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Definition
the philosophy of the science of behavior; there are various forms: methodological and radical. Basic research=EAB Experimental analysis of behavior; developing a technology for improving behavior = ABA
Primarily concerned with theoretical & conceptual issues |
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| "the assumption that the universe is a lawful and orderly place in which phenomena occur in relation to other events and not in a will-nilly, accidental fashion" |
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| "the objective observation of the phenomena of interest; objective observations are "independent of the individual prejudices, tastes, and private opinions of the scientist |
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| a carefully controlled comparison of some measure of the phenomenon of interest (dependent variable) under two or more different conditions in which only one factor at a time (independent variable) differs from one condition to another. |
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| Experimental Analysis of Behavior |
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Definition
"a natural science approach to the study of behavior as a subject matter in its own right founded by B.F. Skinner; methodological features include rate of response as a basic dependent variable, repeated or continuous measurement of clearly defined response class, within-subject experimental comparisons instead of group design, visual analysis of graphed data instead of statistical inference, and an emphasis on describing functional relations between behavior and controlling variables in the environment over formal theory testing"
Basic research branch, human and nonhuman. fundamental principles of behavior. |
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| "a fictitious or hypothetical variable that often takes the form of another name for the observed phenomenon it claims to explain and contributes nothing to a functional account or understanding of the phenomenon such as ""intelligence"" or ""cognitive awareness"" as explanations for why an organism pushes the lever when the light is on and food is available but does not push the lever when the light is off and not food is available." |
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| "a verbal statement summarizing the results of an experiment (or group of related experiments) that describes the occurrence of the phenomena under study as a function of the operation of one or more specified and controlled variables in the experiment in which a specific change in one event (DV) can be produced by manipulating another event (ID), and that change in the DV was unlikely the result of other factors (confounding variables); in behavior analysis expressed as b=f(x1)(x2) (b = behavior, x = environmental variable of which behavior is a function)" |
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| "a presumed but unobserved process or entity eg. Freud's id, ego, and superego" cannot be manipulated in an experiment. Theoretical terms that refer to a possibly existing but at the moment unobserved process or entity. |
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Definition
| "an approach to explaining behavior that assumes that a mental, or ""inner"" dimension exists that differs from a behavioral dimension and that phenomena in this dimension either directly cause or at least mediate some forms of behavior, if not at all." |
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| Methodological Behaviorism |
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Definition
| a philosophical position that views behavioral events that cannot be publicly observed as an outside realm of science |
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| "the practice of ruling out simple, logical explanations, experimentally or conceptually, before considering more complex or abstract explanations" |
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| an attitude that the truthfulness and validity of all scientific theory and knowledge should be continually questioned |
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| "a thoroughgoing and far-reaching form of behaviorism that attempts to understand all human behavior, including private events such as thoughts and feelings, in terms of controlling variables in the history of the person (ontogeny) and the species (phylogeny)." philosophical position underlying behavior analysis |
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| "(a) repeating conditions within an experiment to determine the reliability of effects and increase internal validity (b) repeating whole experiments to determine the generality of findings of previous experiments to other subjects, settings, and/or behaviors" |
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| "a systematic approach to the understanding of natural phenomena (as evidenced by description, prediction, and control) that relies on determinism as its fundamental assumption, empiricism as its primary rule, experimentation as its basic strategy, replication as a requirement for believability, parsimony as a value, and philosophic doubt as its guiding conscience." |
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| Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) |
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Definition
| the science in which tactics derived from the principles of behavior are applied to improve socially significant behavior and experimentation is used to identify the variables responsible for the improvement in behavior |
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Definition
| the philosophy of the science of behavior |
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| The assumption that the universe is a lawful and orderly place in which phenomena occur in relation to or as a result of other events. Scientist first assumes lawfulness and then looks for lawful relations. |
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| the objective observation of the phenomena of interest, objective observations are "independent of the individual prejudices, tastes, and private opinions of the scientists...results are objective in that they are open to anyone's observation and do not depend on the subjective belief of the individual scientist" |
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Definition
| a carefully controlled comparison of some measure of the phenomenon of interest under 2+ different conditions in which only one factor at a time differs from one condition to another |
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Definition
