Term
| first line of self defense is the? |
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Definition
(EXTERNAL AND NON-SPECIFIC)
SKIN AND MUCOSA
(SALIVA, TEARS, SEBACEOUS GLANDS).
IF AGENTS PENETRATE THEM
COUGH + VOMITING + URINE.
THE SEBACEOUS GLANDS SECRETE A
SUBST. WHICH IS ANTIBACTERIAL AND
ANTI-FUNGAL. THERE'S ALSO THE
NORMAL BACTERIAL FLORA
(INHIBITS THE GROWTH OF SOME
BACTERIA). |
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Term
| second line of defense is? |
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Definition
(NON-SPECIFIC)
INFLAMMATORY PROCESS. BEGINS
WITHIN SECONDS OF INJURY OR
INVASION. |
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Term
|
Definition
(SPECIFIC)
IMMUNE RESPONSE:
-SLOW
-INVOLVES ONE TYPE OF
SERUM PROTEIN
(IMMUNOGLOBULIN OR ANTIBODY)
-INVOLVES ONE TYPE OF
BLOOD CELL (LYMPHOCYTES) |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
DESTROYS INVADERS (INJURIOUS AGENTS)
CONFINES AND ISOLATES INVADERS
STIMULATES AND ENHANCES IMMUNITY
PROMOTES HEALING |
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Term
|
Definition
MAST CELL DEGRANULATION
ACTIVATION OF PLASMA SYSTEMS
AND RELEASE OF SUBCELLULAR COMPONENTS |
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Term
| local signs of inflammation |
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Definition
swelling- tumor
redness- rubor
pain- dolor
heat- calor
loss of function |
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Term
| THESE MANIFESTATIONS RESULT FROM VASC. CHANGES + EXUDATION |
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Definition
ACCUMULATION OF EXUDATE (SWELLING)
EXERTS PRESSURE COMBINED WITH PROSTAGLANDINS AND BRADYKININS (PAIN), SUBSTANCES THAT TRIGGER VASODILATION AND INCREASED LOCAL PERFUSION (HEAT + REDNESS) |
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Term
THE MICROCIRCULATORY CHANGES RESPONSIBLE FOR THE
LOCAL INFLAMMATORY MANIFESTATIONS INVOLVE |
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Definition
VASODILATION,
INCREASED VASC. PERMEABILITY,
EMIGRATION OF LEUKOCYTES
(MOSTLY NEUTROPHILS)
TO THE SITE OF INJURY |
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Term
| THE EXUDATE AND ITS CONTENT ( heat, redness, and pain) |
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Definition
DILUTE BACT. TOXINS AND CELLULAR
TOXIC PROD.
-DELIVER PLASMA PROT. AND
LEUKOCYTES TO THE SITE
-CARRY AWAY WASTE MAT. |
|
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Term
GENERAL (SYSTEMIC) MANIFESTATIONS
of the inflammatory response (when it is viral) |
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Definition
FEVER- r/t metabolic rate to provide energy
ASTHENIA/ weakness- r/t bodys need to save energy
ANOREXIA- r/t body's need to save energy
LEUKOCYTOSIS |
|
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Term
|
Definition
--SHORT DURATION (LESS THAN 2 WEEKS)
--LEUKOCYTOSIS (PREDOMINANTLY NEUTROPHILs with “LEFT SHIFt (more immature to mature ratio in peripheral blood)
--Increase in plasma protein synthesis- fibrinogen, c-reactive protein, haptoglobin, amyloid A, alpha1-antitrypsin, & ceruloplasmin |
|
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Term
|
Definition
--LASTS 2 WEEKS OR MORE
--LESS INTENSE LEUKOCYTOSIS
(LYMP. + MACROPHAGES)
--POSSIBILITY OF GRANULOMA FORM. |
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Term
| INFLAMMATION IS MEDIATED BY 3 PLASMA PROTEIN SYSTEMS: |
|
Definition
--COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
--CLOTTING SYSTEM
--KININ SYSTEM |
|
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Term
| THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM CONSISTS OF |
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Definition
| 20 PLASMA PROTEINS OF WHICH 11 (C1-C9, B AND D) ARE THE MAIN ACTORS. |
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Term
| Complimentary system is the most important one bc |
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Definition
BECAUSE ONCE ACTIVATED, ITS COMPONENTS PARTICIPATE IN
VIRTUALLY EVERY INFLAMMATORY RESP. AND THE LAST FEW PROTEINS IN THE COMPLEMENT CASCADE ARE
CAPABLE OF KILLING MICROORGANISMS DIRECTLY |
|
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Term
THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM IS A
NON-SPECIFIC MECHANISM OF
SELF-DEFENSE BECAUSE |
|
Definition
EVEN WHEN ACTIVATED BY A SPECIFIC MECH.
(ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEXES [IMMUNE SYST.])
IT MEDIATES A NON-SPECIFIC EVENT: INFLAMMATION. |
|
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Term
| BRADYKININ, at low doses: |
|
Definition
--Causes dilation of vessels
--Induces pain (PROSTAGLANDINS)
--Causes extravascular smooth muscle contraction
--Increases vascular permeability
--May increase leukocyte chemotaxis |
|
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Term
| CLASSIC PATHWAY: ACTIVATED WHEN |
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Definition
| AN ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEX CONTAINING IgG OR IgM INTERACTS WITH THE FIRST COMPONENT OF THE COMPLEMENT CASCADE, C1 AND ALSO BY PRODUCTS RELEASED BY INVADING BACT. OR COMPONENTS FROM THE OTHER SYST. |
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Term
| ALTERNATE PATHWAY: TRIGGERED BY |
|
Definition
SEVERAL BIOLOGICAL SUBST.
(BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL CELL WALL POLYSACCH.) AND EXPOSURE OF BLOOD TO FOREIGN SURFACES |
|
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Term
|
Definition
IT'S CAPABLE OF FUNCTIONING AGAINST
INVADING MICRO-ORGANISMS EVEN
BEFORE THE PERSON BECOMES
IMMUNIZED AGAINST THEM |
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Term
|
Definition
| most imp cell in acute inflammation |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| most important cell in chronic inflammation |
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Term
| difference b/t acute and chronic has to do with |
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Definition
|
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Term
| not all inflammation is the result of an infection but |
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Definition
| all infection will reselt in inflammation |
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Term
| IN THE CLASSIC PATHWAY, AFTER FORM. OF THE ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEX (IMMUNE COMPLEX) IT BINDS TO C1 TRIGGERING |
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Definition
| ACTIVATION OF COMPONENTS C1 THROUGH C5 |
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Term
| compliment, clotting, and kinin system |
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Definition
| work as a cascade component system (positive feedback) |
|
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Term
THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM IS A
NON-SPECIFIC MECHANISM OF
SELF-DEFENSE BECAUSE |
|
Definition
EVEN WHEN ACTIVATED BY A SPECIFIC MECH.
(ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEXES [IMMUNE SYST.])
IT MEDIATES A NON-SPECIFIC EVENT: INFLAMMATION. |
|
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Term
| the compliment system can be activated by 3 pathways |
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Definition
classical- activated by antibodies bound to antigens
alternative- activated by gram - bacteria/ fungal cell wall polysaccharides
lectin- activated by certain bacterial carbohydrates |
|
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Term
| ACTIVATION OF C6 THROUGH C9 |
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Definition
FORM. OF COMPLEXES CAPABLE OF CREATING PORES IN BACTERIAL CELL WALLS
INFLUX OF H2O AND IONS
LYSIS |
|
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Term
| ALTHOUGH ACTIVATION OF C1 INITIATES A CASCADE WHICH CONTINUES THROUGH THE TERMINAL COMPONENTS RESULTING IN THE LYSIS OF BACTERIA, THE IMPORTANCE OF THE COMPLEMENT SYST. RESIDES IN THE |
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Definition
ACTIVITIES OF THE SMALL FRAGMENTS, OR SUB-COMPONENTS GENERATED DURING THE ACTIVATION OF C2-C5 WHICH ARE POTENT ACTIVATORS OF THE ACUTE INFLAMM. RESPONSE
(VASOD., SMOOTH MUSC. RELAX.,
VASC. PERM., REL. OF HISTAMINE). |
|
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Term
THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM IS A
NON-SPECIFIC MECHANISM OF
SELF-DEFENSE BECAUSE |
|
Definition
EVEN WHEN ACTIVATED BY A SPECIFIC MECH.
(ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEXES [IMMUNE SYST.])
IT MEDIATES A NON-SPECIFIC EVENT: INFLAMMATION. |
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Term
| Another source of kinin is the tiss. kallikreins |
|
Definition
| in saliva, sweat, tears, urine and feces. |
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Term
| The kinin system is activated by stimulation of the plasma kinin cascade by |
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Definition
| converting plasma pre-kallikrein to kallikrein which then converts kininogen to kinin, the primary kinin being bradykinin. |
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Term
|
Definition
It’s a SPECIFIC defensive response against an invading foreign organism or substance.
The human immune system recognizes foreign substances as not being part of the body and mounts an immune response against it.
This recognition prevents the body from attacking its own tissues and components. |
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Term
| The substances and organisms capable of triggering an immune response are known as |
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Definition
| antigens and are usually proteins or large polysaccharides. |
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Term
| Antigenic materials are part of invading organisms like |
|
Definition
pathogenic bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa or helminths or pollen,
insect venom and transplanted tissue |
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Term
| Neoplastic cells are also recognized and eliminated by |
|
Definition
the immune system when
they're not very numerous |
|
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Term
| THE IMMUNE SYST. REACTS TO ANTIGENS BY ACTIVATING |
|
Definition
THE IMMUNOCYTES
(B-LYMPHOCYTES AND T-LYMPHOCYTES |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| hummoral immunity, act indirectly by producing antibodies |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| attacks the antigens directly, cell-mediated immunity, 5 types, involved in aids |
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Term
| ONCE THEY'VE BEEN EXPOSED TO A PARTICULAR ANTIGEN, |
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Definition
| THEY BECOME CAPABLE OF "REMEMBERING" AND IF A NEW INVASION BY THE SAME ANTIGEN HAPPENS THEY WILL ACT FASTER |
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Term
| IMMUNITY IS A PROCESS WHERE THE IMMUNE SYSTEM HAS |
|
Definition
SPECIFICITY, MEMORY AND CREATES A
LONG-LASTING PROTECTION AGAINST SPECIFIC AGENTS. |
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Term
| The immune response is of two types |
|
Definition
Cell-Mediated and
Humoral (antibody-mediated). |
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Term
| In the cell-mediated type, (immune response) |
|
Definition
specialized lymphocytes called T-cells or T-lymphocytes act against the antigens directly and regulates the activation and proliferation of macrophages.
It's most effective against bacteria and viruses within phagocytic or infected host cells and against fungi, protozoa and helminths.
This is the system mounting the response against foreign tissues (transplant and graft rejection) and against neoplastic cells. |
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Term
| The humoral resp. involves |
|
Definition
the production by the B-Lymphocytes
(now transformed into PLASMA CELLS)
of antibodies (globulins) which act
against foreign organisms and substances.
This type of response defends primarily
against bacteria, bacterial toxins and viruses circulating freely in the body fluids. |
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Term
| both types of immune response are |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| congenital and protects against disease which usually affects other species. |
|
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Term
| the acquired immunity can be |
|
Definition
| naturally and artifically acquired. |
|
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Term
| the acquired immunity can be |
|
Definition
| naturally and artifically acquired. |
|
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Term
| naturally acquired active immunity |
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Definition
The individual is exposed to an antigen and develops the immunity against that antigen. Can be lifelong or lasts
from months to a few years. |
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Term
| naturally acquired passive immunity |
|
Definition
The mother transfers the antibodies to her infant during pregnancy through the placenta and in the breast milk after the baby's born (colostrum).
