Term
| What is the Immune system? |
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Definition
| complex defense system that recognizes and protects the body against disease-causing microorganisms. |
|
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Term
| what types of microorganisms does the immune system fight? |
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Definition
| bacteria, viruses, fungi, toxins, and parasites |
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Term
| what is the Host Response? |
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Definition
| how an individual's body responds to the infection. |
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Term
| what does the host response do? |
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Definition
| sends certain cells to the infection site, produces a biochemical substance to counteract foreign invaders. |
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Term
| what is Inadequate immune function? |
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Definition
| loss of immune function, is deadly to the body |
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Term
|
Definition
| the disabling of a specific group of immune cells |
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Term
| What happens in a HIV + patient? |
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Definition
| the individual often develops infections from microorganisms that rarely cause infections in persons with healthy immune systems. |
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Term
| what is the disorder of an overactive immune system? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The body's own immune system begins to harm the body that it is trying to protect in what disorder? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| what happens with people with celiac disease when they eat foods with gluten? |
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Definition
| their immune system reacts by damaging the lining of the intestine. |
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Term
| What is caused by the immune system damaging the intestine lining? |
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Definition
| The damage affects the ability to absorb nutrients properly |
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Term
| What are the 2 components of the immune system that play a important role in fighting periodontal disease? |
|
Definition
cellular defenders
the complement system |
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Term
| What are the two types of cellular defenders? |
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Definition
| Leukocytes and lymphocytes |
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Term
|
Definition
| they act like independent single-cell organisms, they engulf microorganisms |
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Term
| what two types of leukocytes that are important in Periodontal disease? |
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Definition
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN)
Monocytes/ Macrophages |
|
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Term
| what is another name for PMN? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what do PMN do when responding to a bacteria? |
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Definition
| they are rapid to respond, provide 1st line of defense, engulf and destroy bacterial invaders |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| they are attracted to bacteria by chemotaxis |
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Term
| what digestive property does a PMN contain? |
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Definition
| strong bactericidal an digestive enzymes |
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Term
| what are the enzymes in PMN's called? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the most effective leukocyte in destroying periodontal pathogens? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| where is a monocyte found? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| where is a Macrophage found? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| how quickly does a monocyte or macrophage arrive at the infection? |
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Definition
| slower to arrive at the infection site than the PMNs |
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Term
| how does a Macrophage or monocyte get rid of the bacteria? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How long do Monocytes and macrophages live? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what type of inflammation would a macrophage most likely be seen in? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the two types of Lymphocytes that help defend the body? |
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Definition
B Lymphocytes (B cells)
T Lymphocytes (T cells) |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| where do the antibodies go when produced? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the 2 types of B cells produced? |
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Definition
| Plasma B cells and memory B cells |
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Term
| what shape are the proteins produced by antibodies? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what do the Y shaped proteins bind to and how? |
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Definition
| One end binds to the outside of the B cell and they other end binds to a microorganism and helps kill it. |
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Term
| what is an immunoglobulin? |
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Definition
| different classes of antibodies. |
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Term
| what are the 5 major classes of immunoglobulins? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the main function of T cells? |
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Definition
| to alert and intensify the response of other immune cells to the bacterial invasion. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| stimulate the immune response |
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Term
|
Definition
| name for any protein that is secreted by cells and affects the behavior of nearby cells. |
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Term
| Which interleukins (cytokines) play a major role in periodontitis? |
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Definition
Interleukin-1
Interleukin-6
Interleukin-8
TNF-alpha |
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Term
| What is the complement system? |
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Definition
| a complex series of proteins circulating in the bloodstream. |
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Term
| what does the complement system do? |
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Definition
-Facilitate phagocytosis of bacteria.