| describes the occurrence of the phenomena under study as a function of the operation of one or more specified and controlled variables in the experiment in which a specific change in one event (the dependent variable) can be produced by manipulating another event (the independent variable), and that the change in the dependent variable was unlikely the result of other factors (confounding variables) |
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Definition
| When a well-controlled experiment reveals that a specific change in one event (The dependent variable) can reliably be producted by specific manipulations of another event (the independent variable) and that the change in the dependent variable was unlikely to be the result of other extraneous factors (cofounding variables) |
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| the philosophy of the science of behavior |
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| The response component of a reflex; behavior that is elicited, or induced, by antecedent stimuli. Pavlovian, classical. Responses are elicited by stimuli that immediately precede them. Involuntary. Occur whenever the eliciting stimulus is presented. Reflexive |
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| a stimulus-response relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus and the respondent behavior it elicits; both UR and CR; protect against harmful stimuli, help regulate the internal balance and economy of the organism, and promote reproduction |
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Definition
| Behavior that is selected, maintained, and brought under stimulus control as a function of its consequences. Three-term contingency. Behavior is changed by the consequences that immediately follow it. |
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| a fictitious or hypothetical variable that often takes the form of another name for the observed phenomenon in claims to explain and contributes nothing to a functional account or understanding of the phenomenon (i.e. intelligence) |
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| Covert events typically accessible only to the person experiencing them. A) behavior B) behavior that takes place within the skin is distinguished from other (public) behavior only by its inaccessibility c) influenced by the same kinds of variables as publicly accessible behavior |
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Definition
| Socially significant behavior change. Improve daily life. |
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| Behavioral (7 dimensions) |
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Definition
| 1. Study OF behavior, not about. 2. measurable. 3. Who's behavior was changed? IOA |
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| Demonstrates experimental control over the occurrence and non-occurrence of the behavior (a functional relation is demonstrated). |
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| 2 meanings (a) the outcome of an experiment that demonstrates convincingly a functional relation (i.e. when a predictable change in behavior can be reliably produced by manipulating a specific aspect of the environment AND (b) the extent to which a researcher maintains precise control of the IV by presenting it, withdrawing it, and/or varying its value, and also eliminating or holding constant all confounding and extraneous variables |
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| Technological (7 dimensions) |
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Definition
| Written description of all procedures in the study is sufficiently identified and described to enable others to replicate it |
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| Conceptually Systematic (7 Dimensions) |
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Definition
| Behavior change interventions are derived from basic principles of behavior |
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Definition
| Improvements in behavior must reach clinical or social significance. Effect the reasons those behaviors were originally selected for change. |
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| Generality (7 dimensions) |
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Definition
| Behavior change lasts over time, seen in other environments, or effects other behaviors (untrained) |
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Definition
| an environmental condition or stimulus change existing or occuring prior to a behavior of interest |
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| Automaticity of reinforcement |
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Definition
"refers to the fact that behavior is modified by its consequences irrespective of the person's awareness; a person does not have to recognize or verbalize the relation between her behavior and a reinforcing consequence. Or even know that a consequence has occurred, for reinforcement to "work"
Behavior is modified by its consequence regardless of whether the individual is aware they are being reinforced. |
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Term
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Definition
| "an unpleasant or noxious stimulus; a stimulus change or condition that functions (a) to evoke a behavior that has terminated it in the past; (b) as a punisher when presented following behavior, and/or (c) as a reinforcer when withdrawn following behavior" |
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Definition
| "the activity of living organisms; human behavior includes everything that people do. ""That portion of an organism's interaction with its environment that is characterized by detectable displacement in space through time of some part of the organism and that results in a measurable change in at least one aspect of the environment""" |
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Definition
| "a technologically consistent method for changing behavior derived from one or more principles of behavior; possesses sufficient generality across subjects, settings, and/or behaviors to warrant its codification and dissemination" |
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Definition
| a previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a punisher because of prior pairing with one or more other punishers; sometimes called secondary or learned punisher. |
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Definition
| a stimulus change that functions as a reinforcer because of prior pairing with one or more other reinforcers; sometimes called secondary or learned reinforcer |
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Definition
| a learned stimulus-response functional relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus (e.g. sound of the fridge door opening) and the response it elicits (e.g. salivation); each person's repertoire of conditioned reflexes is the product of his or her history of interactions with the environment (ontogeny) |