It lasts only as long as the transmitted antibodies are present
(up to a few months) and is essential to provide immunity to the infant till his immune system matures. |
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Term
| artificially acquired acive immunity |
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Definition
Results from vaccination a process which introduces specially prepared antigens known as vaccines (inactivated bacterial toxins [toxoids], killed microorganisms,
living but attenuated [weakened] microorganisms or part of microorganisms [capsules]) into the body.
They can no longer cause the disease but stimulate the immune response. |
|
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Term
| artificialy acquired passive immunity |
|
Definition
Involves the introduction of antibodies from an animal or person already immune to the disease into the individual's body.
Antibodies are found in the serum
(plasma without clotting factors).
It's immediate but short-term. |
|
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Term
| Antibodies are soluble proteins collectively known as |
|
Definition
| Immunoglobulins (Ig) made in response to an specific antigen which it can recognize and bind to. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
80% of all antibodies in the serum.
Maternal IgG confers passive
immunity to the newborn. Protects
against circulating bacteria,
viruses, toxins, triggers the
complement system and when
bound to antigens enhances the
effectiveness of phagocytic cells. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
5-10 % of all antibodies in the serum.
The predominant type involved in the
response to the ABO blood groups
antigens. Effective also in reactions
involving complement and enhances the
ingestion of target cells by phagocytic
cells. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
10-15% of all antibodies in the serum.
It's the most common form in mucous
memb. and body secretions (mucus,
saliva, tears, breast milk) being the
most abundant in the body. Important
in the resistance against respiratory
pathogens. It's short- lived. In the
colostrum helps protect infants against
gastrointestinal infections |
|
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Term
|
Definition
0.2% of all antibodies in the serum. No
known function in the serum. Acts as
antigen receptor on the surfaces of B
cells. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
0.002% of all antibodies in the serum.
Binds tightly to receptors on mast cells
and basophils (specialized cells
participating in allergic reactions). |
|
|
Term
In the first exposure to an antigen IgM is produced first and then IgG.
This is known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| THE PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE IS DOMINATED BY |
|
Definition
| THE IgM AND THERE’RE LOW AMTS. OF IgG. |
|
|
Term
| THE SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE RESULTS AFTER |
|
Definition
| A SECOND EXPOSURE TO THE SAME ANTIGEN FASTER PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODIES AND AMTS. OF IgG WHICH IS THE PREDOMINANT ONE. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
FIRST EXPOSURE
PRIMARY IMMUNE RESP.
LEVELS OF ANTIB. YOU'RE SICK.
SECOND EXPOSURE
SECONDARY IMM. RESP.
(QUICK AND EFFECTIVE)
AMT. OF ANTIB.
VIRUSES NEUTRALIZED
YOU DON'T GET SICK. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
EXAGGERATED RESP.
AGAINST ENVIRONMENTAL ANTIGENS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| misdirected against the host's own cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| against beneficial foreign tissue ( transplant) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| insufficient for protection |
|
|
Term
| the immune response can by amplified or suppressed by |
|
Definition
| exogenous or endogenouse agents |
|
|
Term
| sone of these agents which will decrease the immune response are |
|
Definition
EXOGENOUS: TRAUMA, RADIATION,
DRUGS, DISEASE, POLLUTION
ENDOGENOUS: AGE, SEX, NUTRITION,
GENETIC BACKGROUND,
REPRODUCTIVE STATUS
SOMETIMES THE SUPPRESSION OF IMMUNITY IS USEFUL TO HELP THE INDIVIDUAL (TRANSPLANTS, ALLERGIES, AUTOIMMUNE REACTIONS AND DISEASES). |
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