-forms pores in bacterial cell membrane walls destroying them. |
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Term
| what are the 4 functions of the complement system? |
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Definition
-Destruction of pathogen
-Opsonization of pathogen
-Recruitment of phagocytes
-Immune clearance |
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Term
| What does the complement system do to Destroy pathogens? |
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Definition
| destroys certain pathogens by forming pores in the bacteria cell membranes. |
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|
Term
| What protein punctures the cell membranes of the bacteria? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what happens in the opsonization of a pathogen? |
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Definition
| the Complement system coats the bacteria in its proteins allowing the bacteria to be recognized, engulfed and destroyed |
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Term
| what is the most important function of the complement system? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens in the recruitment of Phagocytes? |
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Definition
| the complement system adds additional phagocytic cells to the site of an infection |
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|
Term
| What happens in the immune clearance function of the complement system? |
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Definition
| the complement system acts as a housekeeper, removing immune complexes from circulation in the body. |
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Term
| what are PMNs and Macrophages? |
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Definition
| Leukocytes that engulf and destroy microorganisms |
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Term
| what is a B cell produce? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what does T cells secrete/ produce what? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is Leukocyte migration? |
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Definition
| when leukocytes travel through the bloodstream to fight an infection. |
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Term
| what is Transendothelial migration? |
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Definition
| Leukocytes push their way between the endothelial cells and enter the connective tissue (lines inner surface of the blood vessels) |
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Term
| Once Leukocytes have entered the connective tissue where do they go? |
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Definition
| they migrate to the bacteria. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the process b y which leukocytes are attracted to the biochemical compounds that are released by the invading bacteria. |
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Term
|
Definition
| when Leukocytes engulf and digest bacteria |
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Term
| What are the 5 steps that take place in Phagocytosis? |
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Definition
1. Bacterium becomes attached to membrane evaginations (pseudopodia)
2. Bacterium is ingested forming phagosome
3. Phagosome fuses with lysosome
4.Lysosomeal enzymes digest captured material
5. Digestion Products are released form cell |
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Term
| Generally what happens in Phagocytosis? |
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Definition
| Leukocyte engulfs bacteria-> Lysosome digests bacteria -> waste is excreted from cell. |
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Term
| what two types of inflammation are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the cody's reaction to injury or invasion by disease-producting organisms. |
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Term
| what is the difference between acute and chronic inflammation? |
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Definition
Acute is- short term, normal process that protects and heals the body
Chronic-is long lived, out of control inflammatory response that can destroy healthy tissue and cause more damage that the original problem. |
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Term
| What is caused when the body responds by sending host defense cells to the site of an infection to eliminate microorganisms and heal damaged tissue? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what do inflammatory biochemical mediators do? |
|
Definition
| activate the body's inflammatory response. |
|
|
Term
| what are 3 inflammatory mediators in periodontitis? |
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Definition
-Cytokines
-Prostaglandins
-Matrix Metalloproteinases |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what so cytokines regulate? |
|
Definition
| The behavior of immune cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| attract additional immune cells to the infection site. |
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|
Term
| What are chemokines a subgroup of? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 stages of inflammation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Acute inflammation? |
|
Definition
| Short term, normal process that protects and heals the body. |
|
|
Term
| How is Acute inflammation achieved? |
|
Definition
| By the increased movement of plasma and leukocytes from the blood into the inured tissue. |
|
|
Term
| What type of inflammation is gingivitis? |
|
Definition
| Acute inflammatory response. |
|
|
Term
| what are the 5 classic signs of Acute inflammation? |
|
Definition
heat
redness
swelling
pain
loss of function |
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|
Term
| A localized rise in temperature due to an increased amount of blood at the site is? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the result of increased blood in the area is? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The result of accumulation of plasma and leukocytes at the site is? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Excess fluid in the tissues puts pressure on sensitive nerve endings, causing what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the result of swelling and pain yields? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens in a normal Acute inflammatory response? |
|
Definition
-blood vessels near the infected site become more permeable
-PMNs are the 1st cells to arrive at the site
-PMNs release cytokines
-Liver produces C-reactive protein
-Body succeeds in eliminating all the microorganisms
-The tissue heals and inflammation will cease |
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|
Term
| what happens if the acute inflammatory responses were not effective in controlling the invading microorganisms? |
|
Definition
| The inflammatory response becomes Chronic |
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|
Term
| What is Chronic inflammation? (life span) |
|
Definition
| Long lived, out of control inflammatory response that continues for more than a few weeks |
|
|
Term
| What type of pathogenic condition is chronic inflammation? |
|
Definition
| one that can destroy healthy tissue and cause more damage than the original problem. |
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|
Term
| Will the classic acute inflammation signs be seen in chronic inflammation? |
|
Definition
| No they are usually absent. |
|
|
Term
| can the problem be unnoticed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clinically with Chronic inflammation is pain present? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The body is unable to kill invading organisms in what type of inflammation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chronic inflammation that response becomes so intense that it causes permanent damage to the body's tissues is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is characterized by an accumulation of macrophages? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what Leukocyte is seen in chronic inflammation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| engulf and digest microorganisms |
|
|
Term
| what do leukocytes release in chronic inflammation? |
|
Definition
| inflammatory mediators that perpetuate the inflammatory response. |
|
|
Term
| what are biologically active compounds secreted by cells that activate the body's inflammatory response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are some important mediators? |
|
Definition
| Interleukin-1, Interleukin-6, Interleukin-8, Leukotrienes, Prostaglandins, TNF-alpha |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Allow leukocytes to exit blood vessels and enter connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| what do prostaglandins do? |
|
Definition
| stimulate bone destruction |
|
|
Term
| What is the hallmark sign of chronic inflammation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are 5 examples of diseases with chronic inflammation ? |
|
Definition
Rheumatoid arthritis
Diabetes
Asthma
Gingivitis
Periodontitis |
|
|
Term
| what happens in remission of chronic inflammation? |
|
Definition
| may partially or completely disappear |
|
|
Term
| what happens in Exacerbation? |
|
Definition
| when signs and symptoms may recur in all of their severity in a active period of disease. |
|
|
Term
| During Gingivitis what happens to sulcular tissue? |
|
Definition
| it becomes ulcerated and bleeds. |
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