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Term
| conditioned stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
| the stimulus component of a conditioned reflex; a formerly neutral stimulus change that elicits respondent behavior only after it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) or another __ |
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Definition
| "a stimulus change that follows a behavior of interest. Some consequences, especially those that are immediate and relevant to current motivational states, have significant influence on future behavior; others have little effect." |
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Definition
| refers to dependent and/or temporal relations between operant behavior and its controlling variables |
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Definition
| describes reinforcement (or punishment) that is delivered only after the target behavior has occurred. |
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Term
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Definition
| the state of an organism with respect to how much time has elapsed since it has consumed or contacted a particular type of reinforcer; also refers to a procedure for increasing the effectiveness of a reinforcer (eg. withholding a person's access to a reinforcer for a specified period of time prior to a session) |
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Definition
| an operant that occurs more frequently under some antecedent conditions than under others |
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Term
| discriminative stimulus (S-delta) |
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Definition
| a stimulus in the presence of which responses of some type have been reinforced and in the absence of which the same type of responses have occurred and not been reinforced; this history of differential reinforcement is the reason an SD increases the momentary frequency of behavior |
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Definition
| the conglomerate of real circumstances in which the organism or referenced part of the organism exists; behavior cannot occur in the absence of environment |
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Definition
| the discontinuing of a reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior (i.e. responses no longer produce reinforcement); the primary effect is a decrease in the frequenc y of the behavior until it reaches a prereinforced level or ultimately ceases to occur. |
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Definition
| habilitation (adjustment) occurs when a person's repertoire has been changed such that short and long-term reinforcers are maximized and short and long term punishers are minimized |
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| higher order conditioning |
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Definition
| development of a conditioned reflex by pairing of a neutral stimulus (NS) with a conditioned stimulus (CS) |
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Term
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Definition
| an inclusive term referring in general to all of a person's learning experiences and more specifically to past conditioning with respect to particuar response classes or aspects of a person's repertoire |
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Term
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Definition
| "an environmental varibale that (a) alters (increase or decrease) the reinforceing or punishing effectivemness of some stimulus, object, or evert; and (b) alters (increases or decreases) the current frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced or punished by that stimulus, object, or event." |
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Term
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Definition
| when the frequency of a behavior increases because past responses have resulted in the withdrawal or termination of a stimulus. |
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Definition
| a stimulus change that does not elicit respondent behavior |
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Definition
| the history of the development of an individual organism during its lifetime |
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Term
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Definition
| "behavior that is selected, amintained, and brought under stimulus control as a function of its consequences; each person's repertoire of operant behavior is a product of his history of interactions with the environment (ontogeny)" |
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Term
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Definition
| the basic process by which operant learning occurs; consequences (stimulus changes immediately following responses) result in an increased (reinforcement) or decreased (punishment) frequency of the same type of behavior under similar motivational and environmental conditions in the future |
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Definition
| the history of the natural evolution of a species |
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Definition
| occurs when a behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behavior in similar conditions |
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Definition
| "a statement describing a functional relation between behavior and one or more of its controlling variables with generality across organisms, species, settings, behaviors, and time (eg. extinction, positive reinforcement); an empirical generalization inferred from many experiments demonstrating the same functional relation" |
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Definition
| a stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it |
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Definition
| occurs when stimulus change immediately follows a response and decreases the future frequency of that type of behavior in similar conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| "a stimulus-response relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus and the respondent behavior it elicits (eg. bright light-pupil contraction). Unconditioned and conditioned _____ protect against harmful stimuli, help regulate the internal balance and economy of the organism, and promote reproduction." |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when a stimulus change immediately follows a response and increases the future frequency of that type of behavior in similar conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| a stimulus change that increases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it |
