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barry 2013
patho 1 exam 3 muscle/ skeleton
65
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04/19/2011

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Term
functions of the skeleton
Definition
support, protection, movement, storage
Term
support
Definition
Rigid, strong bone is well suited for bearing weight and is the major supporting tissue of the body.
Cartilage provides a firm, yet flexible support within certain structures, such as the nose, external ear, rib cartilages, and trachea.
Ligaments are strong bands of fibrous connective tissue that attach to bones and hold them together. (Keep bones together)
Tendons: fibrous connective tissue- attach muscle to bone
Term
cartilage
Definition
connective tissue, provides a firm, yet flexible support within certain structures like nose, ear, rib cartilage, and trachea
Term
ligament
Definition
strong bands of fibrous connective tissue tha attack to bones and hold them together
Term
tendon
Definition
fibrous connective tissue- attach muscle to bone
Term
protection
Definition
Bone is hard and protects the organs it surrounds.

For example, the skull encloses and protects the brain, and the vertebrae surround the spinal cord.

The rib cage protects the heart, lungs, and other organs of the thorax.
most imp organs are protected by bones
Term
movement
Definition
Skeletal muscles attach to bones by tendons, which are strong bands of connective tissue.
Contraction of the skeletal muscles moves the bones, producing body movements.
Joints, which are formed where two or more bones come together, permit and control the
movement between bones. (join bones)
Smooth cartilage covers the ends of bones within some joints, allowing the bones to move freely.
Ligaments allow some movement between bones but prevent excessive movements.
Term
joints
Definition
formed where 2 or more bones come together and permit and control the movement bewteen bones
Term
storage
Definition
Some minerals in the blood are taken into bone and stored. Should blood levels of these minerals decrease, the minerals are released from bone into the blood.
The principal minerals stored are
calcium and phosphorus(pH regulation too).
Fat (adipose tissue) is also stored within bone cavities. If needed, the fats are released into the blood and used by other tissues as a source of energy.
Term
phosphate is imp for
Definition
ph regulation- mostly intercellular
Term
during fetal life blood cells are produced in the
Definition
sleen and liver
Term
blood cells in adults are formed in
Definition
sternum, skull, hips
Term
special connective tissue make up
Definition
bones, blood, cartilage, ligaments
Term
connective tissue is made up of
Definition
matrix- fibers fill gaps
cells osteocytes, clasts, blasts
Term
functional unit of bone
Definition
osteum
Term
functional part of the organ
Definition
parenchyma
Term
structurally there are two types of bones
Definition
compact-dense- solid
cancellous- spongy- if blood is made in particular bone it happens in this part
Term
osteon is the central structure and aka
Definition
haversian system
Term
the central canal is known as the
Definition
haversian canal
Term
all connective tissue have 3 types of cells
Definition
osteocytes, blasts, clasts
Term
osteoblasts
Definition
bone forming cells- primary function is to lay down new bone. once this is complete osteoblasts become osteocytes
Term
osteocytes
Definition
are osteoblasts that have become imprisoned within the mineralized bone matrix. They help maintain bone by synthesizing new bone matrix molecules.
Term
osteoclasts
Definition
function primarily to resorb (remove) bone dring the process of growth and repair
Term
osteoblast is a cell that produces ______, is responsive to parathyroid hormone, and produces _________ when stimulates by 1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D
Definition
type 1 collagen
osteocalcin
Term
osteoblasts are _____ on the outer surface of bones, where they form a single layer of cells
Definition
active
Term
osteoblasts bring about the formation of new bone by their synthesis of ______
Definition
osteoid (non-mineralized bone matrix)
Term
an osteocyte is a transformed osteoblast that is trapped or surrounded in ______ as it hardens fro minerals that enter during calcification
Definition
osteoid
Term
the function of osteocytes is not fully known, but they do synthesize certain matrix molecules assisting _____
Definition
bone calcification
Term
osteocytes synthesize and replace needed elements of the matrix, this helping to maintain mineral homeostasis with the help of the ______ and ____
Definition
PTH and osteoblast cells
Term
T/F osteocytes synthesis matrix
Definition
true
Term
T/F osteoclasts are the major resorptive cells of bone
Definition
true
Term
osteoclasts are ____ _____ cells with a short life span which develop from the hematopoietic stem cell in the bone marrow stroma and adjacent vessels and from mononuclear phagocytic cells
Definition
large, multinucleated
Term
osteoclasts contain ______ filled with hydroltic enzymes
Definition
lysosomes (digestive vacuoles)
Term
two main parts to long bones
Definition
diaphysis (long portion of bones) and epiphysis- 2 ends
Term
epiphyseal plane
Definition
growth happens here, sealing of plates prevents growth
Term
Many bones contain cavities filled with bone marrown that give rise to _____ and ____
Definition
blood cells and platelets
Term
osteoclasts are regulated by
Definition
Regulated by hormones PARATHYROID hormone!! Increases conc of ca in blood. Regulated by calcitonin too.
Term
isometric
Definition
tension of muscle changes without changing the length of the muscle
Term
isotonic
Definition
length of muscle changes but the tension is constant- most important type
Term
insertion
Definition
the point that is moving
will always move the same structure the same way
Term
origin
Definition
the point that anchors and won't move
Term
all muscle actions are triggered by
Definition
nerve impulses
Term
T/F all muscles even involuntary muscles require a nervous impulse to fire
Definition
true
Term
three types of muscle
Definition
striated. smooth. cardiac
Term
skeletal or striated
Definition
attached to skeleton, voluntary, respond to ACH stimulated so the receptors are cholinergic
striated b.c you see striation under the microscope
Term
cardiac muscle
Definition
not striated or smooth, only in heart, involuntary but still require nerve impulse
Term
smooth
Definition
no straition, most powerful contraction, involuntary
Term
epimysium
Definition
surrounds the whole muscle
Term
perimysium
Definition
surrounds each fasicle
Term
endomysium
Definition
surrounds the muscle fiber
Term
muscle
Definition
consists of hundreds to thousands of muscle cells plus connective tissue wrapped, blood vessels, and nerve fibers, covered externally by the epimysium
Term
fasicle
Definition
discrete bundle of muscle cells, segregated from the rest of the muscles by a connective tissue shealth, surrounded by a perimysium
Term
muscle fiber
Definition
elongated multinucleate cell; has banded (striated) apperance, surrounded by the endomysium
Term
one muscle fiber =
Definition
one muscle cell
Term
traid consists of
important because
Definition
2 terminl cisterna
transverse tubule
imp with communication with outside of the cell
Term
T/F a straited muscle has more than one nuclei
Definition
true
Term
A/I bands are related to
Definition
light
Term
sacoplasmic reticulum
Definition
endoplasmic reticulum of the muscle, where CA is stored, it is stored until CA from outside enters the cell and releases other CA that is stored
Term
terminal cisterna
Definition
function is to transport extrincis Ca ino the cell to release Ca from sarcoplasmic ret
Term
functional unit of the muscle is the
Definition
sarcomere
Term
two types of myofilaments
Definition
actin and myosin
Term
z disk
Definition
limits the sarcomere--- so sarcomere goes from one Z disk to the next one
Term
Does sarcomere change its length
Definition
yes
Term
does filiments change its length
Definition
no- they slide- lenth stays the same
Term
sarcolemma is known as the
Definition
cell membrane
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