Term
| What are the 3 primary nuclei of the basal ganglia? |
|
Definition
Caudate
Putamen
Globus Pallidus |
|
|
Term
| The basal ganglia is partially derived from where? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Participates in sophisticated function. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Name the 2 segments of the globus pallidus. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Name 3 associated nuclei of the basal ganglia. |
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Definition
Subthalamic
Substantia Nigra
Pedunculopontine |
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Term
| The caudate nucleus and the putamen are fused together in the brain embryologically but with growth they separate. Since they are still the same on the cellular level what are they referred to as a whole? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is medial to the putamen? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is medial to the Globus Pallidus? |
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Definition
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Term
| The putamen, along with the external and internal globus pallidus is lateral to the internal capsule and is collectively referred to as what? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Are the globus pallidus and putamen functionally the same? |
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Definition
| No, just anatomically close |
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Term
| Which associated nucleus of the basal ganglia is part of the diencephalon? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Name 2 associated structures of the basal ganglia that are mesencephalic and located in the midbrain. |
|
Definition
PPN (Pediculopontine nucleus)
Substantia Nigra |
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|
Term
| What are the 2 areas of the substantia nigra called? |
|
Definition
Substantia Nigra Compacta
Substantia Nigra Reticulata |
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|
Term
| What has separate connections to the basal ganglia nuclei? |
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Definition
| SN reticulata and compacta |
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|
Term
| Important in complex movements. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Participates in the modulation of movement initiated in the cortex and also in modulation of some cognitive and limbic functions. |
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Definition
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Term
| Lesions of the basal ganglia result in a variety of motor disturbances ranging from __ to __ disorders. |
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Definition
| Hypokinetic to hyperkinetic |
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Term
| If you electrically stimulate the PPN (pediculopontine nucleus) in an animal, what does that induce? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| In which area of the substantia nigra are the dopaminergic cells located? |
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Definition
| Substantia Nigra Compacta |
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Term
| This structure is found in reticular structures of the midbrain and is involved with the reticulospinal pathway and helps to control walking. |
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Definition
| PPN (Pediculopontine Nucleus) |
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Term
| The substantia nigra is part of what disease process? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Caused by a co-contraction of muscles around a joint |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Resistance to passive stretch in both directions (flex/ext). |
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Definition
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Term
| With __ patients may release in small increments or all of a sudden. |
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Definition
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Term
| Patients with pathology of the basal ganglia typically exhibit disturbances of what and a disruption of motor function. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Can a patient with a basal ganglia have hyper or hypokinetic disturbances? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Bradykinesia and akinesia, are these hyper or hypokinetic disturbances? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Slow/no movement, or trouble initiating movements. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Another term for hyperkinetic disturbances. |
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Definition
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Term
| Abnormal involuntary movements which may include ballismus, choreiform, or athletoid movements. |
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Definition
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Term
| Movements that are small in amplitude, can be masked by voluntary movements, and seem to be dance-like. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Damage to the subthalamic nuclei that cause extremities to involuntarily flail. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Slower, riving movements that are constant. Person with this cannot maintain body posture. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Can hypo and hyperkinetic movements be seen in the same patient? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Name 3 things that sends input to the striatum. |
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Definition
1. Corticostriatal fibers from (mainly) areas 4 and 6 of the cortex
2. Centromedian nucleus of the thalamus
3. Substantia Nigra Compacta |
|
|
Term
| Topographically organized such that frontal areas project to the head of the caudate, and parietal, temporal, and occipital areas project to the body and tail of tha caudate. |
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Definition
| Corticostriatal afferents |
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Term
| Corticostriatal projections use __ as an excitatory neurotransmitter which will activate striatal neurons. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Excitatory but the neurotransmitter here is unknown. This is an intralaminar nucleus. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| These fibers arise in dopaminergic neurons and provide the high concentration of dopamine present in the striatum. |
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Definition
| Substantia Nigra Compacta |
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|
Term
| The effects of __ on neurons of the striatum varies depending on the strital neuron involved, that is, the type of receptor located ont he postsynaptic (striatal) membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the 2 main outputs of the striatum. |
|
Definition
Substantia Nigra Reticulata
Globus Pallidus (Internal and External) |
|
|
Term
| Where do the globus pallidus and the substantia nigra both project to? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The __ nucleus projects to the substantia nigra and to the internal segment of the globus pallidus. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The MAIN outputs of the basal ganglia arise in the substantia nigra and which part of the globus pallidus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The internal pallidum and the substantia nigra each project to BOTH the __ and the __ |
|
Definition
1. VA/VL Thalamus
2. PPN (Pediculopontine Nucleus) |
|
|
Term
| Connects with descending brain stem motor pathways that are involved with posture and locomotion. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| PPN is inhibitory to what 2 pathways? |
|
Definition
Reticulospinal
Vestibulospinal |
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|
Term
| The substantia nigra also projects to what? *Hint* This is the origin of the Tectospinal Tract. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Most of these projections of the outputs of the striatum are what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| At the level of the thalamus, basal ganglia inputs may indirectly interact with __ inputs. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The thalamus (VL, VA, and CM) projects to the cortex (areas 4 and 6). These cortical areas in turn send reciprocal connections to the thalamus and have a host of what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Information flows through the basal ganglia along parallel circuits referred to as what 2 pathways? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which basal ganglia pathway facilitates a flow of information through the thalamus? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which basal ganglia pathway inhibits information flow through the thalamus? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What occurs with the 2 basal ganglia pathways in a normal individual? |
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Definition
| They are balanced to provide a normal range of motor function |
|
|
Term
| This basal ganglia pathway ultimately results in an increase in movement. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| This basal ganglia pathway ultimately results in a decrease in movement. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| This pathway involves a circuit beginning in the cerebral cortex with connections in the striatum, then the substantia nigra reticulata and the internal segment of the globus pallidus, on to the thalamus, and ultimately back to the cerebral cortex. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Without input from other areas, neurons in the substantia nigra reticulata and internal globus pallidus are tonically active and __ thalamic neurons, preventing them from exerting and excitatory influence on the cerebral cortex. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Activation of the direct pathway causes __ of the striatal neurons by cells of the cerebral cortex (neurotransmitter: ___) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Striatal neurons secrete GABA and are ___ to neurons of the substantia nigra reticulata and internal globus pallidus. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| When activated, the strital neurons will inhibit the substantia nigra reticulata and internal globus pallidus which prevents them from inhibiting thalamic neurons. What is this called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The result of activation of the direct pathway is __ output from the thalamus with a resultant __ in activation of the cerebral cortex. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Release of __ by the substantia nigra compacta cells onto striatal neurons with D1 receptors __ activity in the direct pathway. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which dopamine receptor is found in the direct pathway and helps to facilitate movement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which dopamine receptor is found in the indirect pathway and inhibits movement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This pathway includes an additional loop through the external globus pallidus and the subthalamic nucleus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As with the direct pathway, the indirect pathway begins with __ glutaminergic projections from the cerebral cortex to the striatum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Striatal output in the indirect pathway is to the __ globus pallidus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The striatopallidal fibers are ___ (__ is the transmitter) in the indirect pathway. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurons of the external globus pallidus in turn send __ connections to the subthalamic nucleus in the indirect pathway |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pallidosubthalamic fibers show high levels of spontaneous activity and, when active, tonically __ subthalamic neurons in the indirect pathway |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inhibition of the external globus pallidus neurons by the striatum prevent the external globus pallidus from __ the subthalamic nucleus. What is this process called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When active, subthalamic neurons are facilitory (__ is the transmitter) to neurons of the internal globus pallidus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Internal globus pallidus neurons __ thalamic neurons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the indirect basal ganglia pathway is activated the result is ___ activity of the thalamus and, as a result, ___ activity of the cerebral cortex. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TRUE/FALSE: A balance between the activity in the direct and indirect pathways is essential to normal basal ganglia function. Many of the deficits of motor function are associated with disorders of the basal ganglia can be linked to imbalances between these 2 pathways. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This disease is characterized by akinesia, bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremor-at-rest. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inability to initiate movements, lack of spontaneous movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Abnormal slowness of movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unlike other types of rigidity, rigidity in this disease is due to coactivation of agonists and antagonists. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tremor-at-rest (pill-rolling) disappears upon making what type of movement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A patient with parkinson's disease has __ activity in the direct pathway and __ activity in the indirect pathway. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With parkinson's disease, there is a loss of ___ neurons of the substantia nigra that project to the striatum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __ has opposite effects on striatal neurons of the direct and indirect pathways. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the substantia nigra is activated, the net result is __ thalamic, and thus cortical output. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra ____ (activates) the indirect pathway and removes a source of activation of the direct pathway. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With loss of dopaminergic neurons, the result is decreased activity in cortical motor areas that control __ motor pathways resulting in bradykinesia and akinesia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Loss of dopaminergic input from the substantia nigra and PPN result in ___ of reticulospinal and vestibulospinal pathways, resulting in over-activation of proximal and axial muscles (rigidity). |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Treatment for what condition involved L-dopa therapy to replace striatal dopamine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is it L-dopa or dopamine that CAN cross BBB? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can you implant dopamine-secreting cells into the human striatum? |
|
Definition
| Yes but they are not very successful |
|
|
Term
| What can occur in a patient that takes L-dopa for a long time? |
|
Definition
| They can become tolerant or hyperkinetic |
|
|
Term
| With parkinsons, subgroups of patients have benefited from a surgical procedure known as __ in which a lesion is made in the iGP. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a surgical procedure that can be done on parkinson's patients that helps with an uncontrollable tremor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A violent, flinging movement occuring in proximal musculature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (Hemi) Ballismus may be seen as a result of what? |
|
Definition
| Damage to the subthalamic nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Has a crucial position in modulating basal ganglia outputs through the pallidum and nigra |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ nucleus is part of the indirect pathway, and when active, it activates iGP neurons, which in turn, inhibit it and cortical output as well. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Activity of neurons in the subthalamic nucleus is associated with __ motor output. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lesions of the subthalamic nucleus would lead to __ motor output, which takes the form of ballismus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An autosomal dominant (hereditary), progressive psychomotor disorder that is adult onset and comes from a mutation of the short arm of chromosome 4. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1/2 of the offspring from a gene-carrying parent will get this disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Onset of this disease is between the ages of 35-40 on average but it has been as early as 5 and as late as 70 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With Huntinton's Dz, after onset of the disease what is the survival period? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This disorder involves involuntary movements (choreic) that are purposeless and abrupt. It starts with facial grimacing, shoulder movements and progresses to interfering in gait, eye movements and the patient becomes unable to perform ADLs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Late in this disease, choreic movements are replaced by muscular rigidity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This disease begins with increased movement because it is affecting the indirect pathway but eventually it wipes out the direct pathway |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A person with this disease will develop a psychosis and may become schizophrenic - early have irritability, fits of violence and depression |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With this disease, patients will have a progressive loss in memory, intellectual capacity, and inattention to personal hygiene. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In huntington's dz, neurons produce Huntington which induces what in the neurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A patient with this disease will have atrophy of the cerebral cortex and caudate nucleus - loss of neurons in both |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is there a treatment for Huntingtons? |
|
Definition
| No, but neuroleptics can be used to help with choreic movements |
|
|
Term
-Loss of cells in striatum that give rise to indirect pathway
- Result is increased motor output from cerebral cortex with accompanying hyperkinetic disturbance
- As dz progresses, cells of direct pathway also are lost
- Toward end of dz, there is inhibition of motor output (rigidity)
- Mental disturbance occur as a result of cell loss in cerebral cortex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Caused by repeated head trauma. Known as a disease for professional boxers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Caused by chronic traumatic encephalopathy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name a few symptoms of Dementia Pugilistica. |
|
Definition
Parkinsonism
Tremor
Ataxia
Cerebellar signs
Dementia
Rage-reactions |
|
|
Term
| With Dementia Pugilistica, manifestations average __ years following the start of a boxing career. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is there any kind of effective therapy that can be done for a patient with Dementia Pugilistica? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A drug-induced syndrome of persistent, abnormal involuntary movements. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Due to chronic exposure to antipsychotic (dopamine receptor blocking drugs - neuroleptics, antiemetics) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With this disease, movement are rapid and stereotypic. Lower part of the face is most often involved - distal limb musculature may be also |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can you treat tardive dyskinesia? |
|
Definition
Long term therapy
Dosage decrease of drug or discontinuation |
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|