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Definition
| all of the behaviors a person can do; or a set of behaviors relevant to a particular setting or task |
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Term
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Definition
| "the response component of a reflex; behavior that is elicited, or induced, by antecedent stimuli" |
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| respondent conditioning (Pavlov) |
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Definition
| a stimulus-stimulus pairing procedure in which a neutral stimulus (NS) is presented with an unconditioned stimulus (UN) until the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response |
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Term
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Definition
| the repeated presentation of a conditioned stimulus (CS) in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus (US); the CS gradually loses its ability to elicit the conditioned response until the conditioned reflex no longer elicits the conditioned response |
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Definition
| a single instance or occurrence of a specific class or type of behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| "a group of responses of varying topography, all of which produce the same effect on the environment" |
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Definition
| a decrease in the frequency of operant behavior presumed to be the result of continued contact with or consumption of a reinforcer that has followed the behavior; also refers to a procedure for reducing the effectiveness of a reinforcer |
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| selection by consequences |
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Definition
| "the fundamental principle underlying operant conditioning; the basic tenet is that all forms of operant behavior, from simple to complex, are selected, shaped, and maintained by their consequences during an individual's lifetime; Skinner's concept of selection by consequences is parallel to Darwin's concept of natural selection of genetic structures in the evolution of species" |
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Definition
| an energe change that affects an arganism through its receptor cells |
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Term
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Definition
| "a group of stimuli that share specified common elements along formal (eg. size, color, physical features), temporal (eg. antecedent or consequent), and/or functional (eg. discriminative stimulus) dimensions" |
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Term
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Definition
| "a situation in which the frequency, latency, duration, or amplitude of a behavior is altered by the presence or absence of an antecedent stimulus." |
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Term
| stimulus-stimulus pairing |
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Definition
| "a procedure in which two stimuli are presented at the same time, usually repeatedly for a number of trials, which often results in one stimulus acquiring the function of the other animals" |
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Term
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Definition
| "the basic unit of analysis in the analysis of orerant behavior; encompasses the temporal and possibly dependent relations among an antecedent stimulus, behavior, and consequence" |
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Term
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Definition
| "a stimulus change that decreases the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it irrespective of the organism's learning history with the stimulus. Unconditioned punishers are products of the evolutionary development of the species (phylogeny), meaning that all members of a species are more or less susceptible to punishment by the rpesentation of unconditioned punishers (also called primary or unlearned punishers)" |
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Definition
| a stimulus change that increases the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it irrespective of the organism's learning history with the stimulus. Unconditioned reinforcers are the product of the evolutionary development of the species (phylogeny). Also called primary or unlearned reinforcer. |
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Term
| unconditioned stimulus (US) |
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Definition
| the stimulus component of an unconditioned reflex; a stimulus change that elicits respondent behavior without any prior learning. |
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Term
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Definition
| That portion of an organism’s interaction with its environment that involves movement of some part of the organism |
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Definition
| every instance of behavior occurs during some amount of time; the duration of a given behavioral event |
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Definition
| every instance of behavior occurs at a certain point in time with respect to other events; often measured in latency and IRT; when in time a specific behavior occurs |
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Definition
| the fact that a behavior can occur repeatedly throughout time, one of the three dimensional quantities of behavior from which all behavioral measurements are derived: the frequency with which a behavior occurs over time. |
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| Three dimensions of behavior measurement |
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Definition
| Temporal extent, Temporal locus, repeatability |
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Definition
| the physical shape of form of the behavior |
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Definition
group of stimuli that share a set of common elements in one or more dimensions.
1. temporally-when, in respect to behavior
2. formally: physical features
3. Functionally: effect on behavior |
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Definition
| Behavior that is selected, maintained, and brought under stimulus control as a function of its consequences |
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Definition
| The process and selective effects of consequences on behavior. |
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| Difference between Operant and Respondent/Classical |
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