to the host is a property of the host-pathogen interactions. Commensals and opportunistic pathogens lack this inherent ability to cause disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| virulence refers to a pathogen's ability to infect a resistant host.In most other contexts, especially in animal systems, virulence refers to the degree of damage caused by a microbe to its host. |
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Term
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Definition
genus of rod-shaped (bacillus) gram-negative bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family. The two species of Salmonella are Salmonella enterica and Salmonella bongori. Salmonella enterica is the type species and is further divided into six subspecies[1] that include over 2500 serotypes.
S. enterica subspecies are found worldwide in all warm-blooded animals, and in the environment. S. bongori is restricted to cold-blooded animals, particularly reptiles. Strains of Salmonella cause illnesses such as typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, and food poisoning (salmonellosis) |
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Term
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Definition
E. coli (Escherichia coli) is the name of a germ, or bacterium, that lives in the digestive tracts of humans and animals.
There are many types of E. coli, and most of them are harmless. But some can cause bloody diarrhea. Some strains of E. coli bacteria may also cause severe anemia or kidney failure, which can lead to death. |
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Term
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Definition
s a genus of Gram-positive bacteria. Under the microscope, they appear round (cocci), and form in grape-like clusters.
The Staphylococcus genus includes at least 40 species. Of these, nine have two subspecies, one has three subspecies, and one has four subspecies. Most are harmless and reside normally on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and other organisms. Found worldwide, they are a small component of soil microbial flora. |
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Term
| Biology-Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) |
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Definition
| a bacterium responsible for several difficult-to-treat infections in humans. MRSA is any strain of Staphylococcus aureus that has developed, through horizontal gene transfer and natural selection, multi- resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (methicillin, dicloxacillin, nafcillin, oxacillin, etc.) and the cephalosporins. |
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Term
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Definition
| also known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) or simply Ebola, is a viral hemorrhagic fever of humans and other primates caused by ebolaviruses. |
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Term
| Sentinel Event-The Future of Public Health (1988) |
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Definition
| proposals for ensuring that public health service programs are efficient and effective enough to deal not only with the topics of today, but also with those of tomorrow. In addition, the authors make recommendations for core functions in public health assessment, policy development, and service assurances, and identify the level of government--federal, state, and local--at which these functions would best be handled. IOM |
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Term
| Sentinel Event-Nazi human experimentation |
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Definition
| raised awareness of the need for the protection of research subjects and resulted in the 1947 creation of the International Code of Ethics for research? |
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Term
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Definition
| molecules are produced by B lymphocytes during the host response to infection |
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Term
| Sentinel Event-Belmont Report |
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Definition
| ummarizes ethical principles and guidelines for research involving human subjects. Three core principles are identified: respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. Three primary areas of application are also stated. They are informed consent, assessment of risks and benefits, and selection of subjects. |
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Term
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Definition
| molecule capable of inducing an immune response on the part of the host organism, though sometimes antigens can be part of the host itself. |
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Term
| Biology-Cryptosporidium parvum |
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Definition
| Microbial contamination of drinking water and disease outcomes in developing regions. |
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Term
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Definition
| The body's immune system produces antigen-specific humoral (antibody) and cellular immunity |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of reducing risks and alleviating disease to promote, preserve, and restore health and minimize suffering and distress |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of reducing risks and alleviating disease to promote, preserve, and restore health and minimize suffering and distress |
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