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Basic Bio Chem
atoms, bonds, glucose, maltose, enzymes
33
Biology
Undergraduate 1
09/17/2013

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Cards

Term


Ionic Bonds

Definition


  • Formed by opposite charged ions attracting
  • Loss or gain of electrons
  • ex. Table Salt (Na+Cl-)
Term



Covalent Bonds

Definition

 
  • Formed by atoms sharing a pair or multiple pairs of valence electrons
  • Results in no net charge, satisfies octet rule, no unpaired electrons
  • Bond strength depends on number of shared electrons
Term


Electronegativity

Definition

 

Atom's affinity for electrons (Attractive force between two atoms)

 

 

 

*Difference in strength in electronegativity decides how electrons are distributated in covalent bonds

-Nonpolar covalent bond = equal sharing

-Polar covalent bond = unequal sharing

Term


Chemical Reactions

Definition

 

 

 

 

The formation or breaking of chemical bonds

Term


Reactants

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

Original molecules in a chemical reaction

Term



Products

Definition





Molecules resulting from chemical reactions

Term


Influences on Chemical Reactions

Definition

 

  1. Temperature
  2. Concentration of reactants and products
  3. Catalysts (ex. enzymes)
Term

 


Hydrogen Bonds

Definition

 

 

Weak chemical associations that form between two water molecules

 

(Partially - of O to the partially + of H)

Term


Water

Definition

 

 
  • Highly Polar
  • Molecular Weight of 18
  • 2 positive H, 1 negative O
  • Freezes top to bottom
  • Solid water is less dense than solid (unusual)
Term



Cohesion

Definition



Polarity causes water molecules to become attracted to one another and they form hydrogen bonds.

 

2 water molecules hydrogen bond = cohesion

Term



Adhesion

Definition




Water molecules hydrogen bond/attraction to other (not water) molecules

Term



Acids

Definition

 

 

 

 

pH of less than 7

more hydrogen

Term

 

 

 

 

Bases

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

pH higher than 7

less hydrogen

Term

 

 

 

 

Buffers

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

Evens out hydrogen levels

-releases hydrogen when base is added

-absorbs hydrogen when acid added

Term

 

 

 

 

Carbon

Definition


Study of carbon is organic chemistry


Can form up to 4 colavlent bonds

Term

 

 

 

 

Hydrocarbon

Definition

 

 

 

Molecule consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

Term

 

 

 

 

Dehydration Synthesis

Definition

 

 

 

 

Formation of larger molecules by the removal of water

Term

 

 

 

 

Hydrolysis

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

The breaking down of molecules by adding water

Term

 

 

 

 

Carbohydrates

Definition

 

 

 

Molecules with a 1:2:1 ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen


ex. glucose = C6H12O6

Term

 

 

 

 

Polymer

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

Long links of monomers

Term

 



Monomer

Definition

 

 

 

 

Identical molecules that can be bonded to form polymers

Term

 

 

 

Monosaccharides

Definition

 

 

 

1 sugar

Simplest Carbohydrates

(Monomers)

Term

 

 

 

 

Disaccharides

Definition

 

 

 

 

2 monosaccharides linked together by dehydration sythesis


ex. sucrose, lactose, maltose

Term

 



Polysaccharides

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

Long chains of 3+ monosaccharides

-energy storage (glycogen for animals; starch for plants)

Term

 

 

 

 

Chitin

Definition

 

 

 

 

Structural support for Arthropods and Fungi

Term

 

 

 

 

Cellulose

Definition

 

 

 

 

Structural support for plants

(ex. celery)

Term

 

 

 

 

Adenosine Triphosphate

(ATP)

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

Transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism.

Term

 

 

 

 

Proteins

Definition


Functions:

  1. Enzymes (Amylase)
  2. Defense (Antibodies)
  3. Transport
  4. Support (Ligaments)
  5. Motion (Muscle)
  6. Regulation (Inciline)
  7. Storage (Soy Beans)
Term

 

 

 

 

Chaperones

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

Help Proteins fold into appropriate shapes

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Denaturation

Definition

 

 

 

Protein loses structure and function

 

Due to:

- pH

- Temp

- Ionic concentration of solution

Term

 

 

 

 

Malthus

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

Author of: An Essay on the Principle of Population

Term

 

 

 

 

Atomic Number

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

Amount of protons

Term

 

 

 

 

Atomic Mass

Definition

 

 

 

 

Protons and Neutrons